A new caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada, and a reevaluation of the relationships of Caenagnathidae

LITERATURE CITED

• Balanoff, A. M., and M. A. Norell. 2012. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: Theropoda). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 372:1–77.
   Google Scholar
• Barsbold, R. 1976. [On a new Late Cretaceous family of small theropods (Oviraptoridae fam. n.) of Mongolia]. Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Geological Expedition 3:68–75. [ Russian]
   Google Scholar
• Barsbold, R., H. Osmólska, M. Watabe, P. J. Currie, and K. Tsogtbaatar. 2000. A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosaur, Theropoda) from Mongolia: the first dinosaur with a pygostyle. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45:97–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, P. R., P. J. Currie, and D. A. Russell. 2015. Large caenagnathids (Dinosauria, Oviraptorosauria) from the uppermost Cretaceous of western Canada. Cretaceous Research 52:101–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, G. J., M. E. Burns, and P. J. Currie. 2015. Missing data estimation in tyrannosaur dinosaurs: can diameter take the place of circumference? Cretaceous Research 55:200–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brochu, C. A. 1996. The closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodile ontogeny: implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16:49–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campione, N. E., D. C. Evans, C. M. Brown, and M. T. Carrano. 2014. Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 5:913–923.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, J. M., M. A. Norell, and L. M. Chiappe. 1999. An oviraptorid skeleton from the Late Cretaceous of Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia, preserved in an avian-like brooding position over an oviraptorid nest. American Museum Novitates 3265:1–36.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, J. M., M. A. Norell, and T. Rowe. 2002. Cranial anatomy of Citipati osmolskae (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria), and a reinterpretation of the holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops. American Museum Novitates 3364:1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie, P. J. 1989. The first records of Elmisaurus (Saurischia, Theropoda) from North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26:1319–1324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie, P. J., and D. A. Russell. 1988. Osteology and relationships of Chirostenotes pergracilis (Saurischia, Theropoda) from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25:972–986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie, P. J., S. J. Godfrey, and L. Nessov. 1993. New caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30:2255–2272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie, P. J., G. F. Funston, and H. Osmólska. 2016. New specimens of the crested theropod dinosaur Elmisaurus rarus from Mongolia. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 61:143–157. doi: 10.4202/app.00130.2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, Z.-M., and P. J. Currie. 1996. On the discovery of an oviraptorid skeleton on a nest of eggs at Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33:631–636.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberth, D. A., and D. R. Braman. 2012. A revised stratigraphy and depositional history of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Alberta plains. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49:1053–1086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberth, D. A., D. C. Evans, D. B. Brinkman, F. Therrien, D. H. Tanke, and L. S. Russell. 2013. Dinosaur biostratigraphy of the Edmonton Group (Upper Cretaceous), Alberta, Canada: evidence for climate influence. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50:701–726.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edington, G. H., and A. E. Miller. 1942. XII—The avian ulna: its quill-knobs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biology 61:138–148.
   Google Scholar
• Fanti, F., P. J. Currie, and D. Badamgarav. 2012. New specimens of Nemegtomaia from the Baruungoyot and Nemegt Formations (Late Cretaceous) of Mongolia. PLoS ONE 7:e31330. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funston, G. F., and P. J. Currie. 2014. A previously undescribed caenagnathid mandible from the late Campanian of Alberta, and insights into the diet of Chirostenotes pergracilis (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51:156–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funston, G. F., P. J. Currie, and M. E. Burns. 2016. New elmisaur specimens from Alberta, Canada, and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61:143–157. doi: 10.4202/app.00129.2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funston, G. F., W. S. Persons IV, G. J. Bradley, and P. J. Currie. 2015. New material of the large-bodied caenagnathid Caenagnathus collinsi from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Cretaceous Research 54:179–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauthier, J. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds; pp. 1–55 in K. Padian (ed.), The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 8. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California.
   Google Scholar
• Gierlinski, G., and M. Lockley. 2013. A trackmaker for Saurexallopus: ichnological evidence for oviraptorosaurian tracks from the Upper Cretaceous of western North America; pp 526–529 in A. L. Titus and M. A. Loewen (eds.), At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
   Google Scholar
• Gilmore, C. W. 1924. Contributions of vertebrate palaeontology. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 38:1–89.
   Google Scholar
• Goloboff, P., J. Farris, and C. Nixon. 2008. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24:774–786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hieronymus, T. L. 2015. Qualitative skeletal correlates of wing shape in extant birds (Aves: Neoaves). BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology 15:30. doi: 10.1186/s12862-015-0303-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homberger, D. G., and K. N. de Silva. 2000. Functional microanatomy of the feather-bearing integument: implications for the evolution of birds and avian flight. American Zoologist 40:553–574.
   Google Scholar
• Hopp, T. P., and M. J. Orson. 2004. Dinosaur brooding behaviour and the origin of flight feathers; pp 234–250 in P. J. Currie, E. B. Koppelhus, M. A. Shugar, and J. L. Wright (eds.), Feathered Dragons: Studies on the Transition from Dinosaurs to Birds. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
   Google Scholar
• Huene, F. von 1914. The dinosaurs not a natural order. American Journal of Science (Series 4) 38:145–146.
   Google Scholar
• Ingolfsson, A. 1970. Moult of remiges and retrices in Great Black-Backed Larus marinus and Glaucous Gulls L. hyperboreus in Iceland. Ibis 112:83–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkland, J. I., L. E. Zanno, S. D. Sampson, J. M. Clark, and D. D. DeBlieux. 2005. A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah. Nature 435:84–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, Y., J.-C. Lu, Z.-M. Dong, R. Barsbold, Y. Azuma, and Y. Tomida. 1999. Herbivorous diet in an ornithomimid dinosaur. Nature 402:480–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koschowitz, M. C., C. Fischer, and M. Sander. 2014. Beyond the rainbow. Science 346:416–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurzanov, S. M. 1981. [An unusual theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition 15:39–49. [ Russian]
   Google Scholar
• Lamanna, M. C., H.-D. Sues, E. R. Schachner, and T. R. Lyson. 2014. A new large-bodied oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of western North America. PLoS ONE 9:e92022. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longrich, N. R., K. Barnes, S. Clark, and L. Millar. 2013. Caenagnathidae from the Upper Campanian Aguja Formation of West Texas, and a revision of the Caenagnathinae. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 54:23–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe, P. L. 1942. The anatomy of Gould's Manakin (Manacus vitellinus) in relation to its display, with special reference to an undescribed pterylar tract and the attachments of the flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor sublimis digitorum muscles to the secondary wing-feathers. Ibis 84:50–83
   Google Scholar
• Maddison, W. P., and D. R. Maddison. 2009. Mesquite: A Modular System For Evolutionary Analysis, version 2.75 (build 564). Available at http://mesquiteproject.org. Accessed January 1, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, O. C. 1881. Classification of the Dinosauria. American Journal of Science 23:81–86.
   Google Scholar
• Norell, M. A., and P. J. Makovicky. 1999. Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates 3823:1–45.
   Google Scholar
• Ortega, F., F. Escaso, and J. L. Sanz. 2010. A bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature 467:203–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn, H. F. 1924. Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops Zone, Central Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 144:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Osmólska, H. 1976. New light on the skull anatomy and systematic position of Oviraptor. Nature 262:683–684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osmólska, H. 1981. Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins. Palaeontologia Polonica 42:79–95.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, R. 1842. Report on British fossil reptiles. Part II. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 11:60–204.
   Google Scholar
• Parks, W. A. 1933. New species of dinosaurs and turtles from the Upper Cretaceous formations of Alberta. University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series 34:1–33.
   Google Scholar
• Persons, W. S., IV, P. J. Currie, and M. A. Norell. 2014. Oviraptorosaur tail forms and functions. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59:553–567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittman, M., S. M. Gatesy, P. Upchurch, A. Goswami, and J. R. Hutchinson. 2014. Shake a tail feather: the evolution of the theropod tail into a stiff aerodynamic surface. PLoS ONE 8:e63115. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji, Q., P. J. Currie, M. A. Norell, and S. A. Ji. 1998. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature 393:753–761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeley, H. G. 1888. On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 43:165–171.
   Google Scholar
• Senter, P., and J. M. Parrish. 2005. Functional analysis of the hands of the theropod dinosaur Chirostenotes pergracilis: evidence for an unusual paleoecological role. PaleoBios 25(2):9–19.
   Google Scholar
• Solheim, R. 2011. Moult pattern of primaries and secondaries in Eagle Owls Bubo bubo. Ornis Norvegica 34:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Solheim, R. 2012. Wing feather moult and age determination of Snowy Owls Bubo scandiacus. Ornis Norvegica 35:48–67.
   Google Scholar
• Stettenheim, P. R. 2000. Integumentary morphology of modern birds—an overview. American Zoologist 40:461–477.
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg, C. M. 1932. Two new theropod dinosaurs from the Belly River Formation of Alberta. Canadian Field Naturalist 4699–105.
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg, C. M. 1934. Notes on certain recently described dinosaurs. Canadian Field Naturalist 48:7–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg, R. M. 1940. A toothless bird from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Journal of Paleontology 14:81–85.
   Google Scholar
• Sues, H.-D. 1997. On Chirostenotes, a Late Cretaceous Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17:698–716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sues, H.-D., and A. Averianov. 2015. New material of Caenagnathasia martinsoni (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Bissekty Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Turonian) of Uzbekistan. Cretaceous Research 54:50–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, R. M., S. E. Jasinski, and M. P. A. van Tomme. 2011. A new caenagnathid Ojoraptorsaurus boerei n. gen., n. sp. (Dinosauria, Oviraptorosauria), from the Upper Cretaceous Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Fossil Record 3, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 53:418–428.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, A. H., P. J. Makovicky, and M. A. Norell. 2007. Feather quill knobs in the dinosaur Velociraptor. Science 317:1721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varricchio, D. J., 2001. Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Theropoda) dinosaurs from Montana; pp. 42–57 in D. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X., A. J. McGowan, and G. J. Dyke. 2011. Avian wing proportions and flight styles: first step towards predicting the flight modes of Mesozoic birds. PLoS ONE 6:e28672. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, X., Q. Tan, J. Wang, X. Zhao, and L. Tan. 2007. A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China. Nature 447:844–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanno, L. E. 2006. The pectoral girdle and forelimb of the primitive therizinosauroid Falcarius utahensis (Theropoda, Maniraptora): analyzing evolutionary trends within Therizinosauroidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26:636–650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanno, L. E., and S. D. Sampson. 2005. A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda, Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25:897–904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelenitsky, D. K., F. Therrien, G. M. Erickson, C. L. DeBuhr, Y. Kobayashi, D. A. Eberth, and F. Hadfield. 2012. Feathered non-avian dinosaurs from North America provide insight into wing origins. Science 338:510–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Z.-H., and X.-L. Wang. 2000. A new species of Caudipteryx from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, Northeast China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 38:111–127.
   Google Scholar
• Handling editor: Alan Turner.
   Google Scholar