The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Permian of Niger—VII. Cranial anatomy and relationships of Bunostegos akokanensis (Pareiasauria)

LITERATURE CITED

• Araújo , D. C. F. 1985 . Sobre Pareiasaurus americanus sp. nov., do Permiano Superior do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. I—diagnose específica . Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias , 57 : 63 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonstra , L. D. 1934 . Pareiasaurian studies. Part IX.—the cranial osteology . Annals of the South African Museum , 31 : 1 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Brink , A. S. 1955 . On Nanoparia Broom . Palaeontologia africana , 3 : 57 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Bystrov , A. P. 1957 . [The pareiasaur skull] . Trudy Paleontologischeskogo Instituta AN SSSR , 68 : 3 – 18 . [Russian]
   Google Scholar
• Cisneros , J. C. and Tsuji , L. A. 2009 . Nycteroleter affinities of a Permian parareptile from the South African Karoo Basin . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 54 : 165 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cisneros , J. C. , Abdala , F. and Malabarba , M. C. 2005 . Pareiasaurids from the Rio do Rasto Formation, southern Brazil: biostratigraphic implications for Permian faunas of the Paraná Basin . Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia , 8 : 13 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Damiani , R. J. and Modesto , S. P. 2001 . The morphology of the pareiasaurian vomer . Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte , 2000 : 423 – 434 .
   Google Scholar
• Damiani , R. , Sidor , C. A. , Steyer , J. S. , Smith , R. M. H. , Larsson , H. C. E. , Maga , A. and Ide , O. 2006 . The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Permian of Niger. V. The primitive temnospondyl Saharastega moradiensis . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 26 : 559 – 572 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deBraga , M. 2003 . The postcranial skeleton, phylogenetic position, and probable lifestyle of the Early Triassic reptile Procolophon trigoniceps . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 40 : 527 – 556 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deBraga , M. and Rieppel , O. 1997 . Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 120 : 281 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutuit , J. M. 1988 . Diplocaulus minimus n. sp. (Amphibia: Nectridea), lépospondyle de la formation d’Argana dans l’Atlas occidental marocain . Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris , 307 : 851 – 854 .
   Google Scholar
• Gauthier , J. , Kluge , A. and Rowe , T. 1988 . Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils . Cladistics , 4 : 105 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs , M. T. , Rees , P. M. , Kutzbach , J. E. , Ziegler , A. M. , Behling , P. J. and Rowley , D. B. 2002 . Simulations of Permian climate and comparisons with climate-sensitive sediments . Journal of Geology , 110 : 33 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goloboff , P. A. , Farris , J. S. and Nixon , K. C. 2008 . TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis . Cladistics , 24 : 774 – 786 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann-Weinberg , A. P. 1933 . Die evolution der Pareiasauriden . Trudy Paleontologischeskogo Instituta AN SSSR , 3 : 3 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Haughton , S. H. 1929 . Pareiasaurian studies. Part II.—notes on some pareiasaurian brain-cases . Annals of the South African Museum , 28 : 88 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , R. V. 2005 . Integration of morphological data sets for phylogenetic analysis of Amniota: the importance of integumentary characters and increased taxonomic sampling . Systematic Biology , 58 : 530 – 547 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huene , F. von. 1944 . Pareiasaurierreste aus dem Ruhuhu-Gebiet . Paläontologisches Zeitschrifte , 23 : 386 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Jalil , N.-E. and Dutuit , J. M. 1996 . Permian captorhinid reptiles from the Argana Formation, Morocco . Palaeontology , 39 : 907 – 918 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalil , N.-E. and Janvier , P. 2005 . Les pareiasaures (Amniota, Parareptilia) du Permien supérieur du Bassin d’Argana, Maroc . Geodiversitas , 27 : 35 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Laurin , M. and Reisz , R. R. 1995 . A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 113 : 165 – 223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. S. Y. 1993 . The origin of the turtle body plan: bridging a famous morphological gap . Science , 261 : 1716 – 1720 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. S. Y. 1994 . Evolutionary morphology of pareiasaurs , 499 Cambridge , , U.K : University of Cambridge . Ph.D. Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M. S. Y. 1995 . Historical burden in systematics and the interrelationships of ‘parareptiles.’ . Biological Reviews , 70 : 459 – 547 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. S. Y. 1997a . A taxonomic revision of pareiasaurian reptiles: implications for Permian terrestrial palaeoecology . Modern Geology , 21 : 231 – 298 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M. S. Y. 1997b . Pareiasaur phylogeny and origin of turtles . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 120 : 197 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. S. Y. 2000 . “ The Russian pareiasaurs ” . In The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia , Edited by: Benton , M. J. , Shishkin , M. A. , Unwin , D. M. and Kurochkin , E. N. 71 – 85 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M. S. Y. , Gow , C. E. and Kitching , J. W. 1997 . Anatomy and relationships of the pareiasaur Pareiasuchus nasicornis from the Upper Permian of Zambia . Palaeontology , 40 : 307 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyson , T. R. , Bever , G. S. , Bhullar , B. -A. S. , Joyce , W. G. and Gauthier , J. A. 2010 . Transitional fossils and the origin of turtles . Biology Letters , 6 : 830 – 833 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton , E. T. 1893 . On some new reptiles from the Elgin Sandstones . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B , 184 : 431 – 503 .
   Google Scholar
• O’Keefe , F. R. , Sidor , C. A. , Larsson , H. C. E. , Maga , A. and Ide , O. 2005 . The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Permian of Niger—III, morphology and ontogeny of the hindlimb of Moradisaurus grandis (Reptilia, Captorhinidae) . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 25 : 309 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe , F. R. , Sidor , C. A. , Larsson , H. C. E. , Maga , A. and Ide , O. 2006 . Evolution and homology of the astragalus in early amniotes: new fossils, new perspectives . Journal of Morphology , 267 : 415 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees , P. M. , Ziegler , A. M. , Gibbs , M. T. , Kutzbach , J. E. , Behling , P. J. and Rowley , D. B. 2002 . Permian phytogeographic patterns and climate data/model comparisons . Journal of Geology , 110 : 1 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisz , R. R. and Laurin , M. 2001 . The reptile Macroleter: first vertebrate evidence for correlation of Upper Permian continental strata of North America and Russia . Geological Society of America Bulletin , 113 : 1229 – 1233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricqlès , A. de and Taquet , P. 1982 . La faune de vertébrés du Permien Supérieur du Niger. I. Le captorhinomorphe Moradisaurus grandis (Reptilia, Cotylosauria) . Annales de Paléontologie (Vert.-Invert.) , 68 : 33 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Rieppel , O. 2000 . Turtles as diapsid reptiles . Zoologica Scripta , 29 : 199 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieppel , O. and Reisz , R. R. 1999 . The origin and early evolution of turtles . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 30 : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Seeley , H. G. 1888 . Researches on the structure, organisation, and classification of the fossil Reptilia.—II. On Pareiasaurus bombidens (Owen), and the significance of its affinities to amphibians, reptiles, and mammals . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B , 179 : 59 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Sidor , C. A. , Blackburn , D. C. and Gado , B. 2003 . The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Permian of Niger—II, preliminary description of a new pareiasaur . Palaeontologia africana , 39 : 45 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Sidor , C. A. , Larsson , H. C. E. , O’Keefe , F. R. , Blackburn , D. C. and Smith , R. M. H. 2005a . Upper Permian captorhinid and pareiasaur reptiles from Niger: new data and interpretation . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 25 ( 3, Supplement ) : 115A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidor , C. A. , Angielczyk , K. D. , Weide , D. M. , Smith , R. M. H. , Nesbitt , S. J. and Tsuji , L. A. 2010 . Tetrapod fauna of the lowermost Usili Formation (Songea Group, Ruhuhu Basin) of southern Tanzania, with a new burnetiid record . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 30 : 696 – 703 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidor , C. A. , O’Keefe , F. R. , Damiani , R. , Steyer , J. S. , Smith , R. M. H. , Larsson , H. C. E. , Sereno , P. C. , Ide , O. and Maga , A. 2005b . Permian tetrapods from the Sahara show climate-controlled endemism in Pangaea . Nature , 343 : 886 – 889 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smiley , T. M. , Sidor , C. A. , Ide , O. and Maga , A. 2008 . Vertebrate fauna of the Upper Permian of Niger. VI. First evidence of a gorgonopsian therapsid . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 28 : 543 – 547 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer , P. S. and Lee , M. S. Y. 2000 . A juvenile Elginia and early growth in pareiasaurs . Journal of Paleontology , 74 : 1191 – 1195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steyer , J. S. and Jalil , N.-E. 2009 . First evidence of a temnospondyl in the Late Permian of the Argana Basin, Morocco . Special Papers in Palaeontology , 81 : 155 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Steyer , J. S. , Damiani , R. , Sidor , C. A. , O’Keefe , F. R. , Larsson , H. C. E. , Maga , A. and Ide , O. 2006 . The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Permian of Niger. IV. Nigerpeton ricqlesi (Temnospondyli: Cochleosauridae), and the edopoid colonization of Gondwana . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 26 : 18 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sues , H.-D. and Reisz , R. R. 2008 . Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Sclerosaurus armatus (Amniota: Parareptilia) from the Buntsandstein (Triassic) of Europe . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 28 : 1031 – 1042 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabor , N. J. , Smith , R. M. H. , Steyer , J. S. , Sidor , C. A. and Poulsen , C. J. 2011 . The Permian Moradi Formation of northern Niger: paleosol morphology, petrography and mineralogy . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 299 : 200 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taquet , P. 1967 . “ Découvertes paléontologiques récentes dans le Nord du Niger ” . In Problèmes actuels de Paléontologie—Évolution des Vertébrés , Edited by: Anonymous . 415 – 418 . Paris : Centre National de la Rechererche Scientifique .
   Google Scholar
• Taquet , P. 1972 . Un exemple de datation et de corrélation stratigraphique basé sur les Captorhinomorphes (Reptiles cotylosauriens) . Mémoires du Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières , 77 : 407 – 409 .
   Google Scholar
• Taquet , P. 1976 . Géologie et paléontologie du gisement de Gadoufaoua (Aptien du Niger) , 191 Paris : Cahiers de Paléontologie .
   Google Scholar
• Taquet , P. 1978 . Niger et Gondwana . Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord , 97 : 337 – 341 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsuji , L. A. 2006 . Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of the Permian parareptile Macroleter poezicus . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 26 : 849 – 865 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji , L. A. 2010 . Evolution, morphology and paleobiology of the Pareiasauria and their relatives (Amniota: Parareptilia) , 220 Berlin , , Germany : Humboldt Universität zu Berlin . Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Tsuji , L. A. In press . Anatomy, cranial ontogeny, and phylogenetic relationships of the pareiasaur Deltavjatia rossicus from the Late Permian of central Russia . Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
   Google Scholar
• Tsuji , L. A. and Müller , J. 2008 . A re-evaluation of Parasaurus geinitzi, the first named pareiasaur (Amniota, Parareptilia) . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 45 : 1111 – 1121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji , L. A. and Müller , J. 2009 . Assembling the history of the Parareptilia: phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade . Fossil Record , 12 : 71 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji , L. A. , Müller , J. and Reisz , R. R. 2012 . Anatomy of Emeroleter levis and the phylogeny of the nycteroleter parareptiles . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 32 : 45 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , D. M. S. 1914 . On the skull of a pareiasaurian reptile, and on the relationship of that type . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London , 1914 : 155 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Wild , R. 1985 . Ein schädelrest von Parasaurus geinitzi H. v. Meyer (Reptilia; Cotylosauria) aus dem Kupferschiefer (Permian) von Richelsdorf (Hessen) . Geologische Blätter für Nordost-Bayern (Gedenkschrift B. v. Freyberg) , 34/35 : 897 – 920 .
   Google Scholar
• Yates , A. M. and Warren , A. 2000 . The phylogeny of the ‘higher’ temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 128 : 77 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zardoya , R. and Meyer , A. 1998 . Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 95 : 14226 – 14231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar