Rocking Earth's biodiversity cradle: challenges, advances, and prospects for conservation paleontology in the tropics

LITERATURE CITED

• Allentoft, M. E., R. Heller, C. L. Oskam, E. D. Lorenzen, M. L. Hale, M. T. P. Gilbert, C. Jacomb, R. N. Holdaway, and M. Bunce. 2014. Extinct New Zealand megafauna were not in decline before human colonization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 111:4922–4927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alroy, J. 2013. Online paleogeographic map generator. Available at http://paleodb.org/?a=mapForm. Accessed February 16, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Avila-Arcos, M. C., E. Cappellini, J. A. Romero-Navarro, N. Wales, J. V. Moreno-Mayar, M. Rasmussen, S. L. Fordyce, R. Montiel, J. P. Vielle-Calzada, E. Willerslev, and M. T. Gilbert. 2011. Application and comparison of large-scale solution-based DNA capture-enrichment methods on ancient DNA. Scientific Reports 1:74. doi: 10.1038/srep00074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, R., N. Yamaguchi, B. Shapiro, S. Y. W. Ho, I. Barnes, R. Sabin, L. Werdelin, J. Cuisin, and G. Larson. 2014. Revealing the maternal demographic history of Panthera leo using ancient DNA and a spatially explicit genealogical analysis. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14:70. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnosky, A. D., P. L. Koch, R. S. Feranec, S. L. Wing, and A. B. Shabel. 2004. Assessing the causes of Late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents. Science 306:70–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bay, R. A., U. Ramakrishnan, and E. A. Hadly. 2014. A call for tiger management using reserves of genetic diversity. Journal of Heredity 105:295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, C. J., and J. I. Mead. 2014. Not enough skeletons in the closet: collections-based anatomical research in an age of conservation conscience. Anatomical Record 297:344–348.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, P. M., and I. P. F. Owens. 1997. Variation in extinction risk among birds: chance or evolutionary predisposition? Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 264:401–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, L., R. Speare, P. Daszak, D. E. Green, A. A. Cunningham, C. L. Goggin, R. Slocombe, M. A. Ragan, A. D. Hyatt, K. R. McDonald, H. B. Hines, K. R. Lips, G. Marantelli, and H. Parkes. 1998. Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 95:9031–9036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blain, H.-A., S. Bailon, G. Cuenca-Bescos, J. L. Arsuaga, J. Maria Bermudez de Castro, and E. Carbonell. 2009. Long-term climate record inferred from early-middle Pleistocene amphibian and squamate reptile assemblages at the Gran Dolina Cave, Atapuerca, Spain. Journal of Human Evolution 56:55–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blois, J. L., J. L. McGuire, and E. A. Hadly. 2010. Small mammal diversity loss in response to late-Pleistocene climatic change. Nature 465:771–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böhm, M., B. Collen, J. E. M. Baillie, P. Bowles, J. Chanson, N. Cox, G. Hammerson, M. Hoffmann, S. R. Livingstone, M. Ram, A. G. J. Rhodin, S. N. Stuart, P. P. van Dijk, B. E. Young, L. E. Afuang, A. Aghasyan, A. Garcia, C. Aguilar, R. Ajtic, F. Akarsu, L. R. V. Alencar, A. Allison, N. Ananjeva, S. Anderson, C. Andren, D. Ariano-Sanchez, J. C. Arredondo, M. Auliya, C. C. Austin, A. Avci, P. J. Baker, A. F. Barreto-Lima, C. L. Barrio-Amoros, D. Basu, M. F. Bates, A. Batistella, A. Bauer, D. Bennett, W. Boehme, D. Broadley, R. Brown, J. Burgess, A. Captain, S. Carreira, M. d. R. Castaneda, F. Castro, A. Catenazzi, J. R. Cedeno-Vazquez, D. G. Chapple, M. Cheylan, D. F. Cisneros-Heredia, D. Cogalniceanu, H. Cogger, C. Corti, G. C. Costa, P. J. Couper, T. Courtney, J. Crnobrnja-Isailovic, P.-A. Crochet, B. Crother, F. Cruz, J. C. Daltry, R. I. R. Daniels, I. Das, A. de Silva, A. C. Diesmos, L. Dirksen, T. M. Doan, C. K. Dodd Jr., J. S. Doody, M. E. Dorcas, J. D. de Barros Filho, V. T. Egan, E. H. El Mouden, D. Embert, R. E. Espinoza, A. Fallabrino, X. Feng, Z.-J. Feng, L. Fitzgerald, O. Flores-Villela, F. G. R. Franca, D. Frost, H. Gadsden, T. Gamble, S. R. Ganesh, M. A. Garcia, J. E. Garcia-Perez, J. Gatus, M. Gaulke, P. Geniez, A. Georges, J. Gerlach, S. Goldberg, J.-C. T. Gonzalez, D. J. Gower, T. Grant, E. Greenbaum, C. Grieco, P. Guo, A. M. Hamilton, K. Hare, S. B. Hedges, N. Heideman, C. Hilton-Taylor, R. Hitchmough, B. Hollingsworth, M. Hutchinson, I. Ineich, J. Iverson, F. M. Jaksic, R. Jenkins, U. Joger, R. Jose, Y. Kaska, U. Kaya, J. S. Keogh, G. Koehler, G. Kuchling, Y. Kumlutas, A. Kwet, E. La Marca, W. Lamar, A. Lane, B. Lardner, C. Latta, G. Latta, M. Lau, P. Lavin, D. Lawson, M. LeBreton, E. Lehr, D. Limpus, N. Lipczynski, A. S. Lobo, M. A. Lopez-Luna, L. Luiselli, V. Lukoschek, M. Lundberg, P. Lymberakis, R. Macey, W. E. Magnusson, D. L. Mahler, A. Malhotra, J. Mariaux, B. Maritz, O. A. V. Marques, R. Marquez, M. Martins, G. Masterson, J. A. Mateo, R. Mathew, N. Mathews, G. Mayer, J. R. McCranie, G. J. Measey, F. Mendoza-Quijano, M. Menegon, S. Metrailler, D. A. Milton, C. Montgomery, S. A. A. Morato, T. Mott, A. Munoz-Alonso, J. Murphy, T. Q. Nguyen, G. Nilson, C. Nogueira, H. Nunez, N. Orlov, H. Ota, J. Ottenwalder, T. Papenfuss, S. Pasachnik, P. Passos, O. S. G. Pauwels, N. Perez-Buitrago, V. Perez-Mellado, E. R. Pianka, J. Pleguezuelos, C. Pollock, P. Ponce-Campos, R. Powell, F. Pupin, G. E. Quintero Diaz, R. Radder, J. Ramer, A. R. Rasmussen, C. Raxworthy, R. Reynolds, N. Richman, E. L. Rico, E. Riservato, G. Rivas, P. L. B. da Rocha, M.-O. Roedel, L. Rodriguez Schettino, W. M. Roosenburg, J. P. Ross, R. Sadek, K. Sanders, G. Santos-Barrera, H. H. Schleich, B. R. Schmidt, A. Schmitz, M. Sharifi, G. Shea, H.-T. Shi, R. Shine, R. Sindaco, T. Slimani, R. Somaweera, S. Spawls, P. Stafford, R. Stuebing, S. Sweet, E. Sy, H. J. Temple, M. F. Tognelli, K. Tolley, P. J. Tolson, B. Tuniyev, S. Tuniyev, N. Uzum, G. van Buurt, M. van Sluys, A. Velasco, M. Vences, M. Vesely, S. Vinke, T. Vinke, G. Vogel, M. Vogrin, R. C. Vogt, O. R. Wearn, Y. L. Werner, M. J. Whiting, T. Wiewandt, J. Wilkinson, B. Wilson, S. Wren, T. Zamin, K. Zhou, and G. Zug. 2013. The conservation status of the world's reptiles. Biological Conservation 157:372–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer, A. G., and W. Jetz. 2014. Extinctions and the loss of ecological function in island bird communities. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23:679–688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brace, S., S. T. Turvey, M. Weksler, M. L. P. Hoogland, and I. Barnes. 2015. Unexpected evolutionary diversity in a recently extinct Caribbean mammal radiation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282:20142371. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branch, T. A., B. M. DeJoseph, L. J. Ray, and C. A. Wagner. 2013. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine seafood. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28:178–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camargo, A., B. Sinervo, and J. W. Sites Jr. 2010. Lizards as model organisms for linking phylogeographic and speciation studies. Molecular Ecology 19:3250–3270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardillo, M., G. M. Mace, K. E. Jones, J. Bielby, O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, W. Sechrest, C. D. L. Orme, and A. Purvis. 2005. Multiple causes of high extinction risk in large mammal species. Science 309:1239–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, Y. L., and E. A. Hadly. 2011. Genetic variation over 10 000 years in Ctenomys: comparative phylochronology provides a temporal perspective on rarity, environmental change and demography. Molecular Ecology 20:4592–4605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corlett, R. T. 2007. The impact of hunting on the mammalian fauna of tropical Asian forests. Biotropica 39:292–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corlett, R. T. 2010. Megafaunal extinctions and their consequences in the tropical Indo-Pacific. altered ecologies: fire, climate and human influence on terrestrial landscapes. Terra Australis 32:117–131.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, P. A., and T. Elmqvist. 2000. Pollinator extinction in the Pacific Islands. Conservation Biology 14:1237–1239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranbrook, E. O., and P. J. Piper. 2013. Paleontology to policy: the Quaternary history of Southeast Asian tapirs (Tapiridae) in relation to large mammal species turnover, with a proposal for conservation of Malayan tapir by reintroduction to Borneo. Integrative Zoology 8:95–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davic, R. D., and H. H. Welsh. 2004. On the ecological roles of salamanders. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35:405–434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruyn, M., A. R. Hoelzel, G. R. Carvalho, and M. Hofreiter. 2011. Faunal histories from Holocene ancient DNA. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26:405–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch, C. A., J. J. Tewksbury, R. B. Huey, K. S. Sheldon, C. K. Ghalambor, D. C. Haak, and P. R. Martin. 2008. Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 105:6668–6672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Didham, R. K., J. M. Tylianakis, N. J. Gemmell, T. A. Rand, and R. M. Ewers. 2007. Interactive effects of habitat modification and species invasion on native species decline. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22:489–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirzo, R., H. S. Young, M. Galetti, G. Ceballos, N. J. B. Isaac, and B. Collen. 2014. Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345:401–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin, J., and D. W. Steadman. 2008. Prehistoric species richness of birds on oceanic islands. Oikos 117:1885–1891.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritts, T. H., and G. H. Rodda. 1998. The role of introduced species in the degradation of island ecosystems: a case history of Guam. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:113–140.
   Google Scholar
• Galetti, M., and R. Dirzo. 2013. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of living in a defaunated world. Biological Conservation 163:1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, J. D., and R. L. Nydam. 2013. Mesozoic and Cenozoic lissamphibian and squamate assemblages of Laurasia–introduction to the special issue. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 93:391–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie, R. G., and D. A. Clague (eds.). 2009. Encyclopedia of Islands. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, xxxii + 1074 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, J. P., C. Marquez, and E. J. Sterling. 2008. The role of endangered species reintroduction in ecosystem restoration: tortoise-cactus interactions on Espanola island, Galapagos. Restoration Ecology 16:88–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, C. J., D. M. Hansen, C. G. Jones, N. Zuel, and S. Harris. 2011. Resurrecting extinct interactions with extant substitutes. Current Biology 21:762–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, C. J., N. Zuel, C. G. Jones, Z. Ahamud, and S. Harris. 2013. Assessing the potential to restore historic grazing ecosystems with tortoise ecological replacements. Conservation Biology 27:690–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guimarães, P. R., Jr., M. Galetti, and P. Jordano. 2008. Seed dispersal anachronisms: rethinking the fruits extinct megafauna ate. PLoS ONE 3:e1745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez-Garcia, T. A., E. Vazquez-Dominguez, J. Arroyo-Cabrales, M. Kuch, J. Enk, C. King, and H. N. Poinar. 2014. Ancient DNA and the tropics: a rodent's tale. Biological Letters 10:20140224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, D. M., C. J. Donlan, C. J. Griffiths, and K. J. Campbell. 2010. Ecological history and latent conservation potential: large and giant tortoises as a model for taxon substitutions. Ecography 33:272–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastings, A. K., J. Krigbaum, D. W. Steadman, and N. A. Albury. 2014. Domination by reptiles in a terrestrial food web of the Bahamas Prior to Human Occupation. Journal of Herpetology 48:380–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head, J. J., G. F. Gunnell, P. A. Holroyd, J. H. Hutchison, and R. L. Ciochon. 2013. Giant lizards occupied herbivorous mammalian ecospace during the Paleogene greenhouse in Southeast Asia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280:20130665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head, J. J., J. I. Bloch, A. K. Hastings, J. R. Bourque, E. A. Cadena, F. A. Herrera, P. D. Polly, and C. A. Jaramillo. 2009. Giant boid snake from the Palaeocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures. Nature 457:715–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocking, D. J., and K. J. Babbitt. 2014. Amphibian contributions to ecosystem services. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 9:1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janzen, D. H., and P. S. Martin. 1982. Neotropical anachronisms-the fruits the gomphotheres ate. Science 215:19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann, and A. O. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491:444–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karp, D. S., C. D. Mendenhall, R. F. Sandi, N. Chaumont, P. R. Ehrlich, E. A. Hadly, and G. C. Daily. 2013. Forest bolsters bird abundance, pest control and coffee yield. Ecology Letters 16:1339–1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp, M. E., and E. A. Hadly. 2015. Extinction biases in Quaternary Caribbean lizards. Global Ecology and Biogeography 24:1281–1289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knope, M. L., N. A. Heim, L. O. Frishkoff, and J. L. Payne. 2015. Limited role of functional differentiation in early diversification of animals. Nature Communications 6:6455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch, P. L., and A. D. Barnosky. 2006. Late Quaternary extinctions: state of the debate. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37:215–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstedt, S. L., B. J. Miller, and S. W. Buskirk. 1986. Home range, time, and body size in mammals. Ecology 67:413–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longenecker, K., Y. L. Chan, R. J. Toonen, D. B. Carlon, T. L. Hunt, A. M. Friedlander, and E. E. Demartini. 2014. Archaeological evidence of validity of fish populations on unexploited reefs as proxy targets for modern populations. Conservation Biology 28:1322–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louys, J., R. T. Corlett, G. J. Price, S. Hawkins, and P. J. Piper. 2014. Rewilding the tropics, and other conservation translocations strategies in the tropical Asia-Pacific region. Ecology and Evolution 4:4380–4398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacPhee, R. D. E., and A. D. Greenwood. 2013. Infectious disease, endangerment, and extinction. International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2013:571939. DOI: 10.1155/2013/571939.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Makarieva, A. M., V. G. Gorshkov, and B. L. Li. 2005. Gigantism, temperature and metabolic rate in terrestrial poikilotherms. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272:2325–2328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley, D. J., M. L. Pinsky, S. R. Palumbi, J. A. Estes, F. H. Joyce, and R. R. Warner. 2015. Marine defaunation: animal loss in the global ocean. Science 347:1255641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConkey, K. R., and G. O'Farrill. 2015. Cryptic function loss in animal populations. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 30:182–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiri, S. 2008. Evolution and ecology of lizard body sizes. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17:724–734.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittermeier, R. A., J. L. Carr, I. R. Swingland, T. B. Werner, and R. B. Mast. 1992. Conservation of amphibians and reptiles. Contributions to Herpetology 9:59–80.
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen, H. S., Y. L. Dupont, and J. M. Olesen. 2008. A snake in paradise: disturbance of plant reproduction following extirpation of bird flower-visitors on Guam. Biological Conservation 141:2146–2154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, N., R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. B. da Fonseca, and J. Kent. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogues-Bravo, D., J. Rodriguez, J. Hortal, P. Batra, and M. B. Araujo. 2008. Climate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth. PLoS Biology 6(4): e79. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien, T. G., M. F. Kinnaird, and H. T. Wibisono. 2003. Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape. Animal Conservation 6:131–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, S. L. 1985. The fossil record of birds; pp. 79–238 in D. S. Farner, J. R. King, and K. C. Parkes (eds.), Avian Biology, Volume 8. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Orlando, L., A. Ginolhac, G. Zhang, D. Froese, A. Albrechtsen, M. Stiller, M. Schubert, E. Cappellini, B. Petersen, I. Moltke, P. L. F. Johnson, M. Fumagalli, J. T. Vilstrup, M. Raghavan, T. Korneliussen, A.-S. Malaspinas, J. Vogt, D. Szklarczyk, C. D. Kelstrup, J. Vinther, A. Dolocan, J. Stenderup, A. M. V. Velazquez, J. Cahill, M. Rasmussen, X. Wang, J. Min, G. D. Zazula, A. Seguin-Orlando, C. Mortensen, K. Magnussen, J. F. Thompson, J. Weinstock, K. Gregersen, K. H. Roed, V. Eisenmann, C. J. Rubin, D. C. Miller, D. F. Antczak, M. F. Bertelsen, S. Brunak, K. A. S. Al-Rasheid, O. Ryder, L. Andersson, J. Mundy, A. Krogh, M. T. P. Gilbert, K. Kjaer, T. Sicheritz-Ponten, L. J. Jensen, J. V. Olsen, M. Hofreiter, R. Nielsen, B. Shapiro, J. Wang, and E. Willerslev. 2013. Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse. Nature 499:74–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedrono, M., O. L. Griffiths, A. Clausen, L. L. Smith, C. J. Griffiths, L. Wilme, and D. A. Burney. 2013. Using a surviving lineage of Madagascar's vanished megafauna for ecological restoration. Biological Conservation 159:501–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimiento, C., D. J. Ehret, B. J. MacFadden, and G. Hubbell. 2010. Ancient nursery area for the extinct giant shark Megalodon from the Miocene of Panama. PLoS ONE 5:e10552. 10.1371/journal.pone.0010552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinsky, M. L., O. P. Jensen, D. Ricard, and S. R. Palumbi. 2011. Unexpected patterns of fisheries collapse in the world's oceans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 108:8317–8322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper, P. J., J. Ochoa, H. Lewis, V. Paz, and W. P. Ronquillo. 2008. The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 264:123–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plowright, R. K., P. Eby, P. J. Hudson, I. L. Smith, D. Westcott, W. L. Bryden, D. Middleton, P. A. Reid, R. A. McFarlane, G. Martin, G. M. Tabor, L. F. Skerratt, D. L. Anderson, G. Crameri, D. Quammen, D. Jordan, P. Freeman, L. F. Wang, J. H. Epstein, G. A. Marsh, N. Y. Kung, and H. McCallum. 2015. Ecological dynamics of emerging bat virus spillover. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282:20142124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pregill, G. K., D. W. Steadman, and D. R. Watters. 1994. Late Quaternary vertebrate faunas of the Lesser Antilles: historical components of Caribbean biogeography. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 30:1–51.
   Google Scholar
• Ramakrishnan, U., E. A. Hadly, and J. L. Mountain. 2005. Detecting past population bottlenecks using temporal genetic data. Molecular Ecology 14:2915–2922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, F. A., E. J. Kontanis, K. A. R. Kennedy, and C. F. Aquadro. 2003. Ancient DNA prospects from Sri Lankan highland dry caves support an emerging global pattern. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 121:112–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijsdijk, K. F., T. Hengl, S. J. Norder, R. Otto, B. C. Emerson, S. P. Avila, H. Lopez, E. E. van Loon, E. Tjorve, and J. Maria Fernandez-Palacios. 2014. Quantifying surface-area changes of volcanic islands driven by Pleistocene sea-level cycles: biogeographical implications for the Macaronesian archipelagos. Journal of Biogeography 41:1242–1254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripple, W. J., and R. L. Beschta. 2012. Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: the first 15 years after wolf reintroduction. Biological Conservation 145:205–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripple, W. J., T. M. Newsome, C. Wolf, R. Dirzo, K. T. Everatt, M. Galetti, M. W. Hayward, G. I. H. Kerley, T. Levi, P. A. Lindsey, D. W. Macdonald, Y. Mahli, L. E., Painter, C. J. Sandom, J. Terborgh, B. Van Valkenburgh. 2015. Collapse of the world's largest herbivores. Science Advances 1(4): e1400103. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1400103.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, H., J. H. R. Lambers, R. Miller, and J. J. Tewksbury. 2012. ‘Natural experiment’ demonstrates top-down control of spiders by birds on a landscape level. PLoS ONE 7:e43446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosa, C. C., T. Flores, J. C. Pieczarka, R. V. Rossi, M. I. C. Sampaio, J. D. Rissino, P. J. S. Amaral, and C. Y. Nagamachi. 2012. Genetic and morphological variability in South American rodent Oecomys (Sigmodontinae, Rodentia): evidence for a complex of species. Journal of Genetics 91:265–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossetti, D. D., P. M. de Toledo, H. M. Moraes-Santos, and A. E. D. Santos. 2004. Reconstructing habitats in central Amazonia using megafauna, sedimentology, radiocarbon, and isotope analyses. Quaternary Research 61:289–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler, R. 2014. The ethics of reviving long extinct species. Conservation Biology 28:354–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Säterberg, T., S. Sellman, and B. Ebenman. 2013. High frequency of functional extinctions in ecological networks. Nature 499:468–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon, P. J., C. J. Griffiths, P. S. Soorae, and D. P. Armstrong. 2014. Reversing defaunation: restoring species in a changing world. Science 345:406–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekercioglu, C. H. 2012. Promoting community-based bird monitoring in the tropics: conservation, research, environmental education, capacity-building, and local incomes. Biological Conservation 151:69–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, B., and M. Hofreiter (eds.). 2012. Ancient DNA: Methods and Protocols. Humana Press, New York. 247 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, N., P. Joglekar, and K. Koziol. 2011. First ancient bovine DNA evidence from India: difficult but not impossible. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:2200–2206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto-Centeno, J. A., and D. W. Steadman. 2015. Fossils reject climate change as the cause of extinction of Caribbean bats. Scientific Reports 5:7971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steadman, D. W. 1995. Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific Island birds–Biodiversity meets zooarchaeology. Science 267:1123–1131.
   Google Scholar
• Steadman, D. W., R. Franz, G. S. Morgan, N. A. Albury, B. Kakuk, K. Broad, S. E. Franz, K. Tinker, M. P. Pateman, T. A. Lott, D. M. Jarzen, and D. L. Dilcher. 2007. Exceptionally well preserved late Quaternary plant and vertebrate fossils from a blue hole on Abaco, The Bahamas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 104:19897–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, K. M., L. Leblanc, D. P. Matthiesen, and J. West. 1999. Microfaunal remains from a modern east African raptor roost: patterning and implications for fossil bone scatters. Paleobiology 25:483–503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, M. A., T. J. Ord, and T. L. Rogers. 2014. Evolutionary predictors of mammalian home range size: body mass, diet and the environment. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23:1105–1114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine, J. W., and D. Jablonski. 1993. Fossil communities: compositional variation at many time scales; pp. 341–349 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter (eds.), Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographic Perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
   Google Scholar
• Verma, H. 2015. How to clone a mammoth: the science of de-extinction. Library Journal 140:129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wake, D. B. 2007. Climate change implicated in amphibian and lizard declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 104:8201–8202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wake, D. B., and V. T. Vredenburg. 2008. Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 105:11466–11473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteley, A. R., S. W. Fitzpatrick, W. C. Funk, and D. A. Tallmon. 2015. Genetic rescue to the rescue. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 30:42–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker, R. J., M. B. Araujo, J. Paul, R. J. Ladle, J. E. M. Watson, and K. J. Willis. 2005. Conservation biogeography: assessment and prospect. Diversity and Distributions 11:3–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, J. R., J. M. Wilmshurst, S. J. Richardson, N. J. Rawlence, S. J. Wagstaff, T. H. Worthy, and A. Cooper. 2013. Resolving lost herbivore community structure using coprolites of four sympatric moa species (Aves: Dinornithiformes). Proceedings of the National Academy of the Science of the United States of America 110:16910–16915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handling editor: Blaire van Valkenburgh.
   Google Scholar