NOTES
- Egerton Ryerson, The Loyalists of America and Their Times, Vol. 1 (Toronto: W. Briggs, 1880). p.v.
- Ibid., Vol. II., p. 449.
- Carl Berger, The Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas of Canadian imperialism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970), p. 84.
- George Grant, Lament for a Nation (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1965).
- Berger, Sense of Power, p. 99.
- J.H. Coyne, “Memorial to the United Empire Loyalists,” Niagara Historical Society Pamphlets, No. 4 (Niagara-on-the-Lake, 1898), 8.
- See among others a collection of articles by S.F. Wise including, “The Origins of Anti-Americanism in Canada,” Fourth Seminar on Canadian American Relations (Windsor: University of Windsor Press, 1962), pp. 297–306; “God's Peculiar People,” in The Shield of Achilles, ed. W.L. Morton (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1968), pp. 36–61; “Sermon Literature and Canadian Intellectual History”, in Canadian History Before Confederation, ed. J.M. Bumsted (Georgetown, Ontario: Irwin-Dorsey, 1972). pp. 245–269; “Colonial Attitudes from the Era of the War of 1812 to the Rebellion of 1837,” in Canada Views the United States, S.F. Wise and Robert Brown (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967), pp. 16–43; “Upper Canada and the Conservative Tradition,” in Province of a Province, ed. Edith Firth (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1967). pp. 20–33. See also Terry Cook, “John Beverley Robinson and the Conservative Blueprint for the Upper Canadian Community,” Ontario History 64 (June, 1972), 79–94.
- G.A. Rawlyk, “Loyalist Military Settlement in Upper Canada,” in The Loyal Americans, eds. R.S. Allen and B. Pothier (Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1983). pp. 99–103.
- William Kirby, Annals of Niagara (Toronto, 1890), pp. 81–83.
- See the concluding chapter of Janice Potter, “Is This the Liberty We Seek?” (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University, 1977). pp. 409–435.
- G.A. Rawlyk, “Federalist Loyalist Alliance in New Brunswick, 1784–1815,” The Humanities Association Review 27 (Kingston, Ontario: Humanities Association of Canada, 1976). 142–160.
- G.P. Murdoch, “Ethnographic Atlas: A Summary,” Ethnology 1 (April, 1967), 112.
- Wise, “The Origins of Anti-Americanism,” p. 301, and Wise, “Colonial Attitudes from the Era of the War of 1812,” p. 22.
- See among others the discussion in Fred Landon, Western Ontario and the American Frontier (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1941), p. 3. See also M. Hansen and J.B. Brebner, The Mingling of Canadian and American Peoples (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940), p. 66.
- This is evident both from the references made in various private papers of the period, and in the colonial press itself. Prominent residents frequently made comments on information that they received from American newspapers. See among other sources the Cartwright Papers and Jones Family Papers, Queen's University Archives (Q.U.A.); John Strachan Papers, Public Archives of Ontario (P.A.O.). In addition, internal evidence in the various Upper Canadian newspapers of the time clearly indicates the overwhelming dependence of Upper Canadian printers on American sources for their news. And, periodically, reference was made to the constant problems of receiving such news regularly. For a complete discussion see Jane Errington, “A Developing Upper Canadian Identity: Kingston Elite's Views of the United States and Great Britain, 1810–1815” (unpublished M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1980).
- Wise, “Origins of Anti-Americanism,” p. 300. See also Wise, “Colonial Attitudes,” p. 17.
- There is now an extensive historiography on Loyalists of the American Revolution. See, among others, William Nelson, American Tory (New York: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1961); William Allen Benton, Whig Loyalism (Cranbury, N.Y., Rutherford N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1969); Wallace Brown, The Good Americans: The Loyalists in the American Revolution (New York: Morrow, 1969); Robert Calhoon, The Loyalists in America (New York: Harcourt Brace & Jovanovich, 1973) and Janice Potter, The Liberty We Seek (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983).
- Robert Gourlay, A Statistical Account of the Province of Upper Canada (London, 1822). p. 115. One French traveller noted as early as 1795 that the animosity between the two groups was “daily decreasing.” La Rochefouchault Liancourt, Travels in the Canadas (London, 1826), p. 58.
- D'Arey Boulton, A Sketch of His Majesty's Province of Upper Canada (London, 1805), p. 32. It is evident that many Upper Canadian Loyalists regularly journeyed south of the border for business and pleasure. See Cartwright Papers and Jones Family Papers, Q.U.A.
- Alfred Young in The Democratic Republicans of New York (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967) notes that “for every Tory who left New York two others remained” (p. 94). See also William Gribbon, The Church Militants (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973).
- The best discussion of Federalist ideology is found in Linda Kerber, Federalists in Dissent (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1970). See also D.H. Fischer, The Revolution in American Conservatism (New York: Harper and Row, 1965) and James Banner, To The Hartford Convention (New York: Knopf, 1970).
- It is clear that in addition to the Federalist newspapers that were available to and in deed preferred by readers in the colony throughout the early years of the nineteenth century, Upper Canadians also had ready access to a number of Federalist pamphlets and political tracts. There included Address to the Free and Independent People of Massachusetts (Boston, 1812), The War of Gulls (New York, 1812). In addition, many articles which were reprinted by Upper Canadian editors specifically acknowledged the author or the piece in addition to the Federalist newspaper from which it was taken.
- Kingston Gazette, February 5, 1811. It should be noted that, throughout this paper, the views of the Upper Canadian elite are taken largely, though not exclusively, from the colonial press. The use of the local newspapers is particularly appropriate during this frontier period of the province's development. As Robert Weir found in the southern colonies before the American Revolution, the press in Upper Canada was “the voice of the local political establishment.” See “The Role of the Newspaper Press in the Southern Colonies in the Eve of the Revolution: An Interpretation,” in The Press and the American Revolution, eds. B. Bailyn and J.B. Hench (Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society, 1980). pp. 99–150, p. 116. For further discussion of the Upper Canadian situation, see Jane Errington, “The Eagle, the Lion and Upper Canada” (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Queen's University, 1984).
- Upper Canada Gazette, March 29, 1797. See also Ralph Brown, Mirror for Americans: likeness of the eastern seaboard, 1810 (New York: American Geographical Society, 1943).
- Richard Cartwright to Lieutenant Governor Hunter, August 23, 1799, Cartwright Papers, Q.U.A.
- Kingston Gazette, November 2, 1810.
- See among others references in Upper Canada Gazette, March 29, 1797 and November 19, 1808; Canadian Constellation, January 4, 1800; Niagara Herald, February 28, 1808; Kingston Gazette, March 12, 1811, January 25, 1811, November 6, 1810, March 19, 1811, December 4, 1810, May 2, 1811, and May 16, 1811.
- Kingston Gazette, November 11, 1810.
- Ibid., January 29, 1811.
- D.H. Fischer, The Revolution in American Conservatism (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), pp. 150–151.
- Upper Canada Gazette, November 1, 1796.
- This term was frequently employed after 1800 by both the American Federalists and the Upper Canadian Loyalists to describe the Republicans. It was an implicit recognition of the growing divisions between the North and the South, and the slave-non slave states in the United States. For specific references, see among others Upper Canada Gazette, September 14, 1799; Kingston Gazette, September 10, 1810; John Strachan, A Discourse on the Character of King George III (Montreal, 1810) and Richard Cartwright, Speech to the Militia, 1807, in Cartwright Papers, Q.U.A.
- Upper Canada Gazette, September 14, 1799.
- Niagara Herald, February 21, 1801, taken from an unspecified American paper.
- Upper Canada Gazette, January 11, 1800.
- Ibid., August 3, 1800, from the New York Gazette
- Niagara Herald, February 21, 1810.
- Ibid., February 28, 1801.
- Ibid., June 13, 1801.
- Ibid., February 28, 1801.
- Kerber, Federalists in Dissent, p. 123. See also Upper Canada Gazette, February 7, 1801 and October 3, 1801; and Niagara Herald, April 4, 1801.
- Kingston Gazette, January 29, 1811
- John Strachan to Andrew Brown, October 20, 1807, Strachan Papers, P.A.O. See also John Strachan, Discourse on the Character of King George III
- Kingston Gazette, October 31, 1810.
- Kerber, Federalists in Dissent, p. 123.
- Kingston Gazette, February 5, 1811.
- See among others a Letter to the Right Honourable Lord Casterleagh … (Quebec, 1809); John Strachan, Discourse on the Character of King George III
- Michael Smith, A Geographical View of the Province of Upper Canada (Philadelphia, 1810), p. 82. See also Landon, Western Ontario, who notes that “particularly in the western portions of the province the loyalist element was scarcely noticeable.” (p. 16).
- Niagara Herald, March 13, 1801, taken from the Addison Spectator
- To the Electors of the County of Essex. Broadside, Toronto Public Library.
- Upper Canada Gazette, March 3, 1800. To the Free and Independent Electors of the County of York from Cato. This was a constant refrain that prevailed until after the War of 1812. See the Election Broadside Collection, Toronto Public Library. See also Niagara Herald, January 20, 1801.
- Upper Canada Gazette, March 15, 1800 and August 16, 1800.
- Ibid., March 13, 1804.
- Ibid., January 29, 1805.
- Bruce Walton, “An End to All Order, A Study of Upper Canadian Conservative Response to Opposition, 1805–1810” (unpublished M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1977).
- To the Right Honourable Lord Casterleagh, p. 2.
- “Sketch of the Conduct of Justice Thorpe,” found in the Cartwright Papers, Q.U.A.
- Richard Cartwright to James Cartwright, January 22, 1807, Cartwright Port Hope Papers, Q.U.A.
- To the Right Honourable Lord Casterleagh, p. 2.
- This had been predicted by William Cobbet in his newspaper the Porcupine and these reports had been picked up by the Upper Canadian press. See Upper Canada Gazette, March 15, 1797 and August 4, 1798 and Niagara Herald, September 14, 1799 and November 7, 1801.
- Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), p. 90.
- Upper Canada Gazette, May 18, 1799, taken from the Gazette of the United States
- Upper Canada Gazette, March 15, 1797. See also July 5, 1799 and Niagara Herald, November 7, 1801.
- Upper Canada Gazette, December 9, 1797. See also March 24, 1797, including a report from Boston and February 7, 1801.
- Upper Canada Gazette, June 1801. See also discussion in Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1978).
- Upper Canada Gazette, September 14, 1799.
- Niagara Herald, April 4, 1801 and October 3, 1801. See also Upper Canada Gazette, February 7, 1801.
- First reported in the Upper Canada Gazette, July 25, 1807.
- Upper Canada Gazette, August 1, 1807. See also August 8, 1807 which noted that an account from the Boston Repository which called for restraint “speaks in a language of reason and of Patriotism and truth.”
- Ibid., August 8, 1807.
- Ibid., August 15, 1807 and also a report from the Boston Palladium, in September 5, 1807.
- Upper Canada Gazette, February 20, 1808. See also February 2, 1808 including a report from the Boston Palladium
- Ibid., January 12, 1808. See also February 12, 1808 and December 23, 1807.
- Ibid., January 20, 1808, taken from the New York Evening Post
- Ibid., January 12, 1808.
- Ibid., April 30, 1808.
- Ibid., February 12, 1808.
- Richard Cartwright, Speech to the Militia, Richard Cartwright Papers, Q.U.A.
- Kingston Gazette, January 28, 1812. Indeed, since the first publication of the Kingston Gazette, September 25, 1810 there was frequent mention of the need for Upper Canadians to do all in their power to defray any tensions along the border.
- Journals of the House of Assembly, February 3, 1812, pp. 4–5, found in The Ninth Report of the Bureau of Archives for the Province of Ontario, ed. Alex Fraser (Toronto, 1912). During this period General Brock was only the interim Administrator of Upper Canada while Sir Francis Gore was on leave in England.
- Kingston Gazette, March 5, 1811, taken from the Salem Gazette
- Ibid., November 19, 1811 and December 12, 1811.
- Ibid., January 28, 1812.
- John Melish, Travels Through Parts of the United States and British North America (Philadelphia, 1815). p. 485.
- John Macaulay to John Bethune, December 21, 1910, Macaulay Papers, P.A.O.
- Kingston Gazette, May 12, 1812.
- Ibid., January 28, 1812, taken from the York Gazette. See also Reginald Bowler, “Propaganda and the War of 1812” (unpublished M.A. thesis, Queen's University, 1964).
- Kingston Gazette, January 28, 1812, by a Canadian. See also May 26, 1812.
- Ibid., January 28, 1812.
- Ibid., January 10, 1812.
- David Osgoode, A Solemn Protest Against the Late Declaration of War (Cambridge, 1812), p. 116.
- Kingston Gazette, May 26, 1812.
- Ibid., February 18, 1812. See also May 26, 1812.
- Osgood, A Solemn Protest, p. 16.
- Kingston Gazette, February 18, 1812.
- Ibid., January 28, 1812. See also July 14, 1812 and May 26, 1812.
- Ibid., May 12, 1812.
- Ibid., February 18, 1812.
- Ibid., January 28, 1812.
- Ibid., May 14, 1812.
- Ibid., July 21, 1812. See also July 14, 1812 which included a note from a “Well Wisher” which warned Upper Canadians not to be the aggressors.
- Kingston Gazette, July 12, 1812. Indeed, in the eastern district of the colony, at least, individuals continued to move back and forth across the border with impunity. See Jones Papers, Q.U.A.
- The actual history of the war is beyond the scope of this paper. For further reference see A.L. Burt, The United States, Great Britain and British North America (New York: Russell & Russell, 1961); Pierre Berton, The Invasion of Canada, 1812–1813 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1980); Pierre Berton, Flames Across the Border, 1813–1814 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1981); George Stanley, The War of 1812 (Toronto: MacMillan of Canada, 1983).
- Kingston Gazette, July 14. 1812.
- Ibid., July 28, 1812.
- Ibid., July 28, 1812. See also January 20, 1813, July 27, 1813, March 9, 1813 and March 22, 1814.
- Ibid., July 14, 1812. Taken from the Connecticut Courant
- Ibid., September 26, 1812.
- Ibid., July 27, 1813.
- Ibid., July 14, 1812.
- Ibid., July 27, 1813.
- York Gazette, August 29, 1812.
- Kingston Gazette, August 29, 1812.
- Ibid., August 18, 1812.
- Ibid., July 14, 1812. See also York Gazette, July 28, 1812.
- Kingston Gazette, May 26, 1812.
- Ibid., February 11, 1812.
- William Phillips, An Appeal to the Good Sense of the Democrats and the Public Spirit of the Federalists
- Kingston Gazette, December 5, 1812 and December 12, 1812.
- Ibid., September 26, 1812.
- Ibid., July 13, 1813 taken from the Boston Gazette
- Ibid., July 2, 1813 taken from the Boston Gazette
- Ibid., July 14, 1812.
- Ibid., August 10, 1813, taken from the Utica Gazette
- Ibid., April 1, 1815.
- Ibid., April 8, 1815.