337
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Memoir Articles

Cricodon metabolus (Cynodontia: Gomphodontia) from the Triassic Ntawere Formation of northeastern Zambia: patterns of tooth replacement and a systematic review of the Trirachodontidae

&
Pages 39-64 | Received 01 Sep 2016, Accepted 30 Sep 2017, Published online: 27 Mar 2018

LITERATURE CITED

  • Abdala, F., and A. M. Ribeiro. 2010. Distribution and diversity patterns of Triassic cynodonts (Therapsida, Cynodontia) in Gondwana. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 286:202–217.
  • Abdala, F., and R. M. H. Smith. 2009. A Middle Triassic cynodont fauna from Namibia and its implications for the biogeography of Gondwana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29:837–851.
  • Abdala, F., and A. M. S. Teixeira. 2004. A traversodontid cynodont of African affinity in the South American Triassic. Palaeontologia africana 40:11–22.
  • Abdala, F., P. J. Hancox, and J. Neveling. 2005. Cynodonts from the uppermost Burgersdorp Formation, South Africa, and their bearing on the biostratigraphy and correlation of the Triassic Cynognathus Assemblage Zone. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25:192–199.
  • Abdala, F., S. C. Jasinoski, and V. Fernandez. 2013. Ontogeny of the Early Triassic cynodont Thrinaxodon liorhinus (Therapsida): dental morphology and replacement. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33:1408–1431.
  • Abdala, F., J. Neveling, and J. Welman. 2006. A new trirachodontid cynodont from the lower levels of the Burgersdorp Formation (Lower Triassic) of the Beaufort Group, South Africa and the cladistic relationships of Gondwanan gomphodonts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147:383–413.
  • Allin, E. F., and J. A. Hopson. 1992. Evolution of the auditory system in Synapsida (“mammal-like reptiles” and primitive mammals) as seen in the fossil record; pp. 587–614 in D. B. Webster, R. R. Fay, and A. N. Popper (eds.), The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing. Springer, New York.
  • Bandyopadhyay, S., and D. P. Sengupta. 1999. Middle Triassic vertebrates of India. Journal of African Earth Sciences 29:233–241.
  • Bandyopadhyay, S., and D. P. Sengupta. 2006. Vertebrate faunal turnover during the Triassic-Jurassic transition: an Indian scenario; pp. 77–85 in J. D. Harris, S. G. Lucas, J. A. Spielman, M. G. Lockley, A. R. C. Milner, and J. I. Kirkland (eds.), The Triassic-Jurassic Terrestrial Transition. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History 37.
  • Battail, B. 1982. Essai de phylogénie des Cynodontes (Reptilia, Therapsida). Geobios, mémoire spécial 6:157–167.
  • Battail, B. 1983. La phylogénie des cynodontes gomphodontes. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 28:19–30.
  • Botha, J., and A. Chinsamy. 2004. Growth and life habits of the Triassic cynodont Trirachodon, inferred from bone histology. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49:619–627.
  • Broili, F., and J. Schröder. 1935. Beobachtungen an Wirbeltieren der Karrooformation. X. Über die Bezahnung von Trirachodon Seeley. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche, Abteilung 1935:189–198.
  • Broili, F., and J. Schröder. 1936. Beobachtungen an Wirbeltieren der Karrooformation. XXIV. Über Theriodontier-Reste aus der Karrooformation Ostafrikas. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche, Abteilung 1936:311–355.
  • Broom, R. 1905. On the use of the term Anomodontia. Albany Museum Records 1:266–269.
  • Broom, R. 1915. On some new carnivorous therapsids in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 85:163–173.
  • Broom, R. 1932. The Mammal-like Reptiles of South Africa and the Origin of Mammals. Witherby, London.
  • Brink, A. S. 1963. Two cynodonts from the Ntawere Formation in the Luangwa Valley of Northern Rhodesia. Palaeontologia Africana 8:77–96.
  • Brink, A. S., and J. W. Kitching. 1953. On some new Cynognathus zone specimens. Palaeontologia africana 1:29–48.
  • Chatterjee, S., S. L. Jain, T. S. Kutty, and T. K. Row Chowdhury. 1969. On the discovery of Triassic cynodont reptiles from India. Science and Culture 35:411–413.
  • Crompton, A. W. 1955. On some Triassic cynodonts from Tanganyika. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 125:617–669.
  • Crompton, A. W. 1963. Tooth replacement in the cynodont Thrinaxodon liorhinus Seeley. Annals of the South African Museum 46:479–521.
  • Crompton, A. W. 1972a. Postcanine occlusion in cynodonts and tritylodontids. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 21:30–71.
  • Crompton, A. W. 1972b. The evolution of the jaw articulation of cynodonts; pp. 231–251 in K. A. Joysey and T. S. Kemp (eds.), Studies in Vertebrate Evolution. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, U.K.
  • Crompton, A. W., and F. A. Jenkins Jr. 1968. Molar occlusion in Late Triassic mammals. Biological Reviews 43:427–458.
  • Drysdall, A. R., and J. W. Kitching. 1963. A re-examination of the Karroo succession and fossil localities of part of the Upper Luangwa Valley. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Northern Rhodesia 1:1–62.
  • Edmund, A. G. 1960. Tooth replacement phenomena in the lower vertebrates. Contributions of the Royal Ontario Museum, Life Science Division 52:1–190.
  • Gao, K.-Q., R. C. Fox, C.-F. Zhou, and D.-Q. Li. 2010. A new nonmammalian eucynodont (Synapsida: Therapsida) from the Triassic of northern Gansu Province, China, and its biostratigraphic and biogeographic implications. American Museum Novitates 3685:1–25.
  • Goñi, R., and F. J. Goin. 1988. Morfología dentaria y biomecanica masticatoria de los cinodontes (Reptilia, Therapsida) del Triásico Argentino. I, Andescynodon mendozensis Bonaparte (Traversodontidae). Ameghiniana 25:139–148.
  • Hancox, P. J., M. A. Shishkin, B. S. Rubidge, and J. W. Kitching. 1995. A threefold subdivision of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, southern Africa) and its palaeogeographical implications. South African Journal of Science 91:143–144.
  • Hendrickx, C., F. Abdala, and J. Choiniere. 2016. Postcanine microstructure in Cricodon metabolus, a Middle Triassic gomphodont cynodont from south-eastern Africa. Palaeontology. doi: 10.1111/pala.12263.
  • Hopson, J. A. 1964. Tooth replacement in cynodont, dicynodont and therocephalian reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 142:625–654.
  • Hopson, J. A. 1971. Postcanine replacement in the gomphodont cynodont Diademodon; pp. 1–21 in D. M. Kermack and K. A. Kermack (eds.), Early Mammals. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 50(Supplement 1).
  • Hopson, J. A. 1991. Systematics of the nonmammalian Synapsida and implications for patterns of evolution in synapsids; pp. 635–693 in H.-P. Schultze and L. Trueb (eds.), Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods: Controversy and Consensus. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York.
  • Hopson, J. A. 1994. Synapsid evolution and the radiation of non-eutherian mammals; pp. 190–219 in D. B. Prothero and R. M. Schoch (eds.), Major Features of Vertebrate Evolution. Paleontological Society, Knoxville, Tennessee.
  • Hopson, J. A. 2005. A juvenile gomphodont cynodont specimen from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone of South Africa: implications for the origin of gomphodont postcanine morphology. Palaeontologia africana 41:53–66.
  • Hopson, J. A. 2014. The traversodontid cynodont Mandagomphodon hirschsoni from the Middle Triassic of the Ruhuhu Valley, Tanzania; pp. 233–253 in C. F. Kammerer, K. D. Angielczyk, and J. Fröbisch (eds.), The Early Evolutionary History of Synapsida. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
  • Hopson, J. A., and H. Barghusen. 1986. An analysis of therapsid relationships; pp. 83–106 in N. Hotton, P. D. MacLean, J. J. Roth, and E. C. Roth (eds.), The Ecology and Biology of the Mammal-like Reptiles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Hopson, J. A., and J. W. Kitching. 1972. A revised classification of cynodonts (Reptilia; Therapsida). Palaeontologia africana 14:71–85.
  • Hopson, J. A., and J. W. Kitching. 2001. A probainognathian cynodont from South Africa and the phylogeny of nonmammalian cynodonts. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 156:3–35.
  • Hopson, J. A., and C. A. Sidor. 2015. A juvenile specimen of the trirachodontid cynodont Cricodon metabolus from the Luangwa Basin of Zambia: implications for tooth replacement in gomphodont cynodonts and for trirachodontid systematics. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35(Programs and Abstracts):147.
  • Ivakhnenko, M. F. 2011. Permian and Triassic therocephals (Eutherapsida) of eastern Europe. Paleontological Journal 45:981–1144.
  • Jenkins, F. A., Jr. 1970. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna VI. The postcranial skeleton of the traversodontis Massetognathus pascuali (Therapsida, Cynodontia). Breviora 352:1–25.
  • Jenkins, F. A., Jr. 1971. The postcranial skeleton of African cynodonts. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 36:1–216.
  • Kemp, T. S. 1980. Aspects of the structure and functional anatomy of the Middle Triassic cynodont Luangwa. Journal of Zoology 191:193–239.
  • Kemp, T. S. 1982. Mammal-like Reptiles and the Origin of Mammals. Academic Press, New York.
  • Kemp, T. S. 1988. Interrelationships of the Synapsida; pp. 1–22 in M. J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 2: Mammals. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 35B, Oxford, U.K.
  • Keyser, A. W. 1973. A new Triassic vertebrate fauna from South West Africa. Palaeontologia africana 13:1–15.
  • Kitching, J. W. 1977. The distribution of the Karroo vertebrate fauna. Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research Memoir 1:1–131.
  • LeBlanc, A. R. H., R. R. Reisz, K. S. Brink, and F. Abdala. 2016. Mineralized periodontia in extinct relatives of mammals shed light on the evolutionary history of mineral homeostasis in periodontal tissue maintenance. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 43:323–332.
  • Liu, J., and F. Abdala. 2014. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Traversodontidae; pp. 255–279 in C. F. Kammerer, K. D. Angielczyk, and J. Fröbisch (eds.), Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida. Springer, New York.
  • Liu, J., and P. Olsen. 2010. The phylogenetic relationships of Eucynodontia (Amniota: Synapsida). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 17:151–176.
  • Liu, J., and H.-D. Sues. 2010. Dentition and tooth replacement of Boreogomphodon (Cynodontia: Traversodontidae) from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina, USA. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 48:169–184.
  • Lucas, S. G., J. W. Estep, A. B. Heckert, and A. P. Hunt. 1999. Cynodont teeth from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1999(6):331–344.
  • Nesbitt, S. J., C. A. Sidor, K. D. Angielczyk, R. M. H. Smith, and L. A. Tsuji. 2014. A new archosaur from the Manda Beds (Anisian, Middle Triassic) of southern Tanzania and its implications for character optimizations at Archosauria and Pseudosuchia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34:1357–1382.
  • Neveling, J. 2004. Stratigraphic and sedimentological investigation of the contact between the Lystrosaurus and the Cynognathus Assemblage Zones (Beaufort Group: Karoo Supergroup). Council for Geoscience Bulletin 137:1–165.
  • Owen, R. 1861. Palaeontology, or, a Systematic Summary of Extinct Animals and Their Geologic Relations. Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh, U.K.
  • Peecook, B. R., C. A. Sidor, S. J. Nesbitt, R. M. H. Smith, J. S. Steyer, and K. D. Angielczyk. 2013. A new silesaurid from the upper Ntawere Formation of Zambia (Middle Triassic) demonstrates the rapid diversification of Silesauridae (Avemetarsalia: Dinosauriformes). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33:1127–1137.
  • Romer, A. S. 1967. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna III. Two new gomphodonts, Massetognathus pascuali and M. teruggii. Breviora 264:1–25.
  • Rowe, T. 1993. Phylogenetic systematics and the early history of mammals; pp. 129–145 in F. S. Szalay, M. J. Novacek, and M. C. McKenna (eds.), Mammal Phylogeny: Mesozoic Differentiation, Multituberculates, Monotremes, Early Therians, and Marsupials. Springer, New York.
  • Sander, P. M. 1997. Non-mammalian synapsid enamel and the origin of mammalian enamel prisms: the bottom-up perspective; pp. 41–62 in W. v. Koenigswald and P. M. Sander (eds.), Tooth Enamel Microstructure. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
  • Seeley, H. G. 1894. Researches on the structure, organisation, and classification of the fossil Reptilia.—Part IX., Section 3. On Diademodon. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 185:1029–1041.
  • Seeley, H. G. 1895. Researches on the structure, organisation, and classification of the fossil Reptilia.—Part IX., Section 4. On the Gomphodontia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 186:1–57.
  • Sidor, C. A., and J. A. Hopson. 1998. Ghost lineages and “mammalness”: assessing the temporal pattern of character acquisition in the Synapsida. Paleobiology 24:254–273.
  • Smith, R. M. H., and R. Swart. 2002. Changing fluvial environments and vertebrate taphonomy in response to climatic drying in a mid-Triassic rift valley fill: the Omingonde Formation (Karoo Supergroup) of central Namibia. Palaios 17:249–267.
  • Smith, R. M. H., C. A. Sidor, K. D. Angielczyk, S. J. Nesbitt, and N. J. Tabor. 2018. Taphonomy and paleoenvironments of Middle Triassic bone accumulations in the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds, Songea Group (Ruhuhu Basin), Tanzania; pp. 65–79 in C. A. Sidor and S. J. Nesbitt (eds.), Vertebrate and Climatic Evolution in the Triassic Rift Basins of Tanzania and Zambia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 17. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37(6, Supplement).
  • Spielmann, J. A., and S. G. Lucas. 2012. Tetrapod fauna of the Upper Triassic Redonda Formation, east-central New Mexico: the characteristic assemblage of the Apachean land-vertebrate faunachron; pp. 1–119 in J. A. Spielmann and S. G. Lucas (eds.), Tetrapod fauna of the Redonda Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 55.
  • Sues, H.-D., and J. A. Hopson. 2010. Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Boreogomphodon jeffersoni (Cynodontia: Gomphodontia) from the Upper Triassic of Virginia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:1202–1220.
  • Sues, H.-D., and P. E. Olsen. 1990. Triassic vertebrates of Gondwanan aspect from the Richmond Basin of Virginia. Science 249:1020–1023.
  • Sun, A. 1988. Additional study on Sinognathus gracilis (Cynodontia; Reptilia). Vertebrata PalAsiatica 26:173–180. [ Chinese with English summary]
  • Swofford, D. L. 2002. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
  • Tatarinov, L. P. 2002. Gomphodont cynodonts (Reptilia, Theriodontia) from the Middle Triassic of the Orenburg region. Paleontological Journal 36:176–179.
  • Young, C. C. 1959. Note on the first cynodont from the Sinokannemeyeria faunas of Shansi, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 3:124–132.
  • Memoirs editor: Randall Irmis.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.