New cranial material of Notharctus (Mammalia, Primates, Notharctidae) from the Sheep Pass Formation, Elderberry Canyon, Nevada, with implications for incisor morphology and paleogeography of notharctine primates

LITERATURE CITED

• Alexander, J. P. 1994. Sexual dimorphism in notharctid primates. Folia Primatologica 63:59–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bown, T. M. 1982. Geology, paleontology, and correlation of Eocene volcaniclastic rocks, southeast Absaroka Range, Hot Springs County, Wyoming . Geological Survey Professional Papers 1201-A:1–75 + 7 plates.
   Google Scholar
• Cope, E. D. 1872. Third account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene of Wyoming Valley. Palaeontological Bulletins 3:1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Cope, E. D. 1873. On the extinct Vertebrata of the Eocene of Wyoming, observed by the expedition of 1872, with notes on the geology; pp. 543–649 in F. V. Hayden (ed.), Sixth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C .
   Google Scholar
• Covert, H. 1985. Adaptations and evolutionary relationships of the Eocene primate family Notharctinae. Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina , 578 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Covert, H. H. 1986. Biology of Early Cenozoic primates; pp. 335–359 in D. R. Swindler and J. Erwin (eds.), Comparative Primate Biology, Volume 1: Systematics, Evolution, and Anatomy. Alan R. Liss, New York .
   Google Scholar
• Emry, R. J. 1989. A tiny new Eocene ceratomorph and comments on “tapiroid” systematics. Journal of Mammalogy 70:794–804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emry, R. J. 1990. Mammals of the Bridgerian (Middle Eocene) Elderberry Canyon Local Fauna of eastern Nevada. Geological Society of America Special Papers 243:187–210.
   Google Scholar
• Emry, R. J. , and W. W. Korth . 1989. Rodents of the Bridgerian (Middle Eocene) Elderberry Canyon Local Fauna of eastern Nevada. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 67:1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Fouch, T. D. 1979. Character and paleogeographic distribution of Upper Cretaceous (?) and Paleogene nonmarine sedimentary rocks in east-central Nevada; pp. 97–111 in J. M. Armentrout , M. R. Cole , and H. TerBest (eds.), Cenozoic Paleogeography of the Western United States. Pacific Coast Paleogeography Symposium 3: Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists.
   Google Scholar
• Gingerich, P. D. 1979. Phylogeny of Middle Eocene Adapidae (Mammalia, Primates) in North America: Smilodectes and Notharctus . Journal of Paleontology 53:153–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingerich, P. D. , and E. L. Simons . 1977. Systematics, phylogeny, and evolution of Early Eocene Adapidae (Mammalia, Primates) in North America. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 24:245–279.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, W. K. 1920. On the structure and relations of Notharctus an American Eocene primate. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, New Series 3:45–243, pls. 23–59.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnell, G. F. 1995. New notharctine (Primates, Adapiformes) skull from the Uintan (Middle Eocene) of San Diego County, California. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 98:447–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnell, G. F. 2002. Notharctine primates (Adapiformes) from the early to middle Eocene (Wasatchian-Bridgerian) of Wyoming: transitional species and the origins of Notharctus and Smilodectes . Journal of Human Evolution 43:353–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnell, G. F. , P. C. Murphey , R. K. Stucky , K. B. Townsend , P. Robinson , J.-P. Zonneveld , and W. S. Bartels . 2009. Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the latest Wasatchian, Bridgerian, and Uintan North American Land Mammal “Ages.” Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 65:279–330.
   Google Scholar
• Hiiemae, K. M. , and R. F. Kay . 1973. Evolutionary trends in the dynamics of primate mastication. Symp. IVth Int. Congress Primatol., Craniofacial Biology of Primates. S. Karger, Basel. 3:28–64.
   Google Scholar
• Kay, R. F. 1977. The evolution of molar occlusion in the Cercopithecidae and early catarrhines. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 46:327–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishtalka, L. , R. K. Stucky , and K. C. Beard . 1990. The earliest fossil evidence for sexual dimorphism in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87:5223–5226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leidy, J. 1870. Descriptions of Palaeosyops paludosus, Microsus cuspidatus and Notharctus tenebrosus . Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 22:113–114.
   Google Scholar
• Leidy, J. 1873. Contributions to the Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. , 358 pp. + 37 pls.
   Google Scholar
• Lillegraven, J. A. 1979. A biogeographical problem involving comparisons of later Eocene terrestrial vertebrate faunas of western North America; pp. 333–347 in J. Gray and A. J. Boucot (eds.), Historical Biogeography, Plate Tectonics, and the Changing Environment. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, P. W. , and D. A. Luke . 1984. Chewing it over: basic principles of food breakdown; pp. 283–301 in D. J. Chivers , B. A. Wood , and A. Bilsborough (eds.), Food Acquisition and Processing in Primates. Plenum Press, New York .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, S. G. , and T. E. Williamson . 1993. Eocene vertebrates and late Laramide stratigraphy of New Mexico; pp. 145–158 in S. G. Lucas and J. Zidek (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, New Mexico .
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, O. C. 1871. Notice of some new fossil mammals from the Tertiary Formation. American Journal of Science 2:35–44.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, O. C. 1872a. Preliminary description of new Tertiary mammals, Parts II, III, and IV. American Journal of Science 4:202–224.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, O. C. 1872b. Discovery of fossil Quadrumana in the Eocene of Wyoming. American Journal of Science 4:405–406.
   Google Scholar
• Mittermeier, R. A. , E. E. Louis , M. Richardson , C. Schwitzer , O. Langrand , A. B. Rylands , F. Hawkins , S. Rajaobelina , J. Ratsimbazafy , R. Rasoloarison , C. Roos , P. M. Kappeler , and J. Mackinnon . 2010. Lemurs of Madagascar, third edition. Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia , 767 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Miyata, K. , and T. A. Deméré . 2016. New material of a ‘short-faced’ Trogosus (Mammalia, Tillodontia) from the Delmar Formation (Bridgerian), San Diego County, California, U.S.A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1089878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphey, P. C. , and E. Evanoff . 2011. Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Middle Eocene Bridger Formation, southern Green River Basin, Wyoming; pp. 89–109 in Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Fossil Resources, Kemmerer, Wyoming, April 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Perchalski, B. , G. F. Gunnell , and D. M. Boyer . 2016. Reassessing sexual dimorphism in Early and Middle Eocene notharctine adapiforms. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 62S:250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plavcan, J. M. 2001. Sexual dimorphism in primate evolution. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 44:25–53.
   Google Scholar
• Prothero, D. R. 1995. Geochronology and magnetostratigraphy of Paleogene North American Land Mammal “Ages”: an update. SEPM Special Publications 54:305–315.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, P. 1957. The species of Notharctus from the Middle Eocene. Postilla 28:1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberger, A. L. , E. Strasser , and E. Delson . 1985. Anterior dentition of Notharctus and the adapid-anthropoid hypothesis. Folia Primatologica 44:15–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seiffert, E. R. , J. G. M. Perry , E. L. Simons , and D. M. Boyer . 2009. Convergent evolution of anthropoid-like adaptations in Eocene adapiform primates. Nature 461:1118–1121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sussman, R. W. 1999. Primate Ecology and Social Structure: Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers. Pearson Custom Publishing, Needham Heights, Massachusetts , 284 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, S. L. 1996. Middle Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County, California; pp. 75–119 in D. R. Prothero and R. J. Emry (eds.), The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene Transition in North America. Cambridge University Press, New York .
   Google Scholar
• West, R. M. 1982. Fossil mammals from the Lower Buck Hill Group, Eocene of Trans-Pecos Texas: Marsupicarnivora, Primates, Taeniodonta, Condylarthra, Bunodont Artiodactyla, and Dinocerata. The Pearce-Sellards Series 35:1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, B. A. , R. F. Kay , E. C. Kirk , and C. Ross . 2010. Darwinius masillae is a European middle Eocene stem strepsirrhine—a reply to Franzen et al. Journal of Human Evolution 59:567–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wortman, J. L. 1903. Classification of the primates. American Journal of Science 15:161–176.
   Google Scholar