Tarsal morphology and locomotor adaptation of some late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal early ecological diversity

LITERATURE CITED

• Adnet, S., R. Salas-Gismondi, and P.-O. Antoine. 2014. Comparisons of dental morphology in river stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) with new fossils from the middle Eocene of Peruvian Amazonia rekindle debate on their evolution. Naturwissenschaften 101:33–45.
   Google Scholar
• Antoine, P.-O., R. Salas-Gismondi, F. Pujos, M. Ganerød, and L. Marivaux. 2017. Western Amazonia as a hotspot of mammalian biodiversity throughout the Cenozoic. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24:5–17. doi: 10.1007/s10914-016-9333-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoine, P.-O., L. Marivaux, D. A. Croft, G. Billet, M. Ganerød, C. Jaramillo, T. Martin, M. J. Orliac, J. Tejada-Lara, A. J. Altamirano, F. Duranthon, G. Fanjat, S. Rousse, and R. Salas-Gismondi. 2012. Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279:1319–1326. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoine, P.-O., M. Abello, S. Adnet, A. J. Altamirano Sierra, P. Baby, G. Billet, M. Boivin, Y. Calderón, A. Candela, J. Chabain, F. Corfu, D. A. Croft, M. Ganerød, C. Jaramillo, S. Klaus, L. Marivaux, R. E. Navarrete, M. J. Orliac, F. Parra, M. E. Pérez, F. Pujos, J.-C. Rage, A. Ravel, C. Robinet, M. Roddaz, J. V. Tejada-Lara, J. Vélez-Juarbe, F. P. Wesselingh, and R. Salas-Gismondi. 2016. A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru. Gondwana Research 31:30–59. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2015.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreda, V., and L. Palazzesi. 2010. Vegetation during the Eocene-Miocene interval in central Patagonia: a context of mammal evolution; pp. 371–378 in R. H. Madden, A. A. Carlini, M. G. Vucetich, and R. F. Kay (eds.), The Paleontology of Gran Barranca, Evolution and Environmental Change through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
   Google Scholar
• Biknevicius, A. R. 1993. Biochemical scaling of limb bones and differential limb use in caviomorph rodents. Journal of Mammalogy 74:95–107. doi: 10.2307/1381908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohaty, S. M., and J. C. Zachos. 2003. Significant Southern Ocean warming event in the late middle Eocene. Geology 31:1017–1020. doi: 10.1130/G19800.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohaty, S. M., J. C. Zachos, F. Florindo, and M. L. Delaney. 2009. Coupled greenhouse warming and deep-sea acidification in the middle Eocene. Paleoceanography 24:1–16. doi: 10.1029/2008PA001676
   Google Scholar
• Boivin, M. 2017. Rongeurs paléogènes d’Amazonie péruvienne: anatomie, systématique, phylogénie et paléobiogéographie. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
   Google Scholar
• Boivin, M., L. Marivaux, M. J. Orliac, F. Pujos, R. Salas-Gismondi, J. V. Tejada-Lara, and P.-O. Antoine. 2017. Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia. Palaeontologia Electronica 20.1.19A:1–50. https://doi.org/10.26879/742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bookstein, F. L. 1989. “Size and shape”: a comment on semantics. Systematic Zoology 38:173–180. doi: 10.2307/2992387
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, K. E. (ed.). 2004. The Paleogene Mammalian Fauna of Santa Rosa, Amazonian Peru. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 40. Los Angeles, California, 163 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Candela, A. M., and M. B. Picasso. 2008. Functional anatomy of the limbs of Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha): indicators of locomotor behavior in Miocene porcupines. Journal of Morphology 269:552–593. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candela, A. M., L. L. Rasia, and M. E. Pérez. 2012. Paleobiology of Santacrucian caviomorph rodents: a morphofunctional approach; pp. 287–305 in S. F. Vizcaíno, R. F. Kay, and M. S. Bargo (eds.), Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation. Cambridge University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Carrano, T, 1997, Morphological indicators of foot posture in mammals: a statistical and biomechanical analysis, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 121(1): 77–104.
   Google Scholar
• Chabain, J., P.-O. Antoine, A. J. Altamirano-Sierra, L. Marivaux, F. Pujos, R. Salas-Gismondi, and S. Adnet. 2017. Cenozoic batoids from Contamana (Peruvian Amazonia) with focus on freshwater potamotrygonins and their paleoenvironmental significance. Geobios 50:389–400. doi: 10.1016/j.geobios.2017.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, S. 2015. The evolution of an airframe; pp. 9–19 in S. Chatterjee (ed.), The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution, second edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Claude, J. 2008. Morphometrics with R. Springer Science & Business Media, New York, 317 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Davidovits, P, 2012. Physics in Biology and Medicine. Cambridge: Academic Press, 4–10.
   Google Scholar
• Elissamburu, A., and L. De Santis. 2011. Forelimb proportions and fossorial adaptations in the scratch-digging rodent Ctenomys (Caviomorpha). Journal of Mammalogy 92:683–689. doi: 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-113.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elissamburu, A., and S. F. Vizcaíno. 2004. Limb proportions and adaptations in caviomorph rodents (Rodentia: Caviomorpha). Journal of Zoology 262:145-159. doi: 10.1017/S0952836903004485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fields, R. W. 1957. Hystricomorph rodents from the Late Miocene of Colombia, South America. University of California, Publications in Geological Sciences 32:273–404.
   Google Scholar
• Ginot, S., L. Hautier, L. Marivaux, and M. Vianey-Liaud. 2016. Ecomorphological analysis of the astragalo-calcaneal complex in rodents and inferences of locomotor behaviors in extinct rodent species. PeerJ 4:e2393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horovitz, I., M. Sánchez-Villagra, T. Martin, and O. Aguilera. 2006. The fossil record of Phoberomys pattersoni Mones 1980 (Mammalia, Rodentia) from Urumaco (Late Miocene, Venezuela), with an analysis of its phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4:293–306. doi: 10.1017/S1477201906001908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaillard, E., and P. Soler. 1996. Cretaceous to early Paleogene tectonic evolution of the northern Central Andes (0-18 degrees S) and its relations to geodynamics. Tectonophysics 259:41–53. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(95)00107-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaramillo, C., M. J. Rueda, and G. Mora. 2006. Cenozoic plant diversity in the Neotropics. Science 311:1893–1896. doi: 10.1126/science.1121380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaramillo, C., C. Hoorn, S. A. Silva, F. Leite, F. Herrera, L. Quiroz, R. Dino, and L. Antonioli. 2010. The origin of the modern Amazon rainforest: implications of the palynological and palaeobotanical record; pp. 317–334 in C. Hoorn and F. P. Wesselingh (eds.), Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution: A Look into the Past. Blackwell-Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey.
   Google Scholar
• Lessa, E. P., A. I. Vassallo, D. H. Verzi, and M. S. Mora. 2008. Evolution of morphological adaptations for digging in living and extinct ctenomyid and octodontid rodents. Biological Journal of The Linnean Society 95:267–283. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01057.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lires, A. I., I. M. Soto, and R. O. Gómez. 2016. Walk before you jump: new insights on early frog locomotion from the oldest known salientian. Paleobiology 42:612–623. doi: 10.1017/pab.2016.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacPhee, R. D. E. 1984. Quaternary mammal localities and heptaxodontid rodents of Jamaica. American Museum Novitates 2803:1–34.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, C. C. 2009. Geometric morphometrics of the scapula of South American caviomorph rodents (Rodentia: Hystricognathi): form, function and phylogeny. Mammalian Biology (Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde) 74:497–506. doi: 10.1016/j.mambio.2008.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, C. C., and A. Álvarez. 2013. The humerus of South American caviomorph rodents: shape, function and size in a phylogenetic context. Journal of Zoology 290:107–116. doi: 10.1111/jzo.12017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosimann, J. E., and F. C. James. 1979. New statistical methods for allometry with application to Florida red-winged blackbirds. Evolution 33:444-459. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04697.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivares, A. I., and D. H. Verzi. 2015. Systematics, phylogeny and evolutionary pattern of the hystricognath rodent Eumysops (Echimyidae) from the Plio–Pleistocene of southern South America. Historical Biology 27:1042–1061. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2014.929672
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, J. L., U. F. Pardiñas, and G. d’Elía (eds.). 2015. Mammals of South America. Volume 2: Rodents. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 384 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Quintana, C. A. 1994. Sistemática y anatomía funcional del roedor Ctenomyinae Praectenomys (Caviomorpha: Octodontidae) del Plioceno de Bolivia. Revista Técnica de YPFB 15:175–185.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2017. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/. Accessed July 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Reidenberg, J. S. 2007. Anatomical adaptations of aquatic mammals. The Anatomical Record 290:507–513. doi: 10.1002/ar.20541
   Google Scholar
• Reig, O. A., and C. A. Quintana. 1992. Fossil ctenomyine rodents of the genus Eucelophorus (Caviomorpha: Octodontidae) from the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene of Argentina. Ameghiniana 29:363–380.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, V. L., and J. M. Mercer. 2008. Differing rates of macroevolutionary diversification in arboreal squirrels. Current Science 95:857–861.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels, J. X., J. A. Meachenand, and S. A. Sakai. 2013. Postcranial morphology and the locomotor habits of living and extinct carnivorans. Journal of Morphology 274:121–146. doi: 10.1002/jmor.20077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Villagra, M. R., O. Aguilera, and I. Horovitz. 2003. The anatomy of the world’s largest extinct rodent. Science 301:1708–1710. doi: 10.1126/science.1089332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinmann, G. 1929. Geologie von Peru. Karl Winter, Heidelberg, 448 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Szalay, F. S. 1985. Rodent and lagomorph morphotype adaptations, origins, and relationships: some postcranial attributes analyzed; pp. 83–132 in W. P. Luckett and J.-L. Hartenberger (eds.), Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents, a Multidisciplinary Analysis. Springer, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Tałanda, M. 2017. Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62:9–23. doi: 10.4202/app.00294.2016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venables, W. N., and B. D. Ripley (eds.). 2002. Modern Applied Statistics with S, fourth edition. Springer, New York, 495 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Vianey-Liaud, M., L. Hautier, and L. Marivaux. 2015. Morphological disparity of the postcranial skeleton in rodents and its implications for paleobiological inferences: the case of the extinct Theridomyidae (Rodentia, Mammalia); pp. 538–588 in P. Cox and L. Hautier (eds.), Evolution of the Rodents: Advances in Phylogeny, Functional Morphology and Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
   Google Scholar
• Weisbecker, V., and S. Schmid. 2007. Autopodial skeletal diversity in hystricognath rodents: functional and phylogenetic aspects. Mammalian Biology (Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde) 72:27–44. doi: 10.1016/j.mambio.2006.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, A. E. 1949. A new Oligocene rodent genus from Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 1435:1–54.
   Google Scholar