Are Enhanced Trade and Enhanced Security Mutually Exclusive? The Western Canada-U.S. Borderland in a Post-9/11 World

Notes

• Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “Canada/United States of America Accord on Our Shared Border” (Ottawa, 1996), http://www.defait-maeci.gc.ca/english/geo/usa/border-e.htm (accessed July 18, 2005).
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• As this discussion shows, there are two Blaine WA-Douglas BC crossings. We will use the terms Pacific Highway (truck crossing) and Peach Arch (passenger vehicle crossing) to distinguish between them.
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• See Fraser Institute, “The Fraser Institute's Annual Survey of Canadian Exporters,” and MacPherson, McConnell, Vance, and Vanchan, “The Impact of U.S. Antiterrorism Policies on Canada-U.S. Cross Border Commerce,” note 3.
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• The $700 million was allocated to two programs within TEA-21: the National Corridor Planning and Development Program and the Corridor Border Infrastructure Program.
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• The Adjutant General of the Washington Military Department at Camp Murray (Fort Lewis), Washington, has a responsibility to the Department of Homeland Security to work cooperatively with civilian law enforcement agencies at the border.
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• Government of Canada, “Smart Border Declaration” (Ottawa, 2001), http://geo.international.gc.ca/world/site/includes/print.asp?lang=en&print=1&url=%2Fcan%/2Dam%Fm (accessed March 16, 2007).
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• United States Customs and Border Protection, “Securing the Global Supply Chain: Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) Strategic Plan” (Washington, D.C., 2004).
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• Companies applying for C-TPAT must provide the U.S. CBP with a sample of previously completed purchases that document their supply chain. These samples must be validated by the CBP to be accurate.
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• United States Customs and Border Protection, “Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) Fact Sheet” (Washington, D.C., 2007), http://www.cbp.gov/linkhandler/cgov/newsroom/fact_sheet/port_security/ctpat.ctt/ctpat.pdf (accessed June 28, 2007).
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• United States Customs and Border Protection, “FAST Reference Guide” (Washington, D.C., 2005), http://www.cbp.gov/linkhandler/cgov/import/commercial-enforcement/ctpat/fast/fast-ref_guide.ctt/fast_ref-guide.pdf (June 28, 2007).
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• United States Customs and Border Protection, “NEXUS: A Binational Trusted Traveler Program Fact Sheet” (Washington, D.C., 2007), http://www.cbp.gov/linkhandler/cgov/news-room/fact_sheets/travel/nexus_fact.ctt/nexus_fact.pdf (accessed June 28, 2007).
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• United States Department of Homeland Security, “Fact Sheet: Securing Our Nation's Borders” (Washington, D.C., 2006), http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_releae_0938.shtm (accessed January 28, 2008).
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• Office of the Prime Minister, “Prime Minister Harper Announced Initiatives to Improve Canada's Border Security” (Ottawa, 2006), http://www.pm.gc.ca/includes/send_friend_eMail_print.asp?URL=/eng/media.asp&category=1&id=1302 (accessed March 16, 2007), and Canadian Border Services Agency, “Fact Sheet: Arming of CBSA Officers,” note 13.
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• For instance, in Canada the Border Infrastructure Fund (BIF) was introduced and consists of $600 million to support initiatives contained within the Smart Border Accord Action Plan.
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• See Fraser Institute, “The Fraser Institute's Annual Survey of Canadian Exporters,” and Ontario Chamber of Commerce, “Cost of Border Delays to Ontario,” note 3. Also see Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “NAFTA @ 10: A Preliminary Report” (Ottawa, 2004), http://www.dfait-maeci.gc/eet/research/nafta/nafta-en.asp (accessed July 22, 2005).
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• Delays at the border have been estimated to cost the Canadian and U.S. economies over $13.6 billion (CND) annually according to Ontario Chamber of Commerce, “Cost of Border Delays to Ontario,” note 3. For details about border inefficiencies and costs associated with crossing the border, see Coalition for Secure and Trade-Efficient Borders, “Rethinking Our Borders: A New North American Partnership” (Coalition for Secure and Trade-Efficient Borders, 2005), http://www.cme-mec.ca/pdf/Coalition_Report0705_Final.pdf (accessed January 18, 2008); John C. Taylor, Douglas R. Robideaux, and George C. Jackson, “U.S.-Canada Transportation and Logistics: Border Impacts and Costs, Causes, and Possible Solutions,” Transportation Journal 43 (Fall 2004): 5–21; Ontario Chamber of Commerce, “Easing the Chokepoints: A Plan for an Efficient Canada-U.S. Border” (Ontario Chamber of Commerce, 2007), http://www.occ.on.ca/Policy/Reports/340 (accessed February 20, 2008), and Whatcom Council of Governments, “International Mobility & Trade Corridor Project 2006 Resource Manual” (Bellingham, 2006), http://www.wcog.org/library/imtc/2006webmanual (accessed August 9, 2007). Also see Senate of Canada, “Borderline Insecure,” note 11, and MacPherson, McConnell, Vance, and Vanchan, “The Impact of U.S. Antiterrorism Policies on Canada-U.S. Cross Border Commerce,” note 3.
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• Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, “NAFTA @ 10,” note 25.
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• Ibid.
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• See Peter C. Newman, The Canadian Revolution 1985–1995 From Deference to Defiance (Toronto: Penguin Books, 1995); Daniel E. Turbeville III and Susan L. Bradbury, “From Fur Trade to Free Trade: Rethinking the Inland Empire,” note 8; Francine Roy, “Cross-border Shopping and the Loonie: Not What It Used to Be,” Canadian Economic Observer (December 2007): 3.1–3.13.
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• Roy, “Cross-border Shopping and the Loonie,” note 29, and Susan L. Bradbury and Daniel E. Turbeville III, “From NAFTA to 9/11: The Dilemma of Inland Northwest Border Towns,” in Dick Winchell, ed., Geographical Perspectives on the Inland Northwest: A Regional Exploration and Field Guide (Spokane: Eastern Washington University Press, 2008).
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• Canadian Border Services Agency, “Fact Sheet: Arming of CBSA Officers,” note 13.
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• United States Customs and Border Protection, “Customs and Border Protection TO-DAY Watching the Northern Line” (Washington, D.C., 2003), http://www.cbp.gov/xp/CustomsToday/2003/august/cameras.xml (accessed January 28, 2008).
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• United States Department of Homeland Security, “Fact Sheet: Strengthening Border Security and Facilitating Entry into the United States” (Washington, D.C., 2007), http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/pr_1182351923729.ahtm (accessed June 26, 2007).
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• Approximately 41 percent of Canadians have a passport, while only 34 percent of Americans have one, according to the Conference Board of Canada, “An Update on the Potential Impact of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative on Canada's Tourism Industry” (Ottawa, 2006), http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/dsib-tour.nsf/en/h_qq00117e.html (accessed March 28, 2008). Also at issue is the cost associated with the passports. In Canada a passport costs $87 and is valid for 5 years. In the United States a passport costs $100 for first-time applicants and is valid for 10 years. For a family wishing to travel periodically within North America, this is a considerable expense.
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• For instance, some states, including Washington, have created an Enhanced Driver License program that will satisfy this requirement. In addition, the U.S. State Department is testing a secure identification card (officially called a Passport Card) that will meet WHTI requirements. Applications for these opened on February 1, 2008, and the first cards will be sent out in the spring of this year. See U.S. Department of State, “U.S. Passport Cards” (Washington, D.C., 2008), http://travel.state.gov/passport/ppt-card-3926.html (accessed February 25, 2008).
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• See Ontario Chamber of Commerce, “Cost of Border Delays to Ontario,” note 3; Ontario Chamber of Commerce, “Easing the Chokepoints,” note 26; and Conference Board of Canada, “An Update on the Potential Impact of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative on Canada's Tourism Industry,” note 34.
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• Office of the Prime Minister, “Prime Minister Harper Announced Initiatives to Improve Canada's Border Security,” note 23.
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• The use of electronic manifests was mandated for all cargo crossing into Washington state as of January 2007.
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• United Stares Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Border Crossing/Entry Data (Washington, D.C., 2006).
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• United States Department of Agriculture, “Canada Livestock and Products, 2005” (U.S. Foreign Agricultural Service Gain Report CA5056, 2005), http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200508/146130675.pdf (accessed March 2, 2008).
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• United States Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Border Crossing/Entry Data (Washington, D.C., 2006).
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• Ibid.
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• It should be noted that Sumas-Huntingdon did reconfigure the approaches for commercial trucks, separating trucks from both north- and southbound automobile traffic in early 2005.
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• For Lynden-Aldergrove, the amount of truck traffic increased from approximately 5 percent in 2000 to nearly 7.5 percent in 2006, and for Sumas-Huntingdon from approximately 15 percent in 2000 to over 21 percent in 2006.
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• Border wait times are collected and reported by both CBSA and U.S. CBP, and refer to the estimated wait times for reaching the primary inspection booth when crossing the Canadian/U.S. land border. The border wait time data utilized in this article is from CBSA.
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• Canadian Border Services Agency, Average Border Wait Times (Ottawa, 2007).
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• See the report produced by Halcrow Consulting, Inc., for the Whatcom Council of Governments. The study conducted a survey of commercial vehicle operations at the Pacific Highway port in the summer of 2006. See Halcrow Consulting, Inc., “International Mobility & Trade Corridor Project: Pacific Highway Port-of-Entry Commercial Vehicle Operations Survey Final Report” (Burnaby, 2007), http://www.wcog.org/Library/imtc/2007cvo_finalreport.pdf (accessed January 26, 2008). Also note that processing time refers to the amount of time it takes to process and clear a vehicle once it has reached the primary inspection booth.
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• Ibid.
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• Canadian Border Services Agency, Average Border Wait Times, note 45.
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• David Bradley, “Canadian Trucking Alliance News Release November 1, 2004” (Ottawa, 2004), http://www.cantruck.com/news/news/2004/041101.htm (accessed February 23, 2008).
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• Fifty-five percent of Ontario Chamber of Commerce members do not participate in FAST, NEXUS, or C-TPAT, with 34 percent responding that it was because they received no benefits from the programs. See Ontario Chamber of Commerce, “Easing the Chokepoints,” note 26, and Ontario Chamber of Commerce, 2006 Borders Survey (Toronto, 2006). Also see Abdoulayr Diop, David Hartman, and Deborah Rexrode, “C-TPAT Cost/Benefit Survey” (Charlottesville, VA. Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service, University of Virginia, 2007).
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• Diop, Hartman, and Rexrode, “C-TPAT Cost/Benefit Survey,” note 50.
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• Because FAST is a joint Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) program, there are two background checks conducted one by CBSA and the other by CBP.
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