Dermal denticle patterning in the Cretaceous hybodont shark Tribodus limae (Euselachii, Hybodontiformes), and its implications for the evolution of patterning in the chondrichthyan dermal skeleton

LITERATURE CITED

• Atkinson, C. J. L., and S. P. Collin. 2012. Structure and topographic distribution of oral denticles in elasmobranch fishes. Biology Bulletin 222:26–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badugu, A., C. Kraemer, P. Germann, D. Menshykau, and D. Iber. 2012. Digit patterning during limb development as a result of the BMP-receptor interaction. Scientific Reports 2:991. doi: 10.1038/srep00991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bard, J., and I. Lauder. 1974. How well does Turing's theory of morphogenesis work? Journal of Theoretical Biology 45:501–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrio, R. A. 2008. Turing systems: a general model for complex patterns in nature; pp. 267–296 in I. Licata and A. Sakaji (eds.), Physics of Emergence and Organization. World Scientific Publishing, Hackensack, New Jersey.
   Google Scholar
• Barrio, R. A., R. E. Baker, B. Vaughan Jr., K. Tribuzy, M. R. de Carvalho, R. Bassanezi, and P. K. Maini. 2009. Modeling the skin pattern of fishes. Physical Review E 79:031908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigelow, H. B., and W. C. Schroeder. 1948. Sharks; pp. 59–576, in J. Tee-Van, C. M. Breder, S. H. Hildebrand, A. E. Parr, and W. C. Schroeder (eds.), Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Memoir of the Sears Foundation for Marine Research, No. 1, Part 1. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
   Google Scholar
• Blagodatski, A., A. Sergeev, M. Kryuchkov, Y. Lopatina, and V. L. Katanaev. 2015. Diverse set of Turing nanopatterns coat corneae across insect lineages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112:10750–10755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brito, P. M. 1992. Nouvelles données sur l'anatomie et la position systématique de Tribodus limae Brito and Ferreira, 1989 (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) du Crétacé Inférieur de la Chapada do Araripe (N-E Bresil). Geobios 1992:143–150.
   Google Scholar
• Brito, P. M., and P. L. N. Ferreira. 1989. The first hybodont shark, Tribodus limae n.g., n.sp., from the Lower Cretaceous of Chapada do Araripe (North-East Brazil). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciéncias 61:53–57.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, C. 1900. Über das Genus Hybodus und seine systematische Stellung. Palaeontographica 46:149–174.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, E., and D. R. Nelson. 1997. Young whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, feeding on a copepod bloom near La Paz, Mexico. Environmental Biology of Fishes 50:63–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compagno, L. J. V. 1988. Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, S, J. Finarelli, and M. I. Coates. 2012. Acanthodes and shark-like conditions in the last common ancestor of modern gnathostomes. Nature 486:247–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, B. 1906. Chimaeroid Fishes and Their Development. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C., Publication 32, 156 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Debiais-Thibaud, M., R. Chiori, S. Enault, S. Oulion, I. Germon, C. Martinand-Mari, D. Casane, and V. Borday-Birraux. 2015. Tooth and scale morphogenesis in shark: an alternative process to the mammalian enamel knot system. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15:292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick, J. R. F. 1978. On the Carboniferous shark Tristychius arcuatus Agassiz from Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 70:63–109.
   Google Scholar
• Didier, D. A. 1995. Phylogenetic systematics of extant chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei). American Museum Novitates 3119:1–86.
   Google Scholar
• Donoghue, M. J., J. A. Doyle, J. Gauthier, A. G. Kluge, and T. Rowe. 1989. The importance of fossils in phylogeny reconstruction. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20:431–460.
   Google Scholar
• Donoghue, P. C. 2002. Evolution of development of the vertebrate dermal and oral skeletons: unraveling concepts, regulatory theories, and homologies. Paleobiology 28:474–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, G. J., R. F. Bloomquist, and J. T. Streelman. 2013. Common developmental pathways link tooth shape to regeneration. Developmental Biology 377:399–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, G. J., R. Cerny, V. Soukup, M. Bronner-Fraser, and J. T. Streelman. 2010. The odontode explosion: the origin of tooth-like structures in vertebrates. Bioessays 32:808–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freitas, R., and Cohn, M. J. 2004. Analysis of EphA4 in the lesser spotted catfish identifies a primitive gnathostome expression pattern and reveals co-option during evolution of shark-specific morphology. Development Genes and Evolution 214:466–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover, C. A. 1974. Juvenile denticles of the swell shark Cephaloscyllium ventriosum: function in hatching. Canadian Journal of Zoology 52:359–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudger, E. W., and B. G. Smith. 1933. The natural history of the frilled shark Chlamydoselachus anguineus; pp. 245–319 in E. W. Gudger (ed.), Bashford Dean Memorial Volume on Archaic Fishes. American Museum of Natural History, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Hertwig, O. 1874. Ueber Bau und Entwickelung der Placoidschuppen und der Zähne der Selachier. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft 8:221–404.
   Google Scholar
• Hutton, T., R. Munafo, A. Trevorrow, T. Rokicki, and D. Wills. 2013. Ready, A Cross-Platform Implementation of Various Reaction-Diffusion Systems, version 0.6. Available at github.com/GollyGang/ready. Accessed April 1, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Johanson, Z., Smith, M. S., and Joss, J. M. P. 2007. Early scale development in Heterodontus (Heterodontiformes; Chondrichthyes): a novel chondrichthyan scale pattern. Acta Zoologica, Stockholm 88:249–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janvier, P. 1996. Early Vertebrates. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, Volume 33. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, N. E. 1999. Integumentary system and teeth; pp. 43–68 in W. C. Hamlett (ed.), Sharks, Skates and Rays. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Kondo, S., and R. Asai. 1995. A reaction-diffusion wave on the skin of the marine angelfish Pomacanthus. Nature 376:765–768.
   Google Scholar
• Kondo, S., and T. Miura. 2010. Reaction-diffusion model as a framework for understanding biological pattern formation. Science 329:1616–1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyttä, K. 2007. Computational studies of pattern formation in multiple layer Turing systems; p. 87 in Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Vol. M.Sc. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, J. A., and J. G. Maisey. 2009. Pectoral anatomy of Tribodus limae (Elasmobranchii: Hybodontiformes), from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29:25–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madzvamuse, A., A. H. Chung, and C. Venkataraman. 2015. Stability analysis and simulations of coupled bulk-surface reaction–diffusion systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471. doi: 10.1098/rspa.2014.0546.
   Google Scholar
• Maini, P. K., T. E. Woolley, R. E. Baker, E. A. Gaffney, and S. S. Lee. 2012. Turing's model for biological pattern formation and the robustness problem. Interface Focus rsfs20110113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G. 1974. Chondrichthyan dorsal spines and the relationships of spinate chondrichthyans. Ph.D. dissertation, University of London, London, U.K., 592 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G. 1982. The anatomy and interrelationships of Mesozoic hybodont sharks. American Museum Novitates 2724:1–48.
   Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G. 1983. Cranial anatomy of Hybodus basanus Egerton from the Lower Cretaceous of England. American Museum Novitates 2758:1–64.
   Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G. 1984a. Chondrichthyan phylogeny: a look at the evidence. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4:359–371.
   Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G. 1984b. Higher elasmobranch phylogeny and biostratigraphy. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 82:33–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G. 1986. Heads and tails: a chordate phylogeny. Cladistics 2:201–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maisey, J. G. 1989. Hamiltonichthys mapesi, g. and sp. nov. (Chondrichthyes; Elasmobranchii), from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Kansas. American Museum Novitates 2931:1–42.
   Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G. 2011. The braincase of the Middle Triassic shark Acronemus tuberculatus (Bassani 1886). Palaeontology 54:417–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G. 2012. What is an ‘elasmobranch’? The impact of palaeontology in understanding elasmobranch phylogeny and evolution. Journal of Fish Biology 80:918–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G., G. J. P Naylor, and D. J. Ward. 2004. Mesozoic elasmobranchs, neoselachian phylogeny and the rise of modern elasmobranch diversity; pp. 17–56 in G. Arratia and A. Tintori (eds.), Mesozoic Fishes 3: Systematics, Environments and Biodiversity. Verlag Pfeil, Munich, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, W., and U. Seegers. 2012. Basics of skin structure and function in elasmobranchs: a review. Journal of Fish Biology 80:1940–1967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake, T., J. L. Vaglia, L. H. Taylor, and B. K. Hall. 1999. Development of dermal denticles in skates (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea): patterning and cellular differentiation. Journal of Morphology 241:61–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ørvig, T. 1977. A survey of odontodes (“dermal teeth”) from developmental, structural, functional and phyletic points of view; pp. 53–75 in S. M. Andrews, R. S. Miles, and A. D. Walker (eds.), Problems in Vertebrate Evolution. Linnean Society, London, U.K.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, C. 1965. Phylogeny of the chimaeroids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 249:101–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyer, B. 1968. Comparative Odontology. Chicago University Press, Chicago, Illinois, 347 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Raschi, W. G., and J. Elsom. 1986. Comments on the structure and development of the Drag Reduction-Type Placoid scale; pp. 392–407 in T. Uyeno, R. Arai, T. Taniuchi, and K. Matsuura (eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Indo-Pacific fishes. Ichthyological Society of Japan, Tokyo.
   Google Scholar
• Raschi, W. G., and J. A. Musick. 1984. Hydrodynamic Aspects of Shark Scales. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 272. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Reif, W. E. 1974. Morphologie und Musterbildung im Hautzähnchen-Skelett von Heterodontus. Lethaia 7:25–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reif, W. E. 1978. Types of morphogenesis of the dermal skeleton in fossil sharks. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 52:110–128.
   Google Scholar
• Reif, W. E. 1980. A model of morphogenetic processes in the dermal skeleton of elasmobranchs. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 159:339–359.
   Google Scholar
• Reif, W. E. 1982. Morphogenesis and function of the squamation in sharks. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 164:172–183.
   Google Scholar
• Reif, W. E. 1985a. Functions of scales and photophores in mesopelagic luminescent sharks. Acta Zoologica, Stockholm 66:111–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reif, W. E. 1985b. Squamation and ecology of sharks. Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Stuttgart 8:1–255.
   Google Scholar
• Reif, W. E., and A. Dinkelacker. 1982. Hydrodynamics of the squamation in fast swimming sharks. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 164:184–187.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, S. H. 2004. Evolutionary Theory. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
   Google Scholar
• Sick, S., S. Reinker, J. Timmer, and T. Schlake. 2006. WNT and DKK determine hair follicle spacing through a reaction-diffusion mechanism. Science 314:1447–1450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sire, J.-Y., and M. A. Akimento. 2004. Scale development in fish: a review, with description of sonic hedgehog (shh) expression in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). International Journal of Developmental Biology 48:233–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sire, J.-Y., and A. Huysseune. 2003. Formation of dermal skeletal and dental tissues in fish: a comparative and evolutionary approach. Biological Reviews 78:219–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sire, J.-Y., F. Allizard, O. Babiar, J. Bourguignon, and A. Quilhac. 1997. Scale development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Journal of Anatomy 190:545–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thesleff, I., and K. Hurmerinta. 1981. Tissue interactions in tooth development. Differentiation 18:75–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turing, A. M. 1952. The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 237:37–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, E. G. 1937. Interrelationships of the elasmobranchs with a key to the Order Galea. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 74(2):25–138.
   Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi, M., E. Yoshimoto, and S. Kondo. 2007. Pattern regulation in the stripe of zebrafish suggests an underlying dynamic and autonomous mechanism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104:4790–4793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, L., M. Dolnik, A. M. Zhabotinsky, and I. R. Epstein. 2002. Spatial resonances and superposition patterns in a reaction-diffusion model with interacting Turing modes. Physical Review Letters 88:208303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zangerl, R. 1981. Chondrichthyes I: Paleozoic Elasmobranchii; in O. Kuhn (ed.), Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 115 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, M., X. Yu, P. E. Ahlberg, B. Choo, J. Lu, T. Qiao, Q. Qu, W. Zhao, L. Jia, H. Blom, and Y. Zhu. 2013. A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones. Nature 502:188–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelditch, M. L., and W. L. Fink. 1996. Heterochrony and heterotopy: stability and innovation in the evolution of form. Paleobiology 22:241–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar