Bone histology confirms determinate growth and small body size in the noasaurid theropod Masiakasaurus knopfleri

LITERATURE CITED

• Aggrey , S. 2009 . Logistic nonlinear mixed effects model for estimating growth parameters . Poultry Science , 88 : 276 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt , J. D. and Reznick , D. N. 2005 . Evolution of juvenile growth rates in female guppies (Poecilia reticulata): predator regime or resource level? . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B , 272 : 333 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azari , R. , Li , L. and Tsai , C. L. 2006 . Longitudinal data model selection . Computational Statistics and Data Analysis , 50 : 3053 – 3066 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateson , P. , Barker , D. , Clutton-Brock , T. , Deb , D. , D’Udine , B. , Foley , R. A. , Gluckman , P. , Godfrey , K. , Kirkwood , T. , Lahr , M. M. , McNamara , J. , Metcalfe , N. B. , Monaghan , P. , Spencer , H. G. and Sultan , S. E. 2004 . Developmental plasticity and human health . Nature , 430 : 419 – 421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisbin , I. L. , Collins , C. T. , White , G. C. and McCallum , D. A. 1987 . A new paradigm for the analysis and interpretation of growth data: the shape of things to come . The Auk , 104 : 552 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromage , T. G. , Goldman , H. M. , McFarlin , S. C. , Warshaw , J. , Boyde , A. and Riggs , C. M. 2003 . Circularly polarized light standards for investigations of collagen fiber orientation in bone . Anatomical Record , 274B : 157 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Burnham , K. P. and Anderson , D. R. 2002 . Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, , second edition , 488 New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Bybee , P. J. , Lee , A. H. and Lamm , E.-T. 2006 . Sizing the Jurassic theropod dinosaur, Allosaurus: assessing growth strategy and evolution of ontogenetic scaling of limbs . Journal of Morphology , 267 : 347 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrano , M. T. and Sampson , S. D. 2008 . The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda) . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology , 6 : 183 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrano , M. T. , Loewen , M. A. and Sertich , J. J. W. 2011 . New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001, and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria) . Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology , 95 : 1 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Carrano , M. T. , Sampson , S. D. and Forster , C. A. 2002 . The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 22 : 510 – 534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castanet , J. 1994 . Age estimation and longevity in reptiles . Gerontology , 40 : 174 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castanet , J. , Croci , S. , Aujard , F. , Perret , M. , Cubo , J. and de Margerie , E. 2004 . Lines of arrested growth in bone and age estimation in a small primate: Microcebus murinus . Journal of Zoology , 263 : 31 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinsamy , A. 1990 . Physiological implications of the bone histology of Syntarsus rhodesiensis (Saurischia: Theropoda) . Palaeontologia africana , 27 : 77 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Chinsamy , A. 1993 . Bone histology and growth trajectory of the prosauropod dinosaur Massospondylus carinatus Owen . Modern Geology , 18 : 319 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , L. N. , Lee , A. H. , Taper , M. L. and Horner , J. R. 2008 . Relative growth rates of predator and prey dinosaurs reflect effects of predation . Proceedings of the Royal Society B , 275 : 2609 – 2615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cormack , D. H. 1987 . Ham's Histology , 732 Philadelphia : JB Lippincott Co. .
   Google Scholar
• D’Emic , M. D. , Melstrom , K. M. and Eddy , D. R. 2012 . Paleobiology and geographic range of the large-bodied Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 333–334 : 13 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis , B. and Taper , M. L. 1994 . Density dependence in time series observations of natural populations: estimation and testing . Ecological Monographs , 64 : 205 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enlow , D. H. 1963 . Principles of Bone Remodeling. An Account of Post-natal Growth and Remodeling Processes in Long Bones and the Mandible , 131 Springfield , Illinois : Charles C. Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , G. M. and Tumanova , T. A. 2000 . Growth curve of Psittacosaurus mongoliensis Osborn (Ceratopsia: Psittacosauridae) inferred from long bone histology . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 130 : 551 – 566 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , G. M. , Curry-Rogers , K. and Yerby , S. A. 2001 . Dinosaurian growth patterns and rapid avian growth rates . Nature , 412 : 429 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , G. M. , Makovicky , P. J. , Currie , P. J. , Norell , M. A. , Yerby , S. A. and Brochu , C. A. 2004 . Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs . Nature , 430 : 772 – 775 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , G. M. , Rauhut , O. W. M. , Zhou , Z. , Turner , A. H. , Inouye , B. D. , Hu , D. and Norell , M. A. 2009 . Was dinosaurian physiology inherited by birds? Reconciling slow growth in Archaeopteryx . PLoS ONE , 4 : e7390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frylestam , B. and Schantz , T. 1977 . Age determination of European hares based on periosteal growth lines . Mammal Review , 7 : 151 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaillard , J.-M. , Pontier , D. , Allaine , D. , Loison , A. , Herve , J.-C. and Heizmann , A. 1997 . Variation in growth form and precocity at birth in eutherian mammals . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B , 264 : 859 – 868 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemelaar , A. S. M. and Van Gelder , J. J. 1980 . Annual growth rings in phalanges of Bufo bufo (Anura, Amphibia) from the Netherlands and their use for age determination . Netherlands Journal of Zoology , 30 : 129 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Horner , J. R. and Padian , K. 2004 . Age and growth dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B , 271 : 1875 – 1880 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horner , J. R. , de Ricqlès , A. J. and Padian , K. 1999 . Variation in dinosaur skeletochronology indicators: implications for age assessment and physiology . Paleobiology , 25 : 295 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hübner , T. R. 2012 . Bone histology in Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia)—variation, growth, and implications . PLoS ONE , 7 : e29958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurvich , C. M. and Tsai , C.-L. 1989 . Regression and time series model selection in small samples . Biometrika , 76 : 297 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutton , J. M. 1986 . Age determination of living Nile crocodiles from the cortical stratification of bone . Copeia , 1986 : 332 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , N. and Sander , P. M. 2007 . Bone histology and growth of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus engelhardti von Meyer, 1837 from the Norian bonebeds of Trossingen (Germany) and Frick (Switzerland) . Special Papers in Palaeontology , 77 : 169 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Köhler , M. and Moyà-Solà , S. 2009 . Physiological and life history strategies of a fossil large mammal in a resource-limited environment . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 106 : 20354 – 20358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhler , M. , Marin-Moratalla , N. , Jordana , X. and Aanes , R. 2012 . Seasonal bone growth and physiology in endotherms shed light on dinosaur physiology . Nature , 487 : 358 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lance , V. A. 2003 . Alligator physiology and life history: the importance of temperature . Experimental Gerontology , 38 : 801 – 805 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , A. H. 2004 . Histological organization and its relationship to function in the femur of Alligator mississippiensis . Journal of Anatomy , 204 : 197 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , A. H. and Werning , S. 2008 . Sexual maturity in growing dinosaurs does not fit reptilian growth models . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 105 : 582 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , A. H. , Huttenlocker , A. K. , Padian , K. and Woodward , H. N. 2013 . “ Analysis of growth rates ” . In Bone Histology of Fossil Tetrapods: Advancing Methods, Analysis, and Interpretation , Edited by: Padian , K. and Lamm , E.-T. 217 – 251 . Berkeley , California : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lehman , T. M. and Woodward , H. N. 2008 . Modeling growth rates for sauropod dinosaurs . Paleobiology , 34 : 264 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstrom , M. J. and Bates , D. M. 1988 . Newton-Raphson and EM algorithms for linear mixed-effects models for repeated-measures data . Journal of the American Statistical Association , : 1014 – 1022 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Margerie , E. , Cubo , J. and Castanet , J. 2002 . Bone typology and growth rates: testing and quantifying ‘Amprino's rule’ in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) . Comptes Rendus Biologies , 325 : 221 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , P. 1970 . A method for determining absolute age in the hedgehog . Journal of Zoology , 161 : 277 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padian , K. , Horner , J. R. and de Ricqlès , A. 2004 . Growth in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs: the evolution of archosaurian growth strategies . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 24 : 555 – 571 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Team . 2011 . R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing , Vienna , , Austria : R Foundation for Statistical Computing .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , F. J. 1959 . A flexible growth function for empirical use . Journal of Experimental Botany , 10 : 290 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Ricqlès , A. J. , Castanet , J. and Francillon-Vieillot , H. 2004 . The “message” of bone tissue in paleoherpetology . Italian Journal of Zoology, Supplement , 1 : 3 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• de Ricqlès , A. J. , Padian , K. and Horner , J. R. 2003 . On the bone histology of some Triassic pseudosuchian archosaurs and related taxa . Annales de Paleontologie , 89 : 67 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , E. D. , Matlock , C. L. , Joanen , T. , McNease , L. and Bowen , M. 1988 . Bone morphometrics and tetracycline marking patterns in young growing American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) . Journal of Wildlife Diseases , 24 : 67 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , R. R. , Krause , D. W. , Rogers , K. C. , Rasoamiaramanana , A. H. and Rahantarisoa , L. 2007 . Paleoenvironment and paleoecology of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 27 : 21 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rootes , W. L. , Chabreck , R. H. , Wright , V. L. , Brown , B. W. and Hess , T. J. 1991 . Growth rates of American alligators in estuarine and palustrine wetlands in Louisiana . Estuaries , 14 : 489 – 494 .
   Google Scholar
• Sampson , S. D. , Carrano , M. T. and Forster , C. A. 2001 . A bizarre predatory dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar . Nature , 409 : 504 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander , P. M. and Andrassy , P. 2006 . Lines of arrested growth and long bone histology in Pleistocene large mammals from Germany: what do they tell us about dinosaur physiology? . Palaeontographica, Abteilung A , 277 : 143 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Sander , P. M. and Klein , N. 2005 . Developmental plasticity in the life history of a prosauropod dinosaur . Science , 310 : 1800 – 1802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander , P. M. , Mateus , O. , Laven , T. and Knötschke , N. 2006 . Bone histology indicates insular dwarfism in a new Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur . Nature , 441 : 739 – 741 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebens , K. P. 1987 . The ecology of indeterminate growth in animals . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 18 : 371 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsuihiji , T. , Watabe , M. , Tsogtbaatar , K. , Tsubamoto , T. , Barsbold , R. , Suzuki , S. , Lee , A. H. , Ridgely , R. C. , Kawahara , Y. and Witmer , L. M. 2011 . Cranial osteology of a juvenile specimen of Tarbosaurus bataar (Theropoda, Tyrannosauridae) from the Nemegt Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Bugin Tsav, Mongolia . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 31 : 497 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turvey , S. T. , Green , O. R. and Holdaway , R. N. 2005 . Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa . Nature , 435 : 940 – 943 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tykoski , R. S. and Rowe , T. 2004 . “ Ceratosauria ” . In The Dinosauria, , Second Edition , Edited by: Weishampel , D. B. , Dodson , P. and Osmólska , H. 47 – 70 . Berkeley , California : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Varricchio , D. J. 1993 . Bone microstructure of the Upper Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Troodon formosus . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 13 : 99 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Vonesh , E. F. and Carter , R. L. 1992 . Mixed-effects nonlinear regression for unbalanced repeated measures . Biometrics , 48 : 1 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward , H. N. , Horner , J. R. and Farlow , J. O. 2011 . Osteohistological evidence for determinate growth in the American alligator . Journal of Herpetology , 45 : 339 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , X. , Tan , Q. , Wang , J. , Zhao , X. and Tan , L. 2007 . A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China . Nature , 447 : 844 – 847 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , X. , Clark , J. M. , Forster , C. A. , Norell , M. A. , Erickson , G. M. , Eberth , D. A. , Jia , C. and Zhao , Q. 2006 . A basal tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China . Nature , 439 : 715 – 718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , X. , Clark , J. M. , Mo , J. , Choiniere , J. , Forster , C. A. , Erickson , G. M. , Hone , D. W. E. , Sullivan , C. , Eberth , D. A. , Nesbitt , S. , Zhao , Q. , Hernandez , R. , Jia , C. , Han , F. and Guo , Y. 2009 . A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies . Nature , 459 : 940 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates , A. 2005 . A new theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and its implications for the early evolution of theropods . Palaeontologia africana , 41 : 105 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Zullinger , E. M. , Ricklefs , R. E. , Redford , K. H. and Mace , G. M. 1984 . Fitting sigmoidal equations to mammalian growth curves . Journal of Mammalogy , 65 : 607 – 636 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar