“CARRIED TO CANADA!” PERCEPTIONS OF THE FRENCH IN BRITISH COLONIAL CAPTIVITY NARRATIVES, 1690–1760

NOTES

• One striking exception is Guy Fregault, La Guerre de la Conquête (Montréal, 1955).
   Google Scholar
• Francis Parkman used contemporary literature as a basis for his narratives and descriptions, but did not analyze it. An example of the possibilities is Lawrence C. Wroth's An American Bookshelf 1755 (Philadelphia, 1934), which deals with the British colonial and metropolitan publications around the year 1755.
   Google Scholar
• The author of this article has in preparation a full-length study of Anglo-American attitudes toward Canada, 1690–1763.
   Google Scholar
• The best general treatment of colonial literature remains Moses Coit Tyler, History of American Literature: 1607–1765 (1878, reprinted New York, 1962).
   Google Scholar
• The genre has reached some intellectual respectability through the writings of Norman Mailer.
   Google Scholar
• Wroth, An American Bookshelf, 94–101.
   Google Scholar
• A fair selection of these accounts was collected by Samuel G. Drake, ed., Tragedies of the Wilderness … (Boston, 1846). See also Narratives of Captivity among the Indians of North America, Publications of the Newberry Library, number 3 (1912) and Supplement (1928).
   Google Scholar
• For example, Charles H. Lincoln, ed., Narratives of the Indian Wars 1675–1699 (New York, 1913); Isabel M. Calder, ed., Colonial Captivities, Marches and Journeys (New York, 1935).
   Google Scholar
• Phillips D. Carleton, “The Indian Captivity,” American Literature, XV (1943), 169–180; Roy Harvey Pearce, “The Significance of the Captivity Narrative,” American Literature, XIX (1947), 1–20; Marius Barbeau, “Indian Captivities,” American Philosophical Society Proceedings, 94 (1950), 522–548. For a particularly perceptive analysis, see James Axtell, “The Scholastic Philosophy of the Wilderness,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., XXIX (1972), 335–366.
   Google Scholar
• Axtell, “Scholastic Philosophy,” p. 361; Emma Lewis Coleman, New England Captives Carried to Canada between 1677 and 1760 during the French and Indian Wars, 2 vols. (Portland, Maine, 1925), especially 69–130. For the 1698 Albany mission, consult William J. Eccles, Canada under Louis XIV 1663–1701 (Toronto, 1964), 205–206.
   Google Scholar
• The best account of colonial propaganda against the French remains Sister Mary Augustina Ray, American Opinion of Roman Catholicism in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1936).
   Google Scholar
• The Soveraignty & Goodness of God, Together, With the Faithfulness of His Promises Displayed: Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson … (Cambridge, Mass., 1682, Evans number 332).
   Google Scholar
• Published in Boston, 1699, Evans number 873.
   Google Scholar
• A History of Remarkable Occurrences, 36–39.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 47.
   Google Scholar
• Published in Boston, 1706, Evans number 1257.
   Google Scholar
• GOOD Fetch'd out of EVIL, 5, 6–22, 23–29, 29–33, 46.
   Google Scholar
• Published in Boston, 1707, Evans number 1340.
   Google Scholar
• The Williams account was twice reprinted (1720, 1758) during the period of the Anglo-French wars. It served as the basis for Francis Parkman's famous chapter “Deerfield” in A Half-Century of Conflict (Boston, 1892).
   Google Scholar
• The Redeemed Captive, 1–5. Further information on the children is in Coleman, New England Captives Carried to Canada, especially 11, 44–65.
   Google Scholar
• The Redeemed Captive, 19, 20.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 21–25.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 26–31.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 27. The gentleman referred to was probably Jacques-Denis Raudot.
   Google Scholar
• The Redeemed Captive, 38, 39, 40–41.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 49, 57–58. The schoolmaster was undoubtedly Henri-Antoine Meriel; see Dictionary of Canadian Biography, II, s. v.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, New England Captives, II, passim. and especially 54–63.
   Google Scholar
• Evans number 1611.
   Google Scholar
• Published in Boston, 1725, Evans number 2637. A most popular work, six subsequent editions of The French Convert (in 1744, 1745, 1748, 1749, 1751, and 1761) appeared in America before the Treaty of Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Quoted in Coleman, New England Captives, II, p. 153.
   Google Scholar
• The Conference with the Eastern Indians, at the Ratification of the Peace, Held at Falmouth in Casco-Bay, in July and August, 1726 (Boston [1726], Evans number 2751). 11, 21.
   Google Scholar
• [Samuel Bownas], God's Mercy Surmounting Man's Cruelty, &c. ([Philadelphia, 1728], Evans number 2996). The reason for the Pennsylvania publication was that Mrs. Hanson was a Quaker and Bownas a Quaker “minister.” The work was reprinted in 1754.
   Google Scholar
• God's Mercy, 4, 10, 33–34, 39. For the daughter, see Coleman, New England Captives, II, 162–167.
   Google Scholar
• Published in Boston, 1729, Evans number 3216.
   Google Scholar
• Letter from a Romish Priest, i–ii, 2, 6, 11, 13. For further information on the letter's recipient (Margaret Otis) and her family, see Coleman, New England Captives, I, 149–154.
   Google Scholar
• Letter from a Romish Priest, p. 26.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, New England Captives, I, p. 153.
   Google Scholar
• Published in Boston, 1736, Evans number 4021.
   Google Scholar
• Gyles, Memoirs of Odd Adventures, p. 5.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 19. The priest was Father Simon de la Place.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 33, 35.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, New England Captives, I, 169–172.
   Google Scholar
• Evans number 5858, 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• A Protestant's Resolution, 29–34.
   Google Scholar
• A Narrative of the Captivity of Nehemiah How … (Boston, 1748, Evans number 6162), 8, 12, 13, 15.
   Google Scholar
• The Redeemed Captive, Being a Narrative of the Taking and Carrying info Captivity of the Reverend Mr. John Norton … (Boston, 1748, Evans number 6211).
   Google Scholar
• The Redeemed Captive, 11, 14, 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30.
   Google Scholar
• See the journal of William Pote, reprinted as The Journal of Captain William Pote, Jr., edited by V. H. Paltsits (New York, 1896) and the journal of an anonymous Englishman, reprinted in Isabel M. Calder, ed., Colonial Captivities, Marches and Journeys (New York, 1935), 3–136.
   Google Scholar
• William Smith, D. D., Discourses on Several Public Occasions during the War in America. … (London, 1759), p. 118.
   Google Scholar
• Published in Boston, Evans number 7661.
   Google Scholar
• A Narrative of William and Elizabeth Fleming, 10, 11.
   Google Scholar
• Published in Boston, Evans number 8194.
   Google Scholar
• Gallic Perfidy, 14–15. For comments on the literary value of the work, see Tyler, History of American Literature, 310–311, and Wroth, An American Bookshelf, 106–107.
   Google Scholar
• Maylem, The Conquest of Louisbourg (Boston, 1748, Evans number 8195).
   Google Scholar
• A Faithful Narrative of Robert Eastburn (Philadelphia, 1758, Evans number 8116), 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 14.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 15, 22–23, 25–29. For Mary Harris, see Coleman, New England Captives, II, 87–88.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 30, 31, 34, 36, 39.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 40. This is a minor illustration of the potential colonial hostility to Great Britain.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 43–44.
   Google Scholar
• Evans number 8347. A translation of this pamphlet was printed in Pennsylvania Archives, VII. 401–412. Quotations are from the translation.
   Google Scholar
• The Narrative of Marie le Roy and Barbara Leininger, 405, 406.
   Google Scholar
• Evans number 8557.
   Google Scholar
• A Plain Narrative, 13–14.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 19, 22, 23, 25.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 26–27.
   Google Scholar
• Evans number 8642.
   Google Scholar
• A Journal of the Captivity of Jean Lowry, 14–15, 18–30.
   Google Scholar
• Boston, 1760, Evans number 8741.
   Google Scholar
• A Journal of Lieut. Simon Stevens, 4, 5, 10.
   Google Scholar