†Tugenchromis pickfordi, gen. et sp. nov., from the upper Miocene—a stem-group cichlid of the ‘East African Radiation’

LITERATURE CITED

• Anker, G. C. 1986. The morphology of joints and ligaments in the head of a generalized Haplochromis species: H. elegans Trewavas 1933 (Teleostei, Cichlidae). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 36:498–530.
   Google Scholar
• Arambourg, C. 1947. Contribution à l’étude géologique et paléontologique du Bassin du Lac Rudolphe et de la Basse Vallée de l'Omo—2e partie: paléontologie. Mission scientifique de l'Omo 1932–1933 1:231–562.
   Google Scholar
• Azuma, Y. , Y. Kumazawa , M. Miya , K. Mabuchi , and M. Nishida . 2008. Mitogenomic evaluation of the historical biogeography of cichlids toward reliable dating of teleostean divergences. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8:215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamford, M. K. , B. Senut , and M. Pickford . 2013. Fossil leaves from Lukeino, a 6-million-year-old Formation in the Baringo Basin, Kenya. Geobios 46:253–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barel, C. D. N. , M. J. P. Van Oijen , F. Witte , and E. L. M. Witte-Maas . 1977. An introduction to the taxonomy and morphology of the haplochromine Cichlidae from Lake Victoria—a manual to Greenwood's revision papers. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 27:333–389.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, F. U. , U. A. Glasmacher , U. Ring , A. Schumann , and B. Nagudi . 2010. Thermal and exhumation history of the central Rwenzori Mountains, Western Rift of the East African Rift System, Uganda. International Journal of Earth Sciences 99:1575–1597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, K. E. 2010. Taxonomic analysis of the Metriaclima zebra species complex in Lake Malawi with five new species descriptions. Ph.D. dissertation. Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Agricultural Sciences, State College, Pennsylvania , 105 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bonaparte, C. L. 1835. Prodromus Systematis Ichthyologiae. Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali Bologna 2(4):181–196, 272–277.
   Google Scholar
• Bonnefille, R. 2010. Cenozoic vegetation, climate changes and hominid evolution in tropical Africa. Global and Planetary Change 72:390–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulenger, G. A. 1897. Descriptions of new fishes from the Upper Shiré River, British Central Africa, collected by Dr. Percy Rendall, and presented to the British Museum by Sir Harry H. Johnston, K. C. B. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896:915–920.
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger, G. A. 1898. Report on the fishes recently obtained by Mr. J. E. S. Moore in Lake Tanganyika. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1898:494–497.
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger, G. A. 1899a. Second contribution to the ichthyology of Lake Tanganyika.—On the fishes obtained by the Congo Free State expedition under Lieut. Lemaire in 1898. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 15:87–96.
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger, G. A. 1899b. Matériaux pour la faune du Congo. Poissons nouveaux du Congo. Cinquième Partie. Cyprins, Silures, Cyprinodontes, Acanthoptérygiens. Annales du Musee du Congo (Ser. Zoologie) 1:97–128.
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger, G. A. 1899c. A revision of the African and Syrian fishes of the family Cichlidae. Part II. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1899:98–143.
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger, G. A. 1901. Diagnoses of new fishes discovered by Mr. J. E. S. Moore in lakes Tanganyika and Kivu. II. Cichlidae, Mastacembelidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) 7:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger, G. A. 1902. Contributions to the ichthyology of the Congo.—II. On a collection of fishes from the Lindi River. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1:265–271.
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger, G. A. 1906. Fourth contribution to the ichthyology of Lake Tanganyika.—Report on the collection of fishes made by Dr. W. A. Cunnington during the Third Tanganyika Expedition, 1904–1905. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 17:537–601.
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger, G. A. 1908. Diagnoses of new fishes discovered by Capt. E. L. Rhoades in Lake Nyassa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) 2:238–243.
   Google Scholar
• Bowers, N. J. , and J. Stauffer , J. R. 1993. New species of rock-dwelling cichlid (Pisces: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa, with comments on Melanochromis vermivorus Trewavas. Copeia 1993:715–722.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, W. E. 2012. A new species of goby cichlid of the genus Eretmodus, E. marksmithi, (Pisces, Cichlidae) from the northern part of Lake Tanganyika. Tanganika Magazyn 12:58–67.
   Google Scholar
• Carnevale, G. , C. Sorbini , and W. Landini . 2003. Oreochromis loren zoi, a new species of tilapiine cichlid from the Late Miocene of central Italy. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23:508–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K. E . 2001. Suborder Labroidei. Cichlidae. cichlids; pp. 3333–3336 in K. E. Carpenter, and V. H. Niem (eds.), FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy .
   Google Scholar
• Casciotta, J. , and G. Arratia . 1993. Tertiary cichlid fishes from Argentina and reassessment of the phylogeny of New World cichlids (Perciformes: Labroidei). Kaupia–Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte 2:195–240.
   Google Scholar
• Chakrabarty, P. 2004. Cichlid biogeography: comment and review. Fish and Fisheries 5:97–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cichocki, F. P. 1976. Cladistic history of cichlid fishes and reproductive strategies of the American genera Acarichthys, Biotodoma and Geophagus. (Volumes I and II). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan , 710 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Clabaut, C. 2005. Morphometric, molecular phylogenetic and gene expression approaches towards the understanding of the adaptive radiations of the East African cichlids. Ph.D. dissertation, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany , 122 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, A. S. , M. J. Soreghan , and C. A. Scholz . 1993. Estimating the age of formation of lakes: an example from Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift System. Geology 21:511–514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, A. S. , K.-E. Lezzar , J.-J. Tiercelin , and M. Soreghan . 1997. New palaeogeographic and lake-level reconstructions of Lake Tanganyika: implications for tectonic, climatic and biological evolution in a rift lake. Basin Research 9:107–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter, G. W. 1991. The benthic fish community; pp. 151–199 in G. W. Coulter (ed.), Lake Tanganyika and Its Life. Oxford University Press, New York .
   Google Scholar
• David, L. 1937. Poissons de l'Urundi. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 29 :413–420.
   Google Scholar
• Day, J. J. , J. A. Cotton , and T. G. Barraclough . 2008. Tempo and mode of diversification of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes. PLoS ONE 3:e1730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, J. J. , C. R. Peart , K. J. Brown , J. P. Friel , R. Bills , and T. Moritz . 2013. Continental diversification of an African catfish radiation (Mochokidae: Synodontis). Systematic Biology 62:351–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vos, L. , and L. Seegers . 1998. Seven new Orthochromis species (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Malagarasi, Luiche and Rugufu basins (Lake Tanganyika drainage), with notes on their reproductive biology. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 9:371–420.
   Google Scholar
• De Zeeuw, M. P. , M. Mietes , P. Niemantsverdriet , S. ter Huurne , and F. Witte . 2000. Seven new species of detritivorous and phytoplanktivorous haplochromines from Lake Victoria. Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 84:201–250.
   Google Scholar
• Dunz, A. R. , and U. K. Schliewen . 2013. Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the haplotilapiine cichlid fishes formerly referred to as “Tilapia”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68:64–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eschmeyer, W. N. , and J. D. Fong . 2016. Species by family/subfamily. Available at http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily. Accessed March 3, 2016 .
   Google Scholar
• Fitzsimmons, K. , and W. O. Watanabe . 2010. 17 Tilapia (Family: Cichlidae); pp. 374–396 in N. R. Le François , M. Jobling , C. Carter , P. U. Blier , and A. Savoie (eds.), Finfish Aquaculture Diversification. CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International), Wallingford, Oxfordshire, U.K .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. , B. P. Keck , A. Dornburg , R. I. Eytan , C. H. Martin , C. D. Hulsey , P. C. Wainwright , and T. J. Near . 2013. Molecular and fossil evidence place the origin of cichlid fishes long after Gondwanan rifting. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280:20131733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler, H. W. 1934. Fishes obtained by Mr. H. W. Bell-Marley Chiefly in Natal and Zululand in 1929 to 1932. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 86:405–514.
   Google Scholar
• Fujita, K. 1990. The Caudal Skeleton of Teleostean Fishes. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan , 897 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Genner, M. J. , O. Seehausen , D. H. Lunt , D. A. Joyce , P. W. Shaw , G. R. Carvalho , and G. F. Turner . 2007. Age of cichlids: new dates for ancient lake fish radiations. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24:1269–1282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodier, S. A. , F. P. Cotterill , C. O'Ryan , P. H. Skelton , and M. J. de Wit . 2011. Cryptic diversity of African tigerfish (genus Hydrocynus) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked Neogene geotectonic events. PLoS ONE 6:e28775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1956a. A revision of the Lake Victoria Haplochromis species (Pisces, Cichlidae) Part I: H. obliquidens Hilgend., H. nigricans (Blgr.), H. nuchisquamulatus (Hilgend.) AND H. lividus, sp. n. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 4:223–244.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1956b. The monotypic genera of cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 3:295–333.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1957. A revision of the Lake Victoria Haplochromis species (Pisces, Cichlidae) Part II. H. sauvagei (Pfeffer), H. prodromus Trewavas, H. granti Blgr., and H. xenognathus sp. n. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 5:75–97.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1959. A revision of the Lake Victoria Haplochromis species (Pisces, Cichlidae), Part III. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 5:179–218.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1960. A revision of the Lake Victoria Haplochromis species (Pisces, Cichlidae) Part IV. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 6:227–281.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1962. A revision of the Lake Victoria Haplochromis species (Pisces, Cichlidae) Part V. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 9:139–214.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1967. A revision of the Lake Victoria Haplochromis species (Pisces, Cichlidae) Part VI. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 15:29–119.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1973. A revision of the Haplochromis and related species (Pisces: Cichlidae) from Lake George, Uganda. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 25:139–242.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1978. A review of the pharyngeal apophysis and its significance in the classification of Asian cichlid fishes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 33:297–323.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1979. Towards a phyletic classification of the ‘genus’ Haplochromis (Pisces, Cichlidae) and related taxa. Part I. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 35:265–322.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1980. Towards a phyletic classification of the `genus' Haplochromis (Pisces, Cichlidae) and related taxa. Part II; the species from lakes Victoria, Nabugabo, Edward, George and Kivu. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 39:1–101.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1989. The taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships of Pseudocrenilabrus Fowler (Teleostei, Cichlidae). Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology 54:1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. 1993. A review of the serranochromine cichlid fish genera Pharyngoc hromis, Sargochromis, Serranochromis and Chetia (Teleostei: Labroidei). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Zoology Series 59:33–44.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. , and C. D. N. Barel . 1978. A revision of the Lake Victoria Haplochromis species (Pisces, Cichlidae), Part VIII. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 33:141–192.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H. , and J. M. Gee . 1969. A revision of the Lake Victoria Haplochromis species (Pisces, cichlidae) Part VII. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 18:1–65.
   Google Scholar
• Hammer, Ø. , and D. A. T. Harper . 2006. Palaeontological Data Analysis. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, U.K. , 351 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hammer, Ø. , D. A. T. Harper , and P. D. Ryan . 2001. PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4:1–9. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Hoogerhoud, R. J. C. , and F. Witte . 1981. Revision of species from the ‘Haplochrom is’ empodisma group—revision of the haplochromine species (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from Lake Victoria. Part II. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 31:232–274.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, B. F. 2002. Estimation of low-latitude paleoclimates using fossil angiosperm leaves: examples from the Miocene Tugen Hills, Kenya. Paleobiology 28:399–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. S. 1975. More new Malawi cichlids. Today's Aquarist, Norwalk CT 2:15–26.
   Google Scholar
• Kingston, J. D. , B. F. Jacobs , A. Hill , and A. Deino . 2002. Stratigraphy, age and environments of the late Miocene Mpesida Beds, Tugen Hills, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 42:95–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koblmüller, S. , K. M. Sefc , and C. Sturmbauer . 2008. The Lake Tanganyika cichlid species assemblage: recent advances in molecular phylogenetics. Hydrobiologia 615:5–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koblmüller, S. , W. Salzburger , and C. Sturmbauer . 2004. Evolutionary relationships in the sand-dwelling cichlid lineage of lake tanganyika suggest multiple colonization of rocky habitats and convergent origin of biparental mouthbrooding. Journal of Molecular Evolution 58:79–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocher, T. D. 2004. Adaptive evolution and explosive speciation: the cichlid fish model. Nature reviews. Genetics 5:288–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolm, N. , N. B. Goodwin , S. Balshine , and J. D. Reynolds . 2006. Life history evolution in cichlids 2: directional evolution of the trade-off between egg number and egg size. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19:76–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konings, A. F. , and J. R. J. Stauffer . 2012. Review of the Lake Malaŵi genus Melanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with a description of a new species. Zootaxa 3258:1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Kullander, S. O. 1998. A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes); pp. 461–498 in L. R. Malabarba , R. E. Reis , R. P. Vari , Z. M. Lucena , and C. A. S. Lucena (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Part 5—Perciformes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil .
   Google Scholar
• Kullander, S. O. 2003. Family Cichlidae (Cichlids); pp. 605–654 in R.E. Reis, S. O. Kullander, and C. J. Ferraris, Jr., (eds.), Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil .
   Google Scholar
• Leyer, I. , and K. Wesche . 2007. Multivariate Statistik in der Ökologie. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany , 221 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Lezzar, K.-E. , J.-J. Tiercelin , M. De Batist , A. S. Cohen , T. Bandora , P. Van Rensbergen , C. Le Turdu , W. Mifundu , and J. Klerkx . 1996. New seismic stratigraphy and Late Tertiary history of the North Tanganyika basin, East African Rift system, deduced from multichannel and high-resolution reflection seismic data and piston core evidence. Basin Research 8:1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liem, K. F. 1978. Modulatory multiplicity in the functional repertoire of the feeding mechanism in cichlid fishes. Journal of Morphology 158:323–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippitsch, E. 1990. Scale morphology and squamation patterns in cichlids (Teleostei, Perciformes): a comparative study. Journal of Fish Biology 37:265–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippitsch, E. 1995. Scale and squamation character polarity and phyletic assessment in the family Cichlidae. Journal of Fish Biology 47:91–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippitsch, E. 1998. Phylogenetic study of cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika: a lepidological approach. Journal of Fish Biology 53:752–766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippitsch, E. , and N. Micklich . 1998. Cichlid fish biodiversity in an Oligocene lake. Italian Journal of Zoology 65:185–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loh, Y. H. , E. Bezault , F. M. Muenzel , R. B. Roberts , R. Swofford , M. Barluenga , C. E. Kidd , A. E. Howe , F. Di Palma , K. Lindblad-Toh , J. Hey , O. Seehausen , W. Salzburger , T. D. Kocher , and J. T. Streelman . 2013. Origins of shared genetic variation in African cichlids. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30:906–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddison, W. P. , and D. R. Maddison . 2016. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.11. Available at http://mesquiteproject.org. Accessed March 3, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, A. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary processes in East African cichlids. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8:279–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, A. , T. D. Kocher , P. Basasibwaki , and A. C. Wilson . 1990. Monophyletic origin of Lake Victoria cichlid fishes suggested by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Nature 347:550–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, B. S. , M. Matschiner , and W. Salzburger . 2015. A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83:56–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, P. , I. Kornfield , and P. N. Reinthal . 1994. Molecular systematics and radiation of the haplochromine Cichlids (Teleostei: Perciformes) of Lake Malawi. Copeia 1994:274–288.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, A. M. 2000. Eocene cichlid fishes from Tanzania, East Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20:651–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, A. M. 2001. The fossil record and biogeography of the Cichlidae (Actinopterygii: Labroidei). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 74:517–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, A. M. 2002. Lower pharyngeal jaw of a cichlid fish (Actinopterygii; Labroidei) from an early Oligocene site in the Fayum, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22:453–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, A. M. 2004. Late Eocene and early Oligocene teleost and associated ichthyofauna of the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum, Egypt. Palaeontology 47:711–724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, A. M. , and K. M. Stewart . 1999. A new species of tilapiine cichlid from the Pliocene, Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19:293–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelissen, M. H. J. 1977. Pseudosimochromis, a new genus of the family Cichlidae (Pisces) from Lake Tanganyika. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 91:730–731.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, J. S. 2006. Fishes of the World, fourth edition. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey , 624 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Nishida, M. 1991. Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old fineages of East African cichfid fishes: inferences from allozyme data. Experientia (Basel) 47:974–979.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, M. K. 1984. Systematics of African cichlid fishes: determination of the most primitive taxon, and studies on the haplochromines of Lake Malawi (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, Connecticut, New Haven , 343 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, M. K. , and E. Arnegard . 2010. A new genus for Melanochromis labrosus, a problematic Lake Malawi cichlid with hypertrophied lips (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 21:209–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, M. K. , and P. V. Loiselle . 1972. A new genus and species of cichlid of the mbuna group (Pisces: Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 85:309–320.
   Google Scholar
• Otero, O. 2010. What controls the freshwater fish fossil record? A focus on the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary of Afro-Arabia. Cybium 34:93–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, O. , A. Pinton , H. T. Mackaye , A. Likius , P. Vignaud , and M. Brunet . 2009. Fishes and palaeogeography of the African drainage basins: relationships between Chad and neighbouring basins throughout the Mio-Pliocene. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 274:134–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, O. , A. Pinton , H. Cappetta , S. Adnet , X. Valentin , M. Salem , and J. J. Jaeger . 2015. A fish assemblage from the Middle Eocene from Libya (Dur At-Talah) and the earliest record of modern African fish genera. PLoS ONE 10:e0144358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrin, J. 1904. Contribution a l’étude anatomique, biologique et taxonomique des poissons de la famille des cichlidés. Mémoires de la Scociété Zoologique de France 16:41–400.
   Google Scholar
• Pickford, M. H. L. 1978. Geology, palaeoenvironments and vertebrate faunas of the mid-Miocene Ngorora Formation, Kenya. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 6:237–262.
   Google Scholar
• Pinton, A. , J. F. Agnese , D. Paugy , and O. Otero . 2013. A large-scale phylogeny of Synodontis (Mochokidae, Siluriformes) reveals the influence of geological events on continental diversity during the Cenozoic. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66:1027–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poll, M. 1948a. Descriptions de Cichlidae nouveaux recueillis par la mission hydrobiologique belge au Lac Tanganika. Bulletin du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 24:1–31.
   Google Scholar
• Poll, M. 1948b. Descriptions de Cichlidae nouveaux recueillis par le Dr. J. Schwetz dans la rivière Fwa (Congo belge). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 41:91–104.
   Google Scholar
• Poll, M. 1956. Poissons Cichlidae. Exploration Hydrobiologique du Lac Tanganika (1946–1947). Résultats scientifiques 3:1–619.
   Google Scholar
• Poll, M. 1967. Contribution à la faune ichthyologique de l'Angola. Publicações Culturais, Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (DIAMANG), Lisboa 75:1–381.
   Google Scholar
• Poll, M. 1986. Classification des Cichlidae du lac Tanganika. Tribus, genres et espèces. Académie Royale de Belgique Mémoires de la Classe des Sciences 45:1–163.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, C. , B. Reichenbacher , O. Lenz , M. Altner , S. B. R. Penk , J. Prieto , and D. Brüsch . 2017. Middle–late Miocene palaeoenvironments, palynological data and a fossil fish Lagerstätte from the Central Kenya Rift (East Africa). Geological Magazine 154:24–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan, C. T. 1920a. III.—The classification of the fishes of the family Cichlidae.—I. The Tanganyika genera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ninth Series) 5:33–53.
   Google Scholar
• Regan, C. T. 1920b. XXII.—A revision of the African cichlid fishes of the genus Tylochromis . Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ninth Series) 5:163–169.
   Google Scholar
• Regan, C. T. 1922. XXXII.—The classification of the fishes of the family Cichlidae.—II. On African and Syrian genera not restricted to the great lakes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ninth Series) 10:249–264.
   Google Scholar
• Roller, S. , J. Hornung , M. Hinderer , and I. Ssemmanda . 2010. Middle Miocene to Pleistocene sedimentary record of rift evolution in the southern Albert Rift (Uganda). International Journal of Earth Sciences 99:1643–1661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosendahl, B. R. 1988. Seismic Atlas of Lake Tanganyika. East Africa. Project PROBE Geophysical Atlas Series, Volume 1, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina , 82 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Salzburger, W. , T. Mack , E. Verheyen , and A. Meyer . 2005. Out of Tanganyika: genesis, explosive speciation, key-innovations and phylogeography of the haplochromine cichlid fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5:17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauvage, H. E. 1907. Sur des Poissons de la famille des Cichlidés trouvés dans le terrain tertiaire de Guelma. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences 165:360–361.
   Google Scholar
• Sauvage, H. E. 1910. Les poissons des marnes sulfo-gypseuses de la vallée de la Seybouse. Materiaux pour la Carte géologique de l'Algérie—Paléontologie 4:50–54.
   Google Scholar
• Schedel, F. D. B. , J. P. Friel , and U. K. Schliewen . 2014. Haplochromis vanheusdeni a new haplochromine cichlid species from the Great Ruaha River drainage, Rufiji basin, Tanzania. Spixiana 37:135–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelly, R. C. , and M. L. J. Stiassny . 2004. Revision of the Congo River Lamprologus Schilthuis, 1891 (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with descriptions of two new species. American Museum Novitates 2004:1–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schliewen, U. K. , and M. L. Stiassny . 2003. Etia nguti, a new genus and species of cichlid fish from the River Mamfue, Upper Cross River basin in Cameroon, West-Central Africa. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 14:61–71.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarzer, J. 2011. Cichlids of the lower Congo River—a new model system in speciation research? Ph.D. dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany , 188 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarzer, J. , B. Misof , D. Tautz , and U. K. Schliewen . 2009. The root of the East African cichlid radiations. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9:186. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebilia, A. S. C. , and J. V. Andreata . 1991. Osteology of the caudal fin of some species of Cichlidae (Pisces, Perciformes, Labroidei). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 7:307–318.
   Google Scholar
• Seehausen, O. 2006. African cichlid fish: a model system in adaptive radiation research. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273:1987–1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W. L. , P. Chakrabarty , and J. S. Sparks . 2008. Phylogeny, taxonomy and evolution of Neotropical cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae: Cichlinae). Cladistics 24:625–641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks, J. S. 2008. Phylogeny of the cichlid subfamily Etroplinae and taxonomic revision of the Malagasy cichlid genus Paretroplus (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 314:1–151.
   Google Scholar
• Sparks, J. S. , and W. L. Smith . 2004. Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae). Cladistics 20:501–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel, C. , B. P. Kohn , D. X. Belton , and A. J. W. Gleadow . 2007. Morphotectonic evolution of the central Kenya rift flanks: implications for late Cenozoic environmental change in East Africa. Geology 35:427–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stauffer, J. , J. R., and E. S. Van Snik . 1996. New species of Petrotilapia (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malaŵi, Africa. Copeia 1996:695–702.
   Google Scholar
• Stauffer, J. R. J. , N. J. Bowers , K. A. Kellogg , and K. R. McKaye . 1997. A revision of the blue-black Pseudotropheus zebra (Teleostei: Cichlidae) complex from Lake Malawi, Africa, with a description of a new genus and ten new species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 148:189–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, K. M. 2001. The freshwater fish of Neogene Africa (Miocene–Pleistocene): systematics and biogeography. Fish and Fisheries 2:177–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiassny, M. L. J. 1991. Phylogenetic intrarelationships of the family Cichlidae: an overview; pp. 1–35 in M. H. A. Keenleyside (ed.), Cichlid Fishes: Behaviour, Ecology, and Evolution. Chapman and Hall, London, U.K.
   Google Scholar
• Stiassny, M. L. J. , A. Lamboj , D. De Weirdt , and G. G. Teugels . 2007. 31. Cichlidae; pp. 269–403 in M. L. J. Stiassny , G. G. Teugels , and C. D. Hopkins (eds.), The Fresh and Brackish Water Fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa, Volume 2. IRD Editions, Paris, France .
   Google Scholar
• Sturmbauer, C. , and A. Meyer . 1993. Mitochondrial phylogeny of the endemic mouthbrooding lineages of cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika in Eastern Africa. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10:751–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturmbauer, C. , E. Verheyen , and A. Meyer . 1994. Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Lamprologini, the major substrate spawning lineage of cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika in Eastern Africa. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11:691–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturmbauer, C. , W. Salzburger , N. Duftner , R. Schelly , and S. Koblmüller . 2010. Evolutionary history of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini (Teleostei: Perciformes) derived from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57:266–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, T. 2003a. Comparative osteology of the infraorbitals in cichlid fishes (Osteichthyes: Teleostei: Perciformes) from Lake Tanganyika. Species Diversity 8:1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi, T. 2003b. Systematics of Tanganyikan cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes). Ichthyological Research 50:367–382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, T. , and K. Nakaya . 2002. Description and familial allocation of the African fluvial genus Teleogramma to the Cichlidae. Ichthyological Research 49:171–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thys van den Audenaerde, D. F. E. 1963. Mutanda ichthyologica: Haplochromis torrenticola nom. nov. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 68:358.
   Google Scholar
• Tiercelin, J.-J. , and K.-E. Lezzar . 2002. A 300 million years history of rift lakes in Central and East Africa: an updated broad review; pp. 3–60 in E. O. Odada and D. O. Olago (eds.), The East African Great Lakes: Limnology, Paleolimnology and Biodiversity. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands .
   Google Scholar
• Trewavas, E. 1933. Scientific results of the Cambridge Expedition to the East African Lakes, 1930–1.—11. The cichlid fishes. Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 38:309–341.
   Google Scholar
• Trewavas, E. 1935. A synopsis of the cichlid fishes of Lake Nyasa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Tenth Series) 16:65–118.
   Google Scholar
• Trewavas, E. 1937. Fossil cichlid fishes of Dr. L. S. B. Leakey's expedition to Kenya in 1934–5. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Zoology, Botany and Geology 19:381–386.
   Google Scholar
• Trewavas, E. 1953. A new species of the cichlid genus Limnochromis of Lake Tanganyika. Bulletin du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 29:1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Trewavas, E. 1964. A revision of the genus Serranochromis Regan (Pisces, Cichlidae). Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale Sciences Zoologiques 125:1–58.
   Google Scholar
• Trewavas, E. 1983a. Tilapiine Fishes of the Genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia . British Museum (Natural History), London, U.K. , 583 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Trewavas, E. 1983b. Nouvel examen des genres et sous-genres du complexe Pseudotropheus-Melanochromis du lac Malawi (Pisces, Perciformes, Cichlidae). Revue francaise d'Aquariologie/Herpetologie 10:97–106.
   Google Scholar
• Van Couvering, J. A. H. 1982. Fossil cichlid fish of Africa. Special Papers in Paleontology 29:1–103.
   Google Scholar
• Van Oijen, M. J. P. 1996. The generic classification of the haplochromine cichlids of Lake Victoria, East Africa. Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) 302:57–110.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, J. F. 1990. Ontogeny and phylogeny of the trunk lateral line system in cichlid fishes. Journal of Zoology 221:405–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, M. 1897. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fauna von Süd-Afrika. I. Zur Kenntniss der Süsswasser-Fauna von Süd-Afrika. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere (Jena) 10:135–155.
   Google Scholar
• Weiler, W. 1970. Fischfunde aus dem Tertiär des Wadi Araba-Grabens in Jordanien. Geologisches Jahrbuch 89:193–208.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, J. D. , F. P. D. Cotterill , and U. K. Schliewen . 2015. Lake Tanganyika—a ‘melting pot’ of ancient and young cichlid lineages (Teleostei: Cichlidae)? PLoS ONE 10:e0125043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, E. I. 1937. The fossil fishes of the terraces of Lake Bosumtwi, Ashanti. Bulletin of the Gold Coast Geological Survey 8:47–58.
   Google Scholar
• Winemiller, K. O. , and L. C. Kelso-Winemiller . 1991. Serranochromis altus, a new species of piscivorous cichlid (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Upper Zambezi River. Copeia 1991:675–686.
   Google Scholar
• Witte, F. , and E. L. M. Witte-Maas . 1981. Haplochromine cleaner fishes: a taxonomic and eco-morphological description of two new species—revision of the haplochromine species (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from Lake Victoria. Part I. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 31:203–231.
   Google Scholar
• Yamaoka, K. , M. Hori and T. Kuwamura . 1988. Interochromis, a new genus of the Tanganyikan cichlid fish. South African Journal of Science 94:381–386.
   Google Scholar