Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia

LITERATURE CITED

• Allin , E. F. 1975 . Evolution of the mammalian middle ear. . Journal of Morphology , 147 : 403 – 438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer , M. , Plane , M. D. and Pledge , N. S. 1979 . Additional evidence for interpreting the Miocene Obdurodon insignis Woodburne and Tedford 1975, to be a fossil platypus (Ornithorhynchidae: Monotremata) and a reconsideration of the status of Ornithorhynchus agilis De Vis, 1885. . Australian Zoologist , 20 : 9 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Bennett , A. F. and Ruben , J. A. 1986 . “ The metabolic and thermoregulatory status of therapsids ” . In Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles Edited by: Hotton , N. H. III , MacLean , P. D. , Roth , J. J. and Roth , E. C. 207 – 218 . Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution and National Institute of Mental Health .
   Google Scholar
• Bonaparte , J. F. 1962 . Descripcion del cranio y mandibula de Exaeretodon frenguellii, Cabrera y su comparacion con Diademodontidae, Tritylodontidae y los cinodontos sudamericanos. . Publicaciones del Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales y Tradicional de Mar del Plata , 1 : 135 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Bonaparte , J. F. 1963 . Descripcion del esqueleto postcraneano de Exaeretodon (Cynodontia—Traversodontidae). Acta Geologica Lilloana . Tucumán , 4 : 5 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Bonaparte , J. F. 1966 . Sobre las cavidades cerebral, nasal y otras estructuras del craneo de Exaeretodon sp. (Cynodontia—Traversodontidae). Acta Geologica Lilloana . Tucumán , 8 : 5 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Brinkman , D. and Eberth , D. A. 1983 . The interrelationships of pelycosaurs , Breviora 473 35
   Google Scholar
• Clark , J. M. and Hopson , J. A. 1985 . Distinctive mammal-like reptile from Mexico and its bearing on the phylogeny of the Tritylodontidae. . Nature , 315 : 398 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemens , W. A. 1979a . A problem in morganucodont taxonomy (Mammalia). Zoological Journal . Linnean Society of London , 66 : 1 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemens , W. A. 1979b . “ Marsupialia; ” . In Mesozoic Mammals: The First Two Thirds of Mammalian History Edited by: Lille-graven , J. A. , Kielan-Jaworowska , Z. and Clemens , W. A. 192 – 220 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clemens , W. A. 1986 . “ On Triassic and Jurassic mammals ” . In The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs Edited by: Padian , K. 237 – 246 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clemens , W. A. and Kielan-Jaworowska , Z. 1979 . “ Multituberculata ” . In Mesozoic Mammals: The First Two Thirds of Mammalian History Edited by: Lillegraven , J. A. , Kielan-Jaworowska , Z. and Clemens , W. A. 99 – 149 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clemens , W. A. and Lillegraven , J. A. 1986 . “ New Late Cretaceous, North American advanced therian mammals that fit neither the marsupial nor eutherian molds ” . In Vertebrates, Phylogeny, and Philosophy , Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, Special Paper 3 Edited by: Flanagan , K. M. and Lillegraven , J. A. 55 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Clemens , W. A. , Lillegraven , J. A. , Lindsay , E. H. and Simpson , G. G. 1979 . “ Where, when, and what—a survey of known Mesozoic mammal distribution ” . In Mesozoic Mammals: The First Two Thirds of Mammalian History Edited by: Lillegraven , J. A. , Kielan-Jaworowska , Z. and Clemens , W. A. 7 – 58 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crompton , A. W. 1974 . The dentitions and relationships of the Southern African Triassic mammals Erythrotheri-um parringtoni Megazostrodon rudnerae. Bulletin, British Museum (Natural History) . Geology , 24 : 399 – 443 .
   Google Scholar
• Crompton , A. W. and Jenkins , F. A. Jr. 1979 . “ Origin of mammals ” . In Mesozoic Mammals: The First Two Thirds of Mammalian History Edited by: Lillegraven , J. A. , Kielan-Jaworowska , Z. and Clemens , W. A. 59 – 73 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crompton , A. W. and Parker , P. 1978 . Evolution of the mammalian masticatory apparatus. . American Scientist , 66 : 192 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crompton , A. W. and Sun , A.-L. 1985 . Cranial structure and relationships of the Liassic mammal Sinoconodon. Zoological Journal . Linnean Society of London , 85 : 99 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deBeer , G. R. 1937 . The Development of the Vertebrate Skull 552 London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Edgeworth , F. H. 1935 . The Cranial Muscles of Vertebrates 493 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fakui , Z. and Guihai , C. 1983 . New material and new understanding of Sinoconodon . Vertebrata Palasiatica , 21 : 32 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser , N. C. , Walkden , G. M. and Stewart , V. 1985 . The first pre-Rhaetic therian mammal. . Nature , 314 : 161 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffney , E. S. 1979 . “ An introduction to the logic of phylogeny reconstruction ” . In Phylogenetic Analysis and Paleontology Edited by: Cracraft , J. and Eldredge , N. 79 – 111 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gaffney , E. S. 1980 . “ Phylogenetic relationships of the major groups of amniotes ” . In The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates Edited by: Panchen , A. 593 – 610 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gardiner , B. 1982 . Tetrapod classification. Zoological Journal . Linnean Society of London , 74 : 207 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier , J. 1984 . A cladistic analysis of the higher systematic categories of the Diapsida 564 Berkeley : University of California . Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Gauthier , J. 1986 . “ Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds ” . In the Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight , California Academy of Sciences, Memoir 8 Edited by: Padian , K. 1 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Gauthier , J. , Kluge , A. G. and Rowe , T. 1988a . Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils. . Cladistics , 4 : 105 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier , J. , Kluge , A. G. and Rowe , T. 1988b . “ The early evolution of Amniota; ” . In The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods Edited by: Benton , M. Vol. 1 , 103 – 155 . Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 35a, Clarendon Press, Oxford
   Google Scholar
• Gauthier , J. , Estes , R. and de Queiroz. , K. K. 1988c . “ Lepidosauromorpha; ” . In Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families: Essays Commemorating Charles L. Camp Edited by: Estes , R. and Pregili , G. K. 15 – 98 . Palo Alto : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ghiselin , M. T. 1969 . The Triumph of the Darwinian Method 287 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ghiselin , M. T. 1984 . “Definition,” “Character,” and other equivocal terms. . Systematic Zoology , 33 : 104 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Gill , T. 1902 . The story of a word—mammal. . Popular Science Monthly , 61 : 434 – 438 .
   Google Scholar
• Gow , C. E. 1985 . Apomorphies of the Mammalia. . South African Journal of Science , 81 : 558 – 560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gow , C. E. 1986a . The side wall of the braincase in cynodont therapsids, and a note on the homology of the mammalian promontorium. . South African Journal of Science , 21 : 136 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Gow , C. E. 1986b . A new skull of Megazostrodon (Mammalia, Triconodonta) from the Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Southern Africa. . Palaeontologia Africana , 26 : 13 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Gregory , W. K. 1910 . The orders of mammals. Bulletin . American Museum of Natural History , 27 : 1 – 524 .
   Google Scholar
• Gregory , W. K. 1947 . Monotremes and the palimpsest theory. Bulletin . American Museum of Natural History , 88 : 1 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths , M. 1978 . The Biology of the Monotremes 367 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grine , F. E. , Gow , C. E. and Kitching , J. W. 1979 . Enamel structure in the cynodonts Pachygenelus Tritylodon. Proceedings . Electron Microscopy Society of Southern Africa , 9 : 99 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Grine , F. E. and Vrba , E. S. 1980 . Prismatic enamel: a preadaptation for mammalian diphyodonty? . South African Journal of Science , 76 : 139 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haeckel , E. 1897 . The Evolution of Man Vol. 2 , 467 New York : Appleton and Company . umes:504
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , G. 1977 . Das coronoid der Paulchoffatiidae (Multituberculata; Ober-Jura). . Palaeontologische Zeitschrift , 51 : 246 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , G. 1978a . Neue Unterkiefer von Multituberculaten aus dem Malm Portugals. . Geologica et Paleontologica , 12 : 177 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , G. 1978b . Die Multituberculata, eine fossile Saugetier-Ordnung. . Sonderbande des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg , 3 : 61 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Hennig , W. 1981 . Insect Phylogeny 514 New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Hopson , J. A. 1964 . The braincase of the advanced mammal-like reptile Bienotherium 30 Postilla 87
   Google Scholar
• Hopson , J. A. 1970 . The classification of non-therian mammals. . Journal of Mammalogy , 51 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Hopson , J. A. 1984 . Late Triassic traversodont cynodonts from Nova Scotia and Southern Africa. . Palaeontologica Africana , 25 : 181 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Hopson , J. A. 1987 . Synapsid phylogeny and the origin of mammalian endothermy , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7-.18A
   Google Scholar
• Hopson , J. A. and Barghusen , H. R. 1986 . “ An analysis of therapsid relationships ” . In Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles Edited by: Hotton , N. H. III , MacLean , P. D. , Roth , J. J. and Roth , E. C. 83 – 106 . Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution and National Institute of Mental Health .
   Google Scholar
• Hopson , J. A. and Crompton , A. W. 1969 . Origin of mammals. . Evoutionary Biology , 3 : 15 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Huber , E. 1930 . Evolution of facial musculature and cutaneous field of trigeminus. . Quarterly Review of Biology , 5 : 133 – 188 . 389–437
   Google Scholar
• Huxley , T. H. 1880 . On the application of the Laws of Evolution to the arrangement of the Vertebrata, and more particularly of the Mammalia. Proceedings . Zoological Society of London , 43 : 649 – 662 .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , F. A. Jr. 1969 . The evolution and development of the dens of the mammalian axis. . Anatomical Record , 164 : 173 – 184 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jenkins , F. A. Jr. 1971 . The postcranial skeleton of African cynodonts , Bulletin, Peabody Museum of Natural History 36 216
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , F. A. Jr. and Crompton , A. W. 1979 . “ Triconodonta ” . In Mesozoic Mammals: The First Two Thirds of Mammalian History Edited by: Lillegraven , J. A. , Kielan-Jaworowska , Z. and Clemens , W. A. 74 – 90 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , F. A. Jr. , Crompton. , A. W. and Downs , W. R. 1983 . Mesozoic mammals from Arizona: new evidence on mammalian evolution. . Science , 222 : 1233 – 1235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , F. A. Jr. and Parrington , F. R. 1976 . The postcranial skeleton of the Triassic mammals Eozostrodon, Megazostrodon, and Erythrotherium. Philosophical Transactions . Royal Society of London (B) , 273 : 387 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp , T. S. 1982 . Mammal-like Reptiles and the Origin of Mammals 363 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kemp , T. S. 1983 . The relationships of mammals. Zoological Journal . Linnean Society of London , 77 : 353 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kermack , D. M. and Kermack , K. A. 1984 . The Evolution of Mammalian Characters 149 London : Croom Helm Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kermack , K. A. and Kielan-Jaworowska , Z. 1971 . “ Therian and non-therian mammals ” . In Early Mammals , Zoological Journal, Linnean Society of London 50 Edited by: Kermack , D. M. and Kermack , K. A. 103 – 115 . supplement 1
   Google Scholar
• Kermack , K. A. and Mussett , F. 1958 . The jaw articulation of the Docodonta and the classification of Mesozoic mammals. Proceedings . Royal Society of London (B) , 148 : 204 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Kermack , K. A. , Mussett , F. and Rigney , H. W. 1973 . The lower jaw of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal . Linnean Society of London , 53 : 87 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kermack , K. A. , Mussett , F. and Rigney , H. W. 1981 . The skull of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal . Linnean Society of London , 71 : 1 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kielan-Jaworowska , Z. 1971 . Results of the Polish-Mongolian Palaeontological Expeditions. Part III. Skull structure and affinities of the Multituberculata. . Palaeon-tologica Polonica , 25 : 5 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Kielan-Jaworowska , Z. , Poplin , C. , Presley , R. and de Ricqles. , A. 1984 . “ Preliminary note on multituberculate cranial anatomy studied by serial sections ” . In Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems Edited by: Reif , W.-E. and Westphal , F. 123 – 128 . Tubingen : Attempto Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Kielan-Jaworowska , Z. , Presley , R. and Poplin , C. 1986 . The cranial vascular system in taeniolabidoid multituberculate mammals. Philosophical Transactions . Royal Society of London (B) , 313 : 525 – 602 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch , J. A. W. 1984 . “ Living mammals and the fossil record ” . In Mammals, Notes for a Short Course , University of Tennessee Studies in Geology 8 Edited by: Gingerich , P. D. and Badgley , C. E. 17 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Krause , D. W. and Jenkins , F. A. Jr. 1983 . The postcranial skeleton of North American multituberculates. Bulletin . Museum of Comparative Zoology , 150 : 199 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Krebs , B. 1971 . “ Evolution of the mandible and lower dentition in dryolestids (Panthotheria, Mammalia) ” . In Early Mammals , Zoological Journal, Linnean Society of London 50 Edited by: Kermack , D. M. and Kermack , K. A. 89 – 102 . supplement 1
   Google Scholar
• Krebs , B. 1987 . “ The skeleton of a Jurassic eupantothere and the arboreal origin of modern mammals ” . In Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers , Drumheller, Tyrell Museum of Palaeontology, Occasional Papers No. 3 Edited by: Currie , P. M. and Koster , E. H. 132 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Krusat , G. 1980 . Contribuicao para o conhecimento da fauna do Kimeridgiano da mina de lignito Guimarota (Leiria, Portugal) , IV Parte. Haldanodon exspectatus Kuhne & Krusat 1972 (Mammalia, Docodonta). Memorias dos Servicos Geologicos Portugal 27 79
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , H.-J. 1971 . Die Entwicklung und Morphologie des Schadeis von Tachyglossus aculeatus . Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft , 528 : 1 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhne , W. G. 1956 . The Liassic Therapsid Oligokyphus 149 British Museum (Natural History), London
   Google Scholar
• Kuhne , W. G. 1958 . Rhaetische Triconodonten aus Glamorgen, ihre Stellung zwischen den Klassen Reptilia und Mammalia und ihre Bedeutung für die Reichert'sche Theorie. . Palaeontologische Zeitschrift , 32 : 197 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• Lester , K. S. and Archer , M. 1986 . A description of the molar enamel of a middle Miocene monotreme (Obdurodon, Ornithorhynchidae). . Anatomy and Embryology , 174 : 145 – 151 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lester , K. S. and Boy de. , A. 1986 . Scanning microscopy of platypus teeth. . Anatomy and Embryology , 174 : 15 – 26 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linnaeus , C. 1758 . Systema naturae per regna triae naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonyms locis; Edito decima, reformata Vol. 1 , 824 Stockholm : Laurentii Salvii .
   Google Scholar
• Lovtrup , S. 1985 . On the classification of the taxon Tetrapoda. . Systematic Zoology , 34 : 463 – 470 .
   Google Scholar
• Maclntyre , G. T. 1967 . Foramen pseudovaie and quasi-mammals. . Evolution , 21 : 834 – 841 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddison , W. P. , Donoghue , M. J. and Maddison , D. R. 1984 . Outgroup analysis and parsimony. . Systematic Zoology , 33 : 83 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Maier , W. 1987 . “ The ontogenetic development of the or-bitotemporal region in the skull of Monodelphìs domestica (Didelphidae, Marsupialia), and the problem of the mammalian alisphenoid; ” . In Morphogenesis of the Mammalian Skull. Beihefte Zeitschrift für Saugetierkunde Edited by: Kuhn , H.-J. and Zeller , U. Vol. 52 , 71 – 90 . Hamburg, Berlin : Verlag Paul Parey .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , L. G. 1979 . Evolution of metatherian and eutherian (mammalian) characters: a review based on cladistic methodology. Zoological Journal . Linnean Society of London , 66 : 369 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna , M. C. 1987 . “ Molecular and morphological analysis of high-level mammalian interrelationships ” . In Molecules and Morphology in Evolution: Conflict or Compromise? Edited by: Patterson , C. 55 – 93 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miao , D. and Lillegraven , J. A. 1986 . Discovery of three ear ossicles in a multituberculate mammal. . National Geographic Research , 2 : 500 – 507 .
   Google Scholar
• Novacek , M. J. and Wyss , A. R. 1986a . Higher-level relationships of the Recent eutherian orders: morphological evidence. . Cladistics , 2 : 257 – 287 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Novacek , M. J. and Wyss , A. R. 1986b . “ Origin and transformation of the mammalian stapes; ” . In Vertebrates, Phylogeny, and Philosophy , Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, Special Paper 3 Edited by: Flanagan , K. M. and Lillegraven , J. A. 35 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , C. 1981 . “ Methods of paleobiogeography ” . In Vicariance Biogeography: A Critique Edited by: Nelson , G. and Rosen , D. E. 446 – 500 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , C. and Rosen , D. E. 1977 . Review of ichthyodectiform and other Mesozoic teleost fishes and the theory and practice of classifying fossils. Bulletin . American Museum of Natural History , 158 : 81 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Presley , R. 1980 . The braincase in Recent and Mesozoic therapsids Memoir Societie géologique de France (N.s) , 139 : 159 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Presley , R. 1981 . Alisphenoid equivalents in placentals, marsupials, monotremes and fossils. . Nature , 294 : 668 – 670 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presley , R. 1984 . “ The tympanic cavity of Mesozoic mammals ” . In Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems Edited by: Reif , W.-E. and Westphal , F. 187 – 192 . Tubingen : Attempto Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Prothero , D. R. 1981 . New Jurassic mammals from Como Bluff, Wyoming, and the interrelationships of non-tribo-sphenic Theria. Bulletin . American Museum of Natural History , 167 : 277 – 326 .
   Google Scholar
• Reed , C. A. 1960 . Polyphyletic or monopyletic ancestry of mammals, or: what is a class? . Evolution , 14 : 314 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisz , R. R. 1986 . Pelycosauria. . Encyclopedia of Paleoher-petology , 17 : 1 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Romer , A. S. 1956 . Osteology of the Reptiles 472 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Romer , A. S. and Parsons , T. 1977 . The Vertebrate Body 627 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rowe , T. 1986a . Osteological diagnosis of Mammalia, L 446 Berkeley : University of California . 1758, and its relationships to extinct Synapsida. Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Rowe , T. 1986b . Homology and evolution of the deep dorsal thigh musculature in birds and other Reptilia. . Journal of Morphology , 189 : 327 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , T. 1987 . Definition and diagnosis in the phylogenetic system. . Systematic Zoology , 36 : 208 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Rowe , T. and Greenwald , N. 1987 . The phylogenetic position and origin of Multituberculata. . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 7 : 24A
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , G. G. 1959 . Mesozoic mammals and the polyphyletic origin of mammals. . Evolution , 13 : 405 – 414 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , G. G. 1960 . Diagnosis of the classes Reptilia and Mammalia. . Evolution , 14 : 388 – 392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , P. F. 1984 . Metaphors and typology in the development of botanical systematics 1690–1960, or the art of putting new wine in old bottles. . Taxon , 33 : 169 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sues , H.-D. 1983 . Advanced mammal-like reptiles from the Early Jurassic of Arizona 278 Cambridge : Harvard University . Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Sues , H.-D. 1985 . The relationships of the Tritylodontidae (Synapsida). Zoological Journal . Linnean Society of London , 85 : 205 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sues , H.-D. 1986 . The skull and dentition of two tritylodontid synapsids from the Lower Jurassic of western North America , Bulletin, Museum of Comparative Zoology 151 217 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Swofford , D. L. 1984 . PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysus Using Parsimony, Version 2.3 Champaign, Illinois : Privately printed documentation. Illinois Natural History Survey .
   Google Scholar
• Van Valen , L. 1960 . Therapsids as mammals. . Evolution , 14 : 304 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley , E. O. 1981 . Phylogenetics, the Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics 439 New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar