A comparative approach towards ethnic segregation patterns in Belgian cities using multiscalar individualized neighborhoods

References

• Ainsworth, James W. (2002). Why does it take a village? The mediation of neighborhood effects on educational achievement. Social Forces, 81(1), 117–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, Roger, & Musterd, Sako. (2005). Area-based policies: A critical appraisal. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 96(4), 377–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, Nick. (2012). How spatial segregation changes over time: Sorting out the sorting processes. Environment and Planning A, 44(3), 705–722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajari, Patrick, & Kahn, Matthew E. (2005). Estimating housing demand with an application to explaining racial segregation in cities. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 23(1), 20–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolster, Anne, Burgess, Simon, Johnston, Ron, Jones, Kelvyn, Propper, Carol, & Sarker, Rebecca. (2007). Neighbourhoods, households and income dynamics: A semi-parametric investigation of neighbourhood effects. Journal of Economic Geography, 7(1), 1–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt, Gideon. (2009). Combating residential segregation of ethnic minorities in European cities. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 24(4), 397–405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, Lawrence A., & Chung, Su-Yeul. (2006). Spatial segregation, segregation indices and the geographical perspective. Population, Space and Place, 12(2), 125–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calliez, Julie. (2009). De l’espace des flux à l’espace des lieux: Pour une transmission de savoir-faire spatiaux [From the space of flows towards the space of places: For a transmission of spatial know-how]. In Nathalie Burnay & Annabelle Klein (Eds.), Figures contemporaines de la transmission [Contemporary figures of transmission] (pp. 43–57). Namur: Presses universitaires de Namur, collection Transhumances.
   Google Scholar
• Castles, Stephen. (2006). Guestworkers in Europe: A resurrection? International Migration Review, 40(4), 741–766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catney, Gemma. (2016). The changing geographies of ethnic diversity in England and Wales, 1991-2011. Population, Space and Place, 22(8), 750–765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Rica, Sara, Glitz, Albrecht, & Ortega, Francesc. (2015). Immigration in Europe: Trends, policies and empirical evidence. In Barry R. Chiswick & Paul W. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of international migration (Vol. 1, pp. 1303–1362). North Holland: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• de Valk, Helga A.G., & Willaert, Didier. (2012). Internal mobility of international migrants: The case of Belgium. In Nissa Finney & Gemma Catney (Eds.), Minority internal migration in Europe (pp. 13–38). Surrey: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Dustmann, Christian, & Frattini, Tommaso (2011). Immigration: The European experience (IZA Discussion Paper No. 6261). Retrieved from IZA Institute of Labor Economics http://ftp.iza.org/dp6261.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fowler, Christopher S. (2016). Segregation as a multiscalar phenomenon and its implications for neighborhood-scale research: The case of South Seattle 1990-2010. Urban Geography, 37(1), 1–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galster, George. (2001). On the nature of neighbourhood. Urban Studies, 38(12), 2111–2124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hraba, Joseph, Hagendoorn, Louk, & Hagendoorn, Roeland. (1989). The ethnic hierarchy in the Netherlands: Social distance and social representation. Social Psychology, 28(1), 57–69.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, Ron, Forrest, James, Jones, Kelvyn, & Manley, David. (2016). The scale of segregation: Ancestral groups in Sydney, 2011. Urban Geography, 37(7), 985–1008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, Ron, Poulsen, Michael, & Forrest, James. (2002). Rethinking the analysis of ethnic residential patterns: Segregation, isolation, or concentration thresholds in Auckland, New Zealand? Geographical Analysis, 34(3), 245–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, Ron, Poulsen, Michael, & Forrest, James. (2004). The comparative study of ethnic residential segregation in the USA, 1980-2000. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 95(5), 550–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, Ron, Poulsen, Michael, & Forrest, James. (2007). Ethnic and racial segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1980-2000. Urban Affairs Review, 42(4), 479–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, Kelvyn, Johnston, Ron, Manley, David, Owen, Dewi, & Charlton, Chris. (2015). Ethnic residential segregation: A multilevel, multigroup, multiscale approach exemplified by London in 2011. Demography, 52(6), 1995–2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandylis, George, Maloutas, Thomas, & Sayas, John. (2012). Immigration, inequality and diversity: Socio-ethnic hierarchy and spatial organization in Athens, Greece. European Urban and Regional Studies, 19(3), 267–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, David H., & Woodhouse, Kathleen. (2005). Research in ethnic segregation II: Measurements, categories and meanings. Urban Geography, 26(8), 737–745.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearns, Ade, & Parkinson, Michael. (2001). The significance of neighbourhood. Urban Studies, 38(12), 2103–2110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesteloot, Christian, & Cortie, Cees. (1998). Housing Turks and Moroccans in Brussels and Amsterdam: The difference between private and public markets. Urban Studies, 35(10), 1835–1853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoojinian, Mazyar. (2006). L’Accueil et la stabilisation des travailleurs immigrés turcs en Belgique, 1963-1980 [Reception and stabilization of Turkish immigrant workers in Belgium, 1963-1980]. Cahiers d’Histoire Du Temps Présent, 17, 73–116.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Barrett A., Reardon, Sean F., Firebaugh, Glenn, Farrell, Chad R., Matthews, Stephen A., & O’Sullivan, David. (2008). Beyond the census tract: Patterns and determinants of racial segregation at multiple geographic scales. American Sociological Review, 73(5), 766–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacAllister, Iain, Johnston, Ron, Pattie, Charles, Tunstall, Helena, Dorling, Danny, & Rossiter, David. (2001). Class dealignment and the neighbourhood effect: Miller revisited. British Journal of Political Science, 31(1), 41–59.
   Google Scholar
• Marcińczak, Szymon, Musterd, Sako, van Ham, Maarten, & Tammaru, Tiit. (2015). Inequality and rising levels of socio-economic segregation. Lessons from a pan-European comparative study. In Tiit Tammaru, Maarten van Ham, Szymon Marcińczak, & Sako Musterd (Eds.), Socio-economic segregation in European capital cities – East meets West (1st ed., pp. 358–382). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Massey, Douglas S. (1985). Ethnic residential segregation: A theoretical synthesis and empirical review. Sociology and Social Research, 69(3), 315–350.
   Google Scholar
• Massey, Douglas S., & Denton, Nancy A. (1988). The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces, 67(2), 281–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musterd, Sako. (2003). Segregation and integration: A contested relationship. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 29(4), 623–641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musterd, Sako. (2005). Social and ethnic segregation in Europe: Levels, causes, and effects. Journal of Urban Affairs, 27(3), 331–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan, David, & Wong, David W.S. (2007). A surface-based approach to measuring spatial segregation. Geographical Analysis, 39(2), 147–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Openshaw, Stan (1984). The modifiable areal unit problem: Concepts and techniques in modern geography. Number 38. Norwich: Geo Books.
   Google Scholar
• Östh, John. (2014). EquiPop [Computer software]. Uppsala: John Östh.
   Google Scholar
• Östh, John, Clark, William A.V., & Malmberg, Bo. (2015). Measuring the scale of segregation using k-nearest neighbor aggregates. Geographical Analysis, 47(1), 34–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Östh, John, Malmberg, Bo, & Andersson, Eva K. (2014). Analysing segregation using individualized neighbourhoods. In Chris Lloyd, Ian G. Shuttleworth, & David W.S. Wong (Eds.), Socio-spatial segregation: Concepts, processes and outcomes (pp. 135–162). Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Phalet, Karen, & Swyngedouw, Marc. (2003). Measuring immigrant integration: The case of Belgium. Migration Studies, 40(152), 773–804.
   Google Scholar
• Reardon, Sean F., Matthews, Stephen A., O’Sullivan, David, Lee, Barrett A., Firebaugh, Glenn, Farrell, Chad R., & Bischoff, Kendra. (2008). The geographic scale of metropolitan racial segregation. Demography, 45(3), 489–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reardon, Sean F., & O’Sullivan, David. (2004). Measures of spatial segregation. Sociological Methodology, 34(1), 121–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharkey, Patrick, & Faber, Jacob W. (2014). Where, when, why, and for whom do residential contexts matter? Moving away from the dichotomous understanding of neighborhood effects. Annual Review of Sociology, 40(1), 559–579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, Ludi. (2005). On the measurement and meaning of residential segregation: A reply to Johnston, Poulsen and Forrest. Urban Studies, 42(7), 1229–1230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Belgium. (2015). Census 2011 Belgium, Geo-coded grid-data (200x200m). Brussels: Algemene Directie Statistiek - Statistics Belgium.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, Henri, & Turner, John C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In William G. Austin & Stephen Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–48). Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Haegen, Herman, Brulard, Théo, Kesteloot, Christian, & Vanneste, Dominique. (1992). De steden [The cities]. In Jacques Denis (Ed.), Geografie van België [Geography of Belgium] (pp. 427–482). Brussels: Gemeentekrediet.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Laan Bouma-Doff, Wendy. (2007). Involuntary isolation: Ethnic preferences and residential segregation. Journal of Urban Affairs, 29(3), 289–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ham, Maarten, & Tammaru, Tiit. (2016). New perspectives on ethnic segregation over time and space. A domains approach. Urban Geography, 37(7), 953–962.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hamme, Gilles, Wertz, Isaline, & Biot, Valérie. (2011). Economic growth devoid of social progress: The situation in Brussels. Brussels Studies, 48, 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• van Kempen, Ronald, & Wissink, Bart. (2014). Between places and flows: Towards a new agenda for neighbourhood research in an age of mobility. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 96(2), 95–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mol, Christophe, & de Valk, Helga A.G. (2016). Integration processes and policies in Europe: A historical and demographic perspective. In Blanca Garcès-Mascarenas & Rinus Penninx (Eds.), Integration processes and policies in Europe (pp. 31–55). Rotterdam: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, David W.S. (2004). Comparing traditional and spatial segregation measures: A spatial scale perspective. Urban Geography, 25(1), 66–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorlu, Aslan, & Mulder, Clara H. (2008). Initial and subsequent location choices of immigrants to the Netherlands. Regional Studies, 42(2), 245–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar