Early Eocene mammals from the Driftwood Creek beds, Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park, northern British Columbia

LITERATURE CITED

• Andersen, N.M., J.R. Spence, and M.V. H. Wilson. 1993. 50 million years of structural stasis in water striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae). American Entomologist 39:174–176.
   Google Scholar
• Archibald, S.B., D.R. Greenwood, R.Y. Smith, R.W. Mathewes, R.W., and J.F. Basinger. 2011. Great Canadian Lagerstätten 1: Early Eocene Lagerstätten of the Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia and Washington State). Geoscience Canada 38:155–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archibald, S.B., D.R. Greenwood, and R.W. Mathewes. 2013. Seasonality, montane beta diversity, and Eocene insects: testing Janzen's dispersal hypothesis in an equable world. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 371:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.10.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher, R.J., M.J. Novacek, and J.H. Geisler. 2003. Relationships of endemic African mammals and their fossil relatives based on morphological and molecular evidence. Journal of Mammal Evolution 10:131–163.
   Google Scholar
• Burger, B.J. 2012. Northward range extension of a diminutive-sized mammal (Ectocion parvus) and the implication of body size change during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 363:144–150. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.09.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colbert, M. 2005. The facial skeleton of the Early Oligocene Colodon (Perissodactyla, Tapiroidea). Palaeontologia Electronica 8:1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cope, E.D. 1882a. Contributions to the history of the Vertebrata of the lower Eocene of Wyoming and New Mexico made during 1881. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 20:139–197.
   Google Scholar
• Cope, E.D. 1882b. Two new genera of Mammalia from the Wasatch Eocene. American Naturalist 16:1029.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, M.R., R.M. West, W. Langston, and J.H. Hutchison. 1976. Paleogene terrestrial vertebrates: northernmost occurrence, Ellesmere Island, Canada. Science 192:781–782. doi: 10.1126/science.192.4241.781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSantis, L.R. G., and B. MacFadden. 2007. Identifying forested environments in Deep Time using fossil tapirs: evidence from evolutionary morphology and stable isotopes. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 258:147–157.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, S.D., and R.A. Stockey. 1996. Insect fossils in Middle Eocene deposits from British Columbia and Washington State: faunal diversity and geological range extensions. Canadian Journal of Zoology 6:1140–1157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberle, J.J. 2005. A new ‘tapir’ from Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada—implications for northern high-latitude palaeobiogeography and tapir palaeobiology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 227:311–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberle, J.J., and D.R. Greenwood. 2012. Life at the top of the greenhouse Eocene world—a review of the Eocene flora and vertebrate fauna from Canada's High Arctic. Geological Society of America Bulletin 124:3–23. doi: 10.1130/B30571.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberle, J.J., H.C. Fricke, J.D. Humphrey, L. Hackett, M.G. Newbrey, and J.H. Hutchison. 2010. Seasonal variability in Arctic temperatures during early Eocene time. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 296:481–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer von Waldheim, G.F. 1817. Adversia Zoologica. Part 2. De systemata mammalium. Mémoires de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Mosquae 5:368–391.
   Google Scholar
• Froehlich, D.J. 2002. Quo vadis Eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy of early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 134:141–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingerich, P.D. 1983. New Adapisoricidae, Pentacodontidae, and Hyposodontidae (Mammalia, Insectivora and Condylarthra) from the Late Paleocene of Wyoming and Colorado. University of Michigan Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology 26:227–255.
   Google Scholar
• Gingerich, P.D. 2003. Mammalian responses to climate change at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Polecat Bench record in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming; pp. 463–478 in S.L. Wing, P.D. Gingerich, B. Schmitz, and E. Thomas (eds.), Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene. Geological Society of America Special Paper 369.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, 1825. . [In McKenna and Bell, 1997.]
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, D.R., J.F. Basinger, and R.Y. Smith. 2010. How wet was the Arctic Eocene rainforest? Estimates of precipitation from Paleogene Arctic macrofloras. Geology 38:15–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood, D.R., S.B. Archibald, R.W. Mathews, and P.T. Moss. 2005. Fossil biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42:167–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory, W.K. 1910. The orders of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 27:1–524.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnell, G.F., T.M. Bown, J.H. Hutchison, and J.I. Bloch. 2008. Lipotyphla; pp. 89–125 in C.M. Janis, G.F. Gunnell, and M.D. Uhen (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Haeckel, E. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Allgemeine Grundzüge der Organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, Mechanisch Begründet durch die von Charles Darwin Reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. Band 1: Allgemeine Anatomie der Organismen. Georg Reimer, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Harrington, G.J., J. Eberle, B.A. Le-Page, M. Dawson, and J.H. Hutchison. 2012. Arctic plant diversity in the Early Eocene greenhouse. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279:1515–1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hills, L.V., and H. Baadsgaard. 1967. Potassium-argon dating of some lower Tertiary strata in British Columbia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 44:745–750.
   Google Scholar
• Hills, L.V., and B. Gopal. 1967. Azolla primaeva and its phylogenetic significance. Canadian Journal of Botany 45:1179–1191. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b67-126.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, W.S. , Jr., and K.M. Piel. 1970. Palynology of some Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary deposits in British Columbia and adjacent Alberta. Geological Society of America Special Paper 127:213–246.
   Google Scholar
• Hutterer, R. 2005. Order Erinaceomorpha; pp. 212–219 in D.E. Wilson and D.M. Redder (eds.), Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, third edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Ludvigsen, R. 2001. The fossils at Driftwood Canyon provincial park: a management plan for BC Parks. Denman Institute for Research on Trilobites, xx. Available at http://www.bvcentre.ca/files/External/FossilMgmtPlan-Ludvigsen2001.pdf. Accessed March 14, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Mader, B.J. 1998. Brontotheriidae; pp. 525–536 in C.M. Janis, K.M. Scott, and L.L. Jacobs (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• McKenna, M.C., and S.K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 629 pp.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie McAnally, L. 1996. Paleogene mammals on land and at sea; pp. 203–211 in R. Ludvigsen (ed.), Life in Stone: A Natural History of British Columbia's Fossils. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• MacIntyre, D., C. Ash, and J. Britton. 1994. Geological compilation Skeena-Nass area, west central British Columbia, NTS 93E, L, M; 94D; 103G, H, I, J, P; 104A, B. Geological Survey Branch Open File 1994-14 (1:250 000 geological map).
   Google Scholar
• MacIntyre, D.G., and M.E. Villeneuve. 2001. Geochronology of mid-Cretaceous to Eocene magmatism, Babine porphyry copper district, central British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38:639–655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss, P.T., D.R. Greenwood, and S.B. Archibald. 2005. Regional and local vegetation community dynamics of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia–Washington State) from palynology. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42:187–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novacek, M.J. 1985. The Sespedectinae, a new subfamily of hedgehog-like insectivores. American Museum Novitates 2822:1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Novacek, M.J., T.M. Bown, and D. Schankler. 1985. On the classification of the Early Tertiary Erinaceomorpha (Insectivora, Mammalia). American Museum Novitates 2813:1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, R. 1848. Description of teeth and portions of jaws of two extinct Anthracotherioid quadrupeds (Hyopotamys vectianus and Hyop. Bovinus) discovered by the Marchioness of Hastings in the Eocene deposits on the N.W. coast of the Isle of Wight: with an attempt to develop Cuvier's idea of the classification of pachyderms by the number of their toes. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 4:103–141.
   Google Scholar
• Radinsky, L. 1963. Origin and early evolution of North American Tapiroidea. Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin 17:1–106.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, H.M. A. 1959. Fossil Bibionidae (Diptera) from British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 55:1–47.
   Google Scholar
• Rouse, G.E., and W.H. Mathews. 1979. Tertiary geology and palynology of the Quesnel area, British Columbia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 27:418–445.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, P., G.F. Gunnell, S.L. Walsh, W.C. Clyde, J.E. Storer, R.K. Stucky, D.J. Froehlich, I. Ferrusquia-Villafranca, and M.C. McKenna. 2004. Wasatchian through Duchesnean biochronology; pp. 106–155 in M.O. Woodburne (ed.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, L.S. 1935. A middle Eocene mammal from British Columbia. American Journal of Science 29:54–55.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, C.S. 2006. A new erinaceid (Mammalia, Insectivora) from the Late Paleocene of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43:1695–1709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M.E., B. Singer, and A. Carroll. 2003. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Eocene Green River Formation, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Bulletin 115:549–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R.Y., J.F. Basinger, and D.R. Greenwood. 2012. Early Eocene plant diversity and dynamics in the Falkland flora, Okanagan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 92:309–328.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, T., J.I. Bloch, S.G. Strait, and P.D. Gingerich. 2002. New species of Macrocranion (Mammalia, Lipotyphla) from the earliest Eocene of North America and its biogeographic implications. University of Michigan Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology 30:373–384.
   Google Scholar
• Stockey, R.A. 1983. Pinus driftwoodensis sp. n. from the Early Tertiary of British Columbia. Botanical Gazette 144:148–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet, A.R. 2012. Applied research report on 2 outcrop samples collected by David Greenwood from north central British Columbia (NTS Map Sheet 093L/14). Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary, unpublished report 5-ARS-2012, 3 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Symonds, M.R. E. 2005. Phylogeny and life histories of the ‘Insectivora’: controversies and consequences. Biological Reviews 80:93–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungar, P.S. 2010. Mammal Teeth: Origin, Evolution, and Diversity. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 304 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Vandall, T.A., and H.C. Palmer. 1990. Upper limit of docking time for Stikinia and Terrane I: paleomagnetic evidence from the Eocene Ootsa Lake Group, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27:212–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilf, P. 2000. Late Paleocene–early Eocene climate changes in southwestern Wyoming: paleobotanical analysis. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112:292–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, M.V. H. 1977a. Middle Eocene freshwater fishes from British Columbia. Life Sciences Contribution of the Royal Ontario Museum 113:1–59.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, M.V. H. 1977b. New records of insect families from the freshwater Middle Eocene of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 14:1139–1155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodburne, M.O., G.F. , Gunnell, and R.K. Stucky. 2009. Climate directly influences Eocene mammal faunal dynamics in North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:13399–13403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachos, J., M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, and K. Billups. 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science 292:686–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar