ONTARIO FENCES AND THE AMERICAN SCENE

NOTES

• Ontario Agricultural Commission, Report, 4 Vols. (Toronto, 1881) Appendix B, Vol. 2, p. 1; henceforth O.A.C. (1881).
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• “Statistics of Fences in the United States,” Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1871 (Washington, 1872) p. 497; henceforth R.C.A. (1871).
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• Ibid., p. 510.
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• Henry Glassie, Pattern in the Material Folk Culture of the Eastern United States (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1968), pp. 239–240.
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• Ibid., p. 100.
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• Hildegard Binder Johnson, Order Upon the Land (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), p. 160.
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• Joseph Hilts, Among the Forest Trees (Toronto: William Briggs, 1888), p. 162; Thomas Radcliffe, Authentic Letters from Upper Canada, 1883 (Toronto: Macmillan, 1952), p. 191.
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• Canniff Haight, Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago (Toronto: Hunter Rose, 1885), p. 106.
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• Radcliffe, Authentic Letters from Upper Canada, p. 191.
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• R.C.A. (1871), p. 509.
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• Eugene Cotton Mather and John Fraser Hart, “Fences and Farms,” The Geographical Review, 44 (April 1. 1954). p. 210.
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• Leslie Hewes, “Early Fencing on the Western Margin of the Prairie,” Annals, The Association of American Geographers, 71 (December, 1981), pp. 499–526; George A. Martin, Fences, Gates and Bridges: A Practical Manual (O. Judd Co., 1887), p. 43.
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• Leslie Hewes and Christian L. Jung, “Early Fencing on the Middle Western Prairie,” Annals, The Association of American Geographers, 71 (June, 1981), p. 199; United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 321 (Washington, D.C., 1916).
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• Mather and Hart “Fences and Farms,” pp. 214–215.
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• See, for example, Glassie, Pattern in the Material Folk Culture of the Eastern United States, pp. 226–228.
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• Peirce F. Lewis, “Axioms for Reading the Landscape,” in D.W. Meinig, The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 22–23.
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• N.C. Carman, ed., American Husbandry (New York: Columbia University Press, 1939), p. 61; English translation first published in 1775 in 2 volumes by J. Bow, London.
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• Adolph B. Benson, ed., Peter Kalm's Travels in North America (New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1966). p. 239. Kalm's Travels of 1748–49 were published in English in 1770.
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• Ibid., pp. 459–530.
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• Ibid., p. 468.
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• Ibid., footnote, p. 459.
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• Carman, American Husbandry, p. 6.
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• Ibid., p. 55.
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• Passim.
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• Benson, Peter Kalm's Travels, p. 352.
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• Ibid., p. 334.
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• Ibid., p. 239.
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• Ibid., p. 238.
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• Ibid., pp. 50, 299; Carman American Husbandry, pp. 103, 120.
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• Benson, Peter Kalm's Travels, p. 238.
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• Ibid, p. 50.
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• Ibid., pp. 47, 87.
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• Ibid., p. 47; Carman, American Husbandry, p. 140.
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• Benson, Peter Kalm's Travels, pp. 41, 87.
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• Ibid., pp. 88, 265.
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• Carman, American Husbandry, p. 190.
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• Ibid., p. 248.
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• Ibid., p. 324.
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• Ibid., p. 140. By this estimate a hedgerow cost 8.10s per mile to construct, versus 7.7s. for an equivalent length of board fence.
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• James Strachan, A Visit to the Province of Upper Canada in 1819 (Aberdeen, 1820), p. 85.
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• Edward Allen Talbot, Five Years Residence in the Canadas, 2 Vols. (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme Brown and Green, 1824), Vol. 1, p. 122.
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• John Howison, Sketches of Upper Canada (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1821). p. 251.
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• Catherine Parr Traill, The Backwoods of Canada (London: Charles Knight, 1836; abridged edition, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1966), pp. 33–34, 56.
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• Radcliffe, Authentic Letters from Upper Canada, p. 191. The consensus of 41 Western Ontario townships responding to Gourlay's survey in 1817 was that to clear and fence 5 acres required 250 days labor, which, if hired, cost four times as much as the uncleared land; Robert Gourlay, Statistical Account of Upper Canada, 2 Vols., 1822 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974).
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• Traill, Backwoods of Canada, p. 106.
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• Talbot, Five Years Residence in the Canadas, pp. 279–280.
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• Gourlay, Statistical Account of Upper Canada. In the returns for this area in 1817, almost all townships mentioned the presence of oak, maple, and ash. Pine, elm and walnut were usually mentioned. Only 6 of 43 townships responding to this question noted the presence of cedar.
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• Hilts, Among the Forest Trees, p. 161.
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• Anna Brownell Jameson, Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada (New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1839; abridged edition, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1965) p. 48.
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• R.C.A. (1871). p. 501.
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• Ibid., p. 499.
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• Mather and Hart, “Fences and Farms,” pp. 209–210; Douglas Leechman, “Good Fences Make Good Neighbours,” Canadian Geographical Journal, 47 (November/December, 1953), pp. 218–235, 229.
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• Hewes and Jung, “Early Fencing on the Middle Western Prairie,” p. 179; see also John Fraser Hart, “The Middle West,” Annals, The Association of American Geographers, 62 (June, 1972), p. 259. This fencing region was roughly coterminous with the hardwood forest belt.
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