Contested autonomy in “smart” and “inclusive” innovation: test-driving transportation technology and policy in Pittsburgh

References

• Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology, 22(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ampuja, M. (2016). The new spirit of capitalism, innovation fetishism and new information and communication technologies. Javnost – The Public, 23(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2016.1149765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aupperlee, A. (2016, May 19). Driverless car laws considered as Uber tests technology in Pittsburgh. Trib Live. http://triblive.com/news/allegheny/1049789674/technology-uber-cars
   Google Scholar
• Aupperlee, A. (2017, May 3). Aurora innovation joins Pittsburgh’s self-driving car ecosystem. Trib Live. http://triblive.com/local/allegheny/12256468-74/aurora-innovation-joins-pittsburghs-self-driving-car-ecosystem
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, L. (2015, May 13). New UberUp hiring 1000 as it launches in Pittsburgh. Next Pittsburgh. https://www.nextpittsburgh.com/business-tech-news/new-uberup-hiring-1000-in-pittsburgh-as-it-launches-uberup/
   Google Scholar
• Baker, T., & Temenos, C. (2015). Urban policy mobilities research: Introduction to a debate. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 39(4), 824–827. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belko, M. (2015, October 13). Long-awaited Hazelwood redevelopment breaks ground on old LTV site. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. https://www.post-gazette.com/business/development/2015/10/30/Long-awaited-Hazelwood-redevelopment-breaks-ground-pittsburgh-LTV-coke-works/stories/201510300272
   Google Scholar
• Belko, M. (2016, June 21). Smart city grant not coming to Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2016/06/21/Pittsburgh-loses-out-to-Columbus-Ohio-in-Smart-City-Challenge/stories/201606210173
   Google Scholar
• Biggs, J. (2015, February 2). Uber opening robotics research facility in Pittsburgh to build self-driving cars. Tech Crunch. https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/02/uber-opening-robotics-research-facility-in-pittsburgh-to-build-self-driving-cars/
   Google Scholar
• Blazina, E. (2016, March 12). Pittsburgh one of seven finalists for $50 million transportation grant. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. https://www.post-gazette.com/news/transportation/2016/03/12/Pittsburgh-one-of-seven-finalists-for-50-million-U-S-Department-of-Transportation-s-Smart-City-Challenge/stories/201603120125
   Google Scholar
• Blazina, E. (2022, February 17). Peduto administration pushed modern private transportation, development that hurt public transit, study says. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. https://www.post-gazette.com/news/transportation/2022/02/17/mayor-bill-peduto-pittsburgh-ride-sharing-scooters-private-transportation-public-transit-pittsburghers-for-public-transit-study/stories/202202160152
   Google Scholar
• Borén, T., & Young, C. (2013). Getting creative with the ‘creative city’? Towards new perspectives on creativity in urban policy. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(5), 1799–1815. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01132.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, N. (1999). Globalisation as reterritorialisation: The re-scaling of urban governance in the European Union. Urban Studies, 36(3), 431–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098993466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, N., & Schmid, C. (2015). Towards a new epistemology of the urban? City, 19(2-3), 151–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2015.1014712
   Google Scholar
• Brenner, N., & Theodore, N. (2002). Cities and the geographies of “actually existing neoliberalism”. Antipode, 34(3), 349–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budds, D. (2017, January 12). Inside the R&D lab where Uber is building ‘the city of the future.’ Fast Co Design. https://www.fastcodesign.com/3067101/inside-the-rd-lab-where-uber-is-building-the-city-of-the-future
   Google Scholar
• Bulkeley, H., Luque-Ayala, A., McFarlane, C., & MacLeod, G. (2018). Enhancing urban autonomy: Towards a new political project for cities. Urban Studies, 55(4), 702–719. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098016663836
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvillo, N., Halpern, O., LeCavalier, J., & Pietsch, W. (2016). Test bed as urban epistemology. In S. Marvin, A. Luque-Ayala, & C. McFarlane (Eds.), Smart urbanism: Utopian vision or false dawn? (pp. 145–167). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, C., & Hesse, M. (2020). When Alphabet Inc. plans Toronto’s waterfront: New post-political modes of urban governance. Urban Planning, 5(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v5i1.2519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• City Channel Pittsburgh. (2016, June 9). City of Pittsburgh smart cities challenge proposal video. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSuKyhIbZrU
   Google Scholar
• City of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (2016, February 4). Beyond traffic: The smart city challenge. https://www.transportation.gov/smartcity/visionstatements/pittsburgh
   Google Scholar
• Crivello, S. (2015). Urban policy mobilities: The case of Turin as a smart city. European Planning Studies, 23(5), 909–921. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2014.891568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, D. (2020). In pursuit of being smart? A critical analysis of India’s smart cities endeavor. Urban Geography, 41(1), 55–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2019.1646049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delano, J. (2018, April 9). PennDOT secretary unveils voluntary action plan to reduce driverless vehicle accidents. KDKA CBS Pittsburgh. http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2018/04/09/penndot-plan-reduce-driverless-vehicle-accidents/
   Google Scholar
• Deppen, C. (2016, December 28). How Pittsburgh became Uber’s Kitty Hawk: Gov’t emails reveal the promise, pitfalls of alliance. PennLive. http://www.pennlive.com/news/2016/12/is_uber_taking_pittsburgh_for.html
   Google Scholar
• Deto, R. (2022, February 16). Pittsburgh mayor Gainey scraps shuttle portion of Mon-Oakland connector project. Trib Live. https://triblive.com/local/pittsburgh-mayor-ed-gainey-scraps-shuttle-portion-of-mon-oakland-connector-project/
   Google Scholar
• Doughty, N. (2021, September 8). Report looks at how Pittsburgh could become major player in global autonomy development, but more work is needed. Pittsburgh Business Times. https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2021/09/08/pittsburgh-global-autonomy-leader-report-says.html
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, P., & Harris, M. (2016, July 12). From red-hot steel to red-hot tech: Reinventing an old industrial site. WESA 90.5. https://www.wesa.fm/post/red-hot-steel-red-hot-tech-reinventing-old-industrial-site
   Google Scholar
• Dubal, V. B. (2017). The drive to precarity: A political history of work, regulation, & labor advocacy in San Francisco’s taxi & Uber economies. Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law, 38(1), 73–135. https://dx.doi.org/10.15779/Z387P8TD1D
   Google Scholar
• Elsmore, S. (2020). Strategies of responsibilization: Development contributions and the political role of property developers. Urban Geography, 41(3), 389–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2019.1677989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth, R. (2012). Transgressing urban utopanism: Autonomy and active desire. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 94(2), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0467.2012.00398.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleisher, C. (2016, August 23). Clock ticking on making extra cash as an Uber ride-share service driver. Trib Live. http://triblive.com/business/headlines/10999741-74/uber-driving-sharing
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, P. (2017). The human capital hoax: Work, debt and insecurity in the era of uberization. Organization Studies, 38(5), 691–709. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840616686129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florida, R. (2002). The rise of the creative class. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fullilove, M. T. (2004). Root shock: How tearing up city neighborhoods hurts America, and what we can do about it. Ballantine.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, S. (2011). Bilbao and Barcelona ‘in motion’: How urban regeneration ‘models’ travel and mutate in the global flows of policy tourism. Urban Studies, 48(7), 1397–1418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098010374510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough, P. J. (2015, September 9). Uber gives $5.5M to endow chair, fellowships in robotics at Carnegie Mellon University. Pittsburgh Business Times. http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2015/09/09/uber-gives-5-5m-to-endow-chair-fellowships-in.html
   Google Scholar
• Griswold, A. (2016, December 29). Uber asked a lot of Pittsburgh for its self-driving cars, and offered back very little. Quartz. http://qz.com/874548/uber-asked-a-lot-of-pittsburgh-for-its-self-driving-cars-and-offered-back-very-little/
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. (1989). From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: The transformation in urban governance in late capitalism. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 71(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.1989.11879583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, A. J. (2018, March 19). Uber halts self-driving tests after pedestrian killed in Arizona. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/19/17139518/uber-self-driving-car-fatal-crash-tempe-arizona
   Google Scholar
• He, S., Li, L., Zhang, Y., & Wang, J. (2018). A small entrepreneurial city in action: Policy mobility, urban entrepreneurialism, and politics of scale in Jiyuan, China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 42(4), 684–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12631
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, S. R. (2021). Policy mobility, advocacy and problem–potential bridging practices: A review of Scottish city council tax incremental financing business cases. Urban Studies, 58(9), 1811–1830. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020917617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaac, M., Wakabayashi, D., & Conger, K. (2018, August 19). Uber’s vision of self-driving cars begins to blur. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/19/technology/uber-self-driving-cars.html
   Google Scholar
• Jonas, A., & Ward, K. (2007). Introduction to a debate on city-regions: New geographies of governance, democracy and social reproduction. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 31(1), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00711.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, D. N. (2016, October 24). Diana Nelson Jones’ walkabout: Hazelwood reaching intersection of excited and wary.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. https://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/diana-nelson-jones/2016/10/24/Diana-Nelson-Jones-Walkabout-Hazelwood-reaching-intersection-of-excited-and-wary/stories/201610240003
   Google Scholar
• Kang, C. (2016, September 10). No driver? Bring it on. How Pittsburgh became Uber’s testing ground. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/11/technology/no-driver-bring-it-on-how-pittsburgh-became-ubers-testing-ground.html
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, D. (2020). Capital cities in interurban competition: Local autonomy, urban governance, and locational policy making. Urban Affairs Review, 56(4), 1168–1205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087418809939
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, D., & Arnold, T. (2018). Strategies of cities in globalised interurban competition: The locational policies framework. Urban Studies, 55(12), 2703–2720. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017707922
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss, M. J. (2017, July 31). Ride-sharing’s uneven effect on Pennsylvania transit agencies. WESA 90.5. http://wesa.fm/post/ride-sharing-s-uneven-effect-pennsylvania-transit-agencies#stream/0
   Google Scholar
• Larson, S. (2013). ‘Building like Moses with Jacobs in mind’: Contemporary planning in New York City. Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laughlin, J. (2016, April 21). Uber fined $11.3 million by state enforcement commission. The Philadelphia Inquirer. http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/in-transit/Uber-fined-113-million-by-state-enforcement-commission.html
   Google Scholar
• Lee, T. B. (2018, May 24). Uber wants to test driverless cars in Pittsburgh again – The mayor is pissed. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/cars/2018/05/uber-wants-to-test-driverless-cars-in-pittsburgh-again-the-mayor-is-pissed/
   Google Scholar
• Lesteven, G., & Godillon, S. (2020). Fuelling the controversy on Uber’s arrival: A comparative media analysis of Paris and Montreal. Cities, 106, 102864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loizos, C. (2016, April 26). It isn’t just Uber: Carnegie Mellon’s computer science dean on its poaching problem. TechCrunch. http://techcrunch.com/2016/04/26/it-isnt-just-uber-carnegie-mellons-computer-science-dean-on-its-poaching-problem/
   Google Scholar
• Lowensohn, J. (2015, May 19). Uber gutted Carnegie Mellon’s top robotics lab to build self-driving cars. The Verge. http://www.theverge.com/transportation/2015/5/19/8622831/uber-self-driving-cars-carnegie-mellon-poached
   Google Scholar
• Lubove, R. (1995). Twentieth-century Pittsburgh volume I: Government, business, and environmental change. University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lubove, R. (1996). Twentieth-century Pittsburgh volume II: The post-steel era. University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, K. (2016, February 24). Uber just celebrated its second anniversary in Pittsburgh, but drivers say working for the company is no party. Pittsburgh City Paper. https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/uber-just-celebrated-its-second-anniversary-in-pittsburgh-but-drivers-say-working-for-the-company-is-no-party/Content?oid=1897263
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, K., Badger, E., & Blinder, A. (2017, June 2). A revitalized Pittsburgh says the president used a rusty metaphor. The New York Times. https://nyti.ms/2ryJgVX
   Google Scholar
• MacLeavy, J. (2012). The lore of the jungle: Neoliberalism and statecraft in the global-local disorder (revisiting Peck and Tickell). Area, 44(2), 250–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2012.01093.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod, G. (2013). New urbanism/smart growth in the Scottish highlands: Mobile policies and post-politics in local development planning. Urban Studies, 50(11), 2196–2221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013491164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malin, B. J., & Chandler, C. (2017). Free to work anxiously: Splintering precarity among drivers for Uber and Lyft. Communication, Culture & Critique, 10(2), 382–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann, E., & Ward, K. (2010). Relationality/territoriality: Toward a conceptualization of cities in the world. Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences, 41(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann, E., & Ward, K. (2015). Thinking through dualisms in urban policy mobilities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 39(4), 828–830. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, D. (2016, May 26). Uber appeals PUC’s record fine, offers more data. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/business/tech-news/2016/05/26/Uber-appeals-PUC-s-record-fine-offers-more-data-Pennsylvania/stories/201605260192
   Google Scholar
• Muoio, D. (2017, October 18). Uber built a fake city in Pittsburgh with roaming mannequins to test its self-driving cars. Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/ubers-fake-city-pittsburgh-self-driving-cars-2017-10
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill, B. (2016, May 1). Driverless car revolution may happen in Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/brian-oneill/2016/05/01/Brian-O-Neill-Pittsburgh-s-front-seat-for-the-driverless-car-revolution/stories/201605010157
   Google Scholar
• Ong, A. (2007). Neoliberalism as a mobile technology. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 32(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2007.00234.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck, J. (2005). Struggling with the creative class. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29(4), 740–770. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2005.00620.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck, J. (2011). Geographies of policy: From transfer-diffusion to mobility-mutation. Progress in Human Geography, 35(6), 773–797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132510394010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck, J., & Theodore, N. (2012). Follow the policy: A distended case approach. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 44(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1068/a44179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck, J., & Tickell, A. (2002). Neoliberalizing space. Antipode, 34(3), 380–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince, R. (2016). The spaces in between: Mobile policy and the topographies and topologies of the technocracy. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 34(3), 420–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775815618401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raulerson, J., & Kovash, S. (2016, March 3). Greenfield residents fear redevelopment will pass them by in Almono shuttle. WESA 90.5. https://www.wesa.fm/post/greenfield-residents-fear-redevelopment-will-pass-them-almono-shuttle#stream/0
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, L. (2015). Performing the sharing economy. Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences, 67, 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoni, M. (2017, September 19). Argo AI headquarters to anchor Oxford building in Strip District. Trib Live. https://archive.triblive.com/local/pittsburgh-allegheny/argo-ai-headquarters-to-anchor-oxford-building-in-strip-district-2/
   Google Scholar
• Scheiber, N. (2015, July 12). Growth in the ‘gig economy’ fuels work force anxieties. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/13/business/rising-economic-insecurity-tied-to-decades-long-trend-in-employment-practices.html
   Google Scholar
• Shamir, R. (2008). The age of responsibilization: On market-embedded morality. Economy and Society, 37(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140701760833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaby, M. J., & Deppen, C. (2018, July 24). Uber’s self-driving fleet is back on Pittsburgh streets months after a fatal Arizona crash. The Incline. https://theincline.com/2018/07/24/ubers-self-driving-fleet-is-back-on-pittsburgh-streets-months-after-a-fatal-arizona-crash/
   Google Scholar
• Söderström, O., Blake, E., & Odendaal, N. (2021). More-than-local, more-than-mobile: The smart city effect in South Africa. Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences, 122, 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.03.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temenos, C., & McCann, E. (2013). Geographies of policy mobilities. Geography Compass, 7(5), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12063
   Google Scholar
• Todd, D. M. (2015, September 9). Duolingo to partner with Uber on UberEnglish initiative. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/business/tech-news/2015/09/09/Pittsburgh-based-Duolingo-announces-partnership-with-Uber/stories/201509090221
   Google Scholar
• Tonkiss, F. (2005). Space, the city and social theory. Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Trotter, J. W., & Day, J. N. (2010). Race and renaissance: African Americans in Pittsburgh since World War II. University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh. (2015). Pittsburgh roadmap for inclusive innovation. http://pittsburghpa.gov/innovation-performance/innovationroadmap/documents/Pittsburgh-Roadmap-for-Inclusive-Innovation.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Transportation. (2017). Smart city highlights. https://www.transportation.gov/smartcity/highlights
   Google Scholar
• Vitale, P. (2016). Cradle of the creative class: Reinventing the figure of the scientist in cold war Pittsburgh. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 106(6), 1378–1396. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2016.1199317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, K. (2006). Policies in motion,’ urban management and state restructuring: The trans-local expansion of business improvement districts. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30(1), 54–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00643.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, K. (2018). Urban redevelopment policies on the move: Rethinking the geographies of comparison, exchange and learning. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 42(4), 666–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weise, K. (2015, June 23). This is how Uber takes over a city. Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-06-23/this-is-how-uber-takes-over-a-city
   Google Scholar
• WESA. (2014, July 9). Mayor Peduto touts alternative transportation & calls ride-share dispute ‘dysfunctional.’ WESA 90.5. http://wesa.fm/post/mayor-peduto-touts-alternative-transportation-calls-ride-share-dispute-dysfunctional#stream/0
   Google Scholar
• White House. (2015). Fact sheet: Administration announces new smart cities initiative. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/14/fact-sheet-administration-announces-new-smart-cities-initiative-help
   Google Scholar
• Wiig, A. (2015). IBM’s smart city as techno-utopian policy mobility. City, 19(2-3), 258–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2015.1016275
   Google Scholar
• Wolfson, C. (2021, December 22). After eight years, Peduto’s record is a mix of bold plans and frustrating endings. Public Source. https://www.publicsource.org/peduto-pittsburgh-outgoing-mayor-equity-policing-gainey/
   Google Scholar
• Wolfson, C., & Lord, R. (2021, May 24). ‘The rebel becomes the establishment’: Peduto and Gainey reflect on a historic election. Public Source. https://www.publicsource.org/gainey-peduto-pittsburgh-mayor-election-police-affordable-housing-covid-politics/
   Google Scholar
• Zukin, S., & Kosta, E. (2004). Bourdieu off-Broadway: Managing distinction on a shopping block in the East Village. City and Community, 3(2), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2004.00071.x
   Google Scholar
• Zullo, R. (2015, September 9). Pittsburgh launches ‘inclusive innovation’ roadmap. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. https://www.post-gazette.com/local/2015/09/09/Pittsburgh-launches-inclusive-innovation-roadmap/stories/201509090127
   Google Scholar