What species of horse was coeval with North America's earliest humans in the Paisley Caves?

REFERENCES

• Alroy, J. 2001. A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction. Science 292:1893–1896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnosky, A. D., P. L. Koch, R. S. Feranec, S. L. Wing, and A. B. Shabel. 2004. Assessing the causes of Late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents. Science 306:70–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, E. B., and B. K. McHorse. 2013. A method for improved identification of postcrania from mammalian fossil assemblages: multivariate discriminant function analysis of camelid astragali. Palaeontologia Electronica 16:27A. Available at http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2013/539-discriminant-id-of-postcrania
   Google Scholar
• Von den Driesch, A. 1976. A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Peabody Museum Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 136 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenmann, V. M., T. Alberdi, C. de Giuli, and U. Staesche. 1988. Volume I: methodology; pp. 1–71 in M. Woodburne and P. Sondaar (eds.), Studying Fossil Horses. Brill Archive, Leiden.
   Google Scholar
• Gidley, J. W. 1900. A new species of Pleistocene horse from the Staked Plains of Texas. Journal of the American Museum of Natural History 13:111–116.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, M. T. P., D. L. Jenkins, A. Götherstrom, N. Naveran, J. J. Sanchez, M. Hofreiter, P. F. Thomsen, J. Binladen, T. F. Higham, R. M. Yohe, R. Parr, L. S. Cummings, and E. Willerslev. 2008. DNA from pre-Clovis human coprolites in Oregon, North America. Science 320:786–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay, O. P. 1917. Description of a new species of extinct horse, Equus lambei, from the Pleistocene of Yukon Territory. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 53:435–443.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, S. S. B., and E. B. Davis. 2009. Quantitative morphological proxies for fossoriality in small mammals. Journal of Mammalogy 90:1449–1460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, D. L., L. G. Davis, T. W. Stafford Jr., P. F. Campos, T. J. Connolly, L. S. Cummings, M. Hofreiter, B. Hockett, K. McDonough, I. Luthe, P. W. O'Grady, K. J. Reinhard, M. E. Swisher, F. White, B. Yates, R. M. Yohe II, C. Yost, and E. Willerslev. 2013. Geochronology, Archaeological Context, and DNA at the Paisley Caves; pp. 485–510 in Paleoamerican Odyssey, Volume 32. Center for the Study of First Americans, College Station, Texas.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, D. L., L. G. Davis, T. W. Stafford Jr., P. F. Campos, B. Hockett, G. T. Jones, L. S. Cummings, C. Yost, T. J. Connolly, R. M. Yohe II, S. C. Gibbons, M. Raghavan, M. Rasmussen, J. L. A. Paijmans, M. Hofreiter, B. M. Kemp, J. L. Barta, C. Monroe, M. T. P Gilbert, and E. Willerslev. 2012. Clovis age western stemmed projectile points and human coprolites at the Paisley Caves. Science 337:223–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovarovic, K., L. C. Aiello, A. Cardini, and C. A. Lockwood. 2011. Discriminant function analyses in archaeology: are classification rates too good to be true? Journal of Archaeological Science 38:3006–3018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leidy, J. 1865. Bones and teeth of horses from California and Oregon. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 17:94.
   Google Scholar
• Leidy, J. 1868. Notice of some remains of horses. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 20:194.
   Google Scholar
• Merriam, J. C. 1913. Preliminary report on the horses of Rancho La Brea. University of California Publications in Geology 7:397–418.
   Google Scholar
• Orlando, L., D. Male, M. T. Alberdi, J. L. Prado, A. Prieto, A. Cooper, and C. Hänni. 2008. Ancient DNA clarifies the evolutionary history of American Late Pleistocene equids. Journal of Molecular Evolution 66:533–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, R. 1869. On fossil remains of equines from Central and South America referable to Equus conversidens, Ow., Equus tau, Ow., and Equus arcidens, Ow. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 159:559–573.
   Google Scholar
• Plummer, T. W., L. C. Bishop, and F. Hertel. 2008. Habitat preference of extant African bovids based on astragalus morphology: operationalizing ecomorphology for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Journal of Archaeological Science 35:3016–3027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Press, S. J., and S. Wilson. 1978. Choosing between logistic regression and discriminant analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association 73:699–705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, M., L. S. Cummings, M. T. P. Gilbert, V. Bryant, C. Smith, D. L. Jenkins, and E. Willerslev. 2009. Response to Comment by Goldberg et al. on “DNA from Pre-Clovis Human Coprolites in Oregon, North America.” Science 325:148–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage, D. E. 1951. Late Cenozoic Vertebrates of the San Francisco Bay Region. University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences 28:215–314.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, E. 2004. Pliocene and Pleistocene horses from Porcupine Cave; pp. 264–297 in A. D. Barnosky (ed.), Biodiversity Response to Environmental Change in the Middle Pleistocene: The Porcupine Cave Fauna from Colorado. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
   Google Scholar
• Sertich, J. J., R. K. Stucky, H. G. McDonald, C. Newton, D. C. Fisher, E. Scott, J. R. Demboski, C. Lucking, B. K. McHorse, and E. B. Davis. 2014. High-elevation late Pleistocene (MIS 6–5) vertebrate faunas from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site. Snowmass Village, Colorado. Quaternary Research 82:504–517.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., and L. S. Fidell. 2001. Using Multivariate Statistics. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, Massachusetts, 966 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstock, J., E. Willerslev, A. Sher, W. Tong, S. Y. Ho, D. Rubenstein, J. Storer, J. Burns, L. Martin, C. Bravi, A. Prieto, D. Froese, E. Scott, L. Xulong, and A. Cooper. 2005. Evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of Pleistocene horses in the New World: a molecular perspective. PLoS Biology 3:e241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisberg, S. 2002. Dimension reduction regression in R. Journal of Statistical Software 7:1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Winans, M. C. 1985. Revision of North American fossil species of the genus Equus (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Equidae). Ph.D. dissertation. University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 264 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Handling editors: Anjali Goswami, Lars Werdelin.
   Google Scholar