414
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

A new stem hynobiid salamander (Urodela, Cryptobranchoidea) from the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) of Liaoning Province, China

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: e1588285 | Received 15 Aug 2018, Accepted 11 Feb 2019, Published online: 07 May 2019

LITERATURE CITED

  • AmphibiaTree. 2007. Rhyacotriton variegatus, Southern Torrent Salamander. Available at digimorph.org/specimens/Rhyacotriton_variegatus/whole. Accessed August 1, 2017.
  • AmphibiaTree. 2008. Ambystoma gracile, Northwestern Salamander. Available at digimorph.org/specimens/Ambystoma_gracile/head. Accessed August 10, 2017.
  • AmphibiaWeb. 2018. Information on amphibian biology and conservation. The University of California, Berkeley, California. Available at amphibiaweb.org. Accessed July 15, 2018.
  • Anderson, J. S., R. R. Reisz, D. Scott, N. B. Fröbisch, and S. S. Sumida. 2008. A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders. Nature 453:515–518. doi: 10.1038/nature06865
  • Aoyama, F. 1930. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Kopfskelettes des Cryptobranchus japonicus. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 93:107–181. doi: 10.1007/BF02117847
  • Bi, S., Y. Wang, J. Guan, X. Sheng, and J. Meng. 2014. Three new Jurassic euharamiyidan species reinforce early divergence of mammals. Nature 514:579–584. doi: 10.1038/nature13718
  • Carroll, R. L., and R. Holmes. 1980. The skull and jaw musculature as guides to the ancestry of salamanders. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 68:1–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1980.tb01916.x
  • Chen, J., and K.-Q. Gao. 2009. Early Cretaceous hynobiid Liaoxitriton zhongjiani (Amphibia: Caudata) from Liaoning, China, and the monophyly of the Hynobiidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29(3, Supplement):76A. doi: 10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0492:ANCCRT]2.0.CO;2
  • Chen, M.-Y., R.-L. Mao, D. Liang, M. Kuro-o, X.-M. Zeng, and P. Zhang. 2015. A reinvestigation of phylogeny and divergence times of Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata) based on 29 nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.010
  • Cheng, X., X. Wang, S. Jiang, and A. W. A. Kellner. 2012. A new scaphognathid pterosaur from western Liaoning, China. Historical Biology 24:101–111. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2011.635423
  • Chu, Z., H. He, J. Ramezani, S. A. Bowring, D. Hu, L. Zhang, S. Zheng, X. Wang, Z. Zhou, C. Deng, and J. Guo. 2016. High-precision U-Pb geochronology of the Jurassic Yanliao Biota from Jianchang (western Liaoning Province, China): age constraints on the rise of feathered dinosaurs and eutherian mammals. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 17:1–10. doi: 10.1002/2016GC006529
  • Clemen, G., and H. Greven. 2009. Sex dimorphic dentition and notes on the skull and hyobranchium in the hynobiid salamander Pachyhynobius shangchengensis Fei, Qu & Wu, 1983 (Urodela: Amphibia). Vertebrate Zoology 59:61–69.
  • Clemen, G., D. M. Sever, and H. Greven. 2009. Notes on the cranium of the paedomorphic Eurycea rathbuni (Stejneger, 1896) (Urodela: Plethodontidae) with special regard to the dentition. Vertebrate Zoology 59:157–168.
  • Cloete, S. E. 1961. The cranial morphology of Rhyacotriton olympicus olympicus (Gaige). Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch 36:113–145.
  • Davison, A. 1895. A contribution to the anatomy and phylogeny of Amphiuma means (Gardner). Journal of Morphology 11:375–410. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1050110205
  • Dong, Z., and Y. Wang. 1998. A new urodele (Liaoxitriton zhongjiani gen. et sp. nov.) from the Early Cretaceous of western Liaoning Province, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 36:159–172. [ Chinese 159–166; English 166–172]
  • Duan, Y., S.-l. Zheng, D.-y. Hu, L.-j. Zhang, and W.-l. Wang. 2009. [Preliminary report on Middle Jurassic strata and fossils from Linglongta area of Jianchang, Liaoning]. Global Geology 28:143–147. [ Chinese]
  • Duméril, A. M. C. 1806. Zoologie Analytique, ou Méthode Naturelle de Classification des Animaux, Rendue Plus Facile à L’aide de Tableaux Synoptiques. Allais, Paris, 544 pp.
  • Dunn, E. R. 1922. The sound-transmitting apparatus of salamanders and the phylogeny of the Caudata. American Naturalist 56:418–427. doi: 10.1086/279882
  • Edwards, J. L. 1976. Spinal nerves and their bearing on salamander phylogeny. Journal of Morphology 148:305–328. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1051480304
  • Elwood, J. R. L., and D. Cundall. 1994. Morphology and behavior of the feeding apparatus in Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Amphibia: Caudata). Journal of Morphology 220:47–70. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1052200106
  • Erdman, S., and D. Cundall. 1984. The feeding apparatus of the salamander Amphiuma tridactylum: morphology and behavior. Journal of Morphology 181:175–204. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1051810206
  • Estes, R. 1969. The Batrachosauroididae and Scapherpetontidae, Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic salamanders. Copeia 1969:225–234. doi: 10.2307/1442070
  • Evans, S. E. 2003. Necturus maculosus, Common Mudpuppy. Available at digimorph.org/specimens/Necturus maculosus/head/. Accessed August 1, 2017.
  • Evans, S. E., and A. R. Milner. 1996. A metamorphosed salamander from the Early Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 351:627–646. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1996.0061
  • Evans, S. E., A. R. Milner, and F. Mussett. 1988. The earliest known salamanders (Amphibia, Caudata): a record from the Middle Jurassic of England. Geobios 21:539–552. doi: 10.1016/S0016-6995(88)80069-X
  • Evans, S. E., C. Lally, D. C. Chure, A. Elder, and J. A. Maisano. 2005. A Late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison Formation of North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143:599–616. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00159.x
  • Fei, L., and C.-y. Ye. 2016. Amphibians of China, Volume 1. Science Press, Beijing, China, 749 pp.
  • Fei, L., S. Hu, C. Ye, and Y. Huang. 2006. [Fauna Sinica Amphibia. Volume 1]. Science Press, Beijing, China, 471 pp. [Chinese]
  • Francis, E. T. B. 1934. The Anatomy of the Salamander. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K., 381 pp.
  • Fröbisch, N. B. 2008. Ossification patterns in the tetrapod limb-conservation and divergence from morphogenetic events. Biological Reviews 83:571–600. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00055.x
  • Frost, D. R. 2018. Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Available at research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index. Accessed January 15, 2018.
  • Gao, K.-Q., and N. H. Shubin. 2001. Late Jurassic salamanders from northern China. Nature 410:574–577. doi: 10.1038/35069051
  • Gao, K.-Q., and N. H. Shubin. 2003. Earliest known crown-group salamanders. Nature 422:424–428. doi: 10.1038/nature01491
  • Gao, K.-Q., and N. H. Shubin. 2012. Late Jurassic salamandroid from western Liaoning, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109:5767–5772. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1009828109
  • Gao, K.-Q., J. Chen, and J. Jia. 2013. Taxonomic diversity, stratigraphic range, and exceptional preservation of Juro-Cretaceous salamanders from northern China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50:255–267. doi: 10.1139/e2012-039
  • Gao, K.-Q., Z. W. Cheng, and X. Xu. 1998. [First report of Mesozoic urodeles from China]. Chinese Geology 248:40–41. [ Chinese]
  • Gao, F.-l., M.-c. Wang, G.-r. Zhang, and Y.-q. Pan. 2015. New discovery of the Middle Jurassic Yanliao Biota in Daxishan area of Linglongta, Liaoning Province. Geology and Resources 24:7–11. [ Chinese]
  • Gardner, J. D. 2003a. Revision of Habrosaurus Gilmore (Caudata; Sirenidae) and relationships among sirenid salamanders. Palaeontology 46:1089–1122. doi: 10.1046/j.0031-0239.2003.00335.x
  • Gardner, J. D. 2003b. The fossil salamander Proamphiuma cretacea Estes (Caudata: Amphiumidae) and relationships within the Amphiumidae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23:769–782. doi: 10.1671/1828-4
  • Gaupp, E. 1911. Über den N. trochlearis der Urodelen und über die Austrittsstellen der Gehirnnerven aus dem Schädelraum im allgemeinen. Anatomischer Anzeiger 38:401–444.
  • Gilbert, S. G. 1973. Pictorial Anatomy of the Necturus. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, 47 pp.
  • Goloboff, P. A., and S. A. Catalano. 2016. TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics 32:221–238. doi: 10.1111/cla.12160
  • Guo, X.-q., J.-g. Han, and S.-a. Ji. 2012. [Advances in the study of vertebrate fossil of the Middle Jurassic Yanliao Biota in western Liaoning Province and adjacent areas]. Geological Bulletin of China 31:928–935. [ Chinese]
  • Haeckel, E. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin, 574 pp.
  • Hu, D., L. Hou, L. Zhang, and X. Xu. 2009. A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus. Nature 461:640–643. doi: 10.1038/nature08322
  • Huang, D. Y. 2015. [Yanliao Biota and Yanshan Movement]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 54:501–546. [ Chinese]
  • Ivachnenko, M. 1978. Urodeles from the Triassic and Jurassic of Soviet Central Asia. Paleontological Journal 1978 :362–368.
  • Jia, J., and K.-Q. Gao. 2016a. A new hynobiid-like salamander (Amphibia, Urodela) from Inner Mongolia, China, provides a rare case study of developmental features in an Early Cretaceous fossil urodele. PeerJ 4:e2499.
  • Jia, J., and K.-Q. Gao. 2016b. A new basal salamandroid (Amphibia, Urodela) from the Late Jurassic of Qinglong, Hebei Province, China. PLoS ONE 11:e0153834.
  • Jia, J., J.-p. Jiang, M.-h. Zhang, and K.-Q. Gao. 2019. Osteology of Batrachuperus yenyuanensis (Urodela, Hynobiidae), a high-altitude mountain stream salamander from western China. PLoS ONE 14:e0211069. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211069.
  • Jiang, J. P., J. Jia, M. H. Zhang, and K.-Q. Gao. 2018. Osteology of Batrachuperus londongensis (Urodela, Hynobiidae): study of bony anatomy of a facultatively neotenic salamander from Mount Emei, Sichuan Province, China. PeerJ 6:e4517.
  • Joubert, P. J. 1961. Contributions to the cranial morphology of Pseudotriton ruber ruber (Sonnini). Annale Universiteit van Stellenbosch 36:391–418.
  • Kingsbury, B. F., and H. D. Reed. 1909. The columella auris in Amphibia. Second Contribution. Journal of Morphology 20:549–628. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1050200403
  • Kuzmin, S. L., and B. Thiesmeier. 2001. Mountain Salamanders of the Genus Ranodon. Sofia, Moscow, Russia , 184 pp.
  • Lebedkina, N. S. 2004. Evolution of the Amphibian Skull. Pensoft Publishers, Moscow, Russia , 265 pp.
  • Li, Q., K.-Q. Gao, J. Vinther, M. D. Shawkey, J. A. Clarke, L. D’Alba, Q. Meng, D. E. G. Briggs, and R. O. Prum. 2010. Plumage color patterns of an extinct dinosaur. Science 327:1369–1372. doi: 10.1126/science.1186290
  • Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp.
  • Liu, Y.-Q., H.-W. Kuang, X.-J. Jiang, N. Peng, H. Xu, and H.-Y. Sun. 2012. Timing of the earliest known feathered dinosaurs and transitional pterosaurs older than the Jehol Biota. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 323–325:1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.017
  • Lü, J., D. M. Unwin, D. C. Deeming, X. Jin, Y. Liu, and Q. Ji. 2011. An egg-adult association, gender, and reproduction in pterosaurs. Science 331:321–324. doi: 10.1126/science.1197323
  • Luo, Z.-X., C.-X. Yuan, Q.-J. Meng, and Q. Ji. 2011. A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals. Nature 476:442–445. doi: 10.1038/nature10291
  • Ma, L. D., and D. K. Ma. 1987. [Morphology and osteology of Hynobius leechii (Amphibia: Hynobiidae)]. Chinese Journal of Zoology 22:14–17. [ Chinese]
  • Meng, Q.-J., D. M. Grossnickle, D. Liu, Y.-G. Zhang, A. I. Neander, Q. J, and Z.-X. Luo. 2017. New gliding mammaliaforms from the Jurassic. Nature 548:291–296. doi: 10.1038/nature23476
  • Meszoely, C. 1966. North American fossil cryptobranchid salamanders. American Midland Naturalist 75:495–515. doi: 10.2307/2423407
  • Milner, A. R. 1983. The biogeography of salamanders in the Mesozoic and Early Caenozoic: a cladistic-vicariance model; pp. 431–468 in R. W. Sims, J. H. Price, and P. E. S. Whalley (eds.), Evolution, Time and Space: The Emergence of the Biosphere. Academic Press, London.
  • Naylor, B. G., and R. C. Fox. 1993. A new ambystomatid salamander, Dicamptodon antiquus n. sp., from the Paleocene of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30:814–818. doi: 10.1139/e93-067
  • Norris, H. W. 1908. The cranial nerves of Amphiuma means. The Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 18:527–569. doi: 10.1002/cne.920180602
  • Norris, H. W. 1913. The cranial nerves of Siren lacertina. Journal of Morphology 24:245–338. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1050240204
  • Özeti, N. 1967. The morphology of the salamander Mertensiella luschani (Steindachner) and the relationships of Mertensiella and Salamandra. Copeia 1967 :287–298.
  • Peng, N., Y. Liu, H. Kuang, X. Jiang, and H. Xu. 2012. Stratigraphy and geochronology of vertebrate fossil-bearing Jurassic strata from Linglongta, Jianchang County, western Liaoning, northeastern China. Acta Geologica Sinica 86:1326–1339. doi: 10.1111/1755-6724.12003
  • Pyron, R. A., and J. J. Wiens. 2011. A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2,800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2011:543–583. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012
  • Qiu, Y. X., and A. F. Yang. 1986. [The osteological research of the Chinese giant salamander, Megalobatrachus davidianus]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis 6:69–87. [ Chinese]
  • Reese, A. M. 1906. Anatomy of Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis. The American Naturalist 40:287–326. doi: 10.1086/278619
  • Regel, E. D. 1970. Ascending process of the palatoquadratic cartilage in urodelans. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 1974:509–512.
  • Reilly, S. M., and R. Altig. 1996. Cranial ontogeny in Siren intermedia (Caudata: Sirenidae): paedomorphic, metamorphic, and novel patterns of heterochrony. Copeia 1996:29–41. doi: 10.2307/1446939
  • Rienesl, J., and G. Wagner. 1992. Constancy and change of basipodial variation patterns: a comparative study of crested and marbled newts—Triturus cristatus, Triturus marmoratus—and their natural hybrids. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5:307–324. doi: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1992.5020307.x
  • Rong, Y. F. 2018. Restudy of Regalerpeton weichangensis (Amphibia: Urodela) from the Lower Cretaceous of Hebei, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 56:121–136.
  • Rose, C. S. 2003. The developmental morphology of salamander skulls; pp. 1684–1781 in H. Heatwole and M. Davies (eds.), Amphibian Biology, Volume 5: Osteology. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia.
  • Sasaki, M. 1924. On a Japanese salamander, in Lake Kuttarush, which propagates like the axolotl. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University 15:1–36.
  • Sato, I. 1943. A Monograph of the Tailed Batrachians of Japan. Nippon Shuppan-Sha, Osaka, Japan, 520 pp.
  • Schaeffer, B. 1941. The morphological and functional evolution of the tarsus in amphibians and reptiles. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History 78:395–472.
  • Schmalhausen, I. I. 1968. The Origin of Terrestrial Vertebrates. Academic Press, New York, 314 pp.
  • Schoch, R. R., M. Poschmann, and A. Kupfer. 2015. The salamandrid Chelotriton paradoxus from Enspel and Randeck Maars (Oligocene–Miocene, Germany). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 95:77–86. doi: 10.1007/s12549-014-0182-8
  • Scopoli, J. A. 1777. Introductio ad historiam naturalem, sistens genera lapidum, plantarum et animalium hactenus detecta, caracteribus essentialibus donata, in tribus divisa, subinde ad leges naturae. Apud Wolfgangum Gerle, Prague, 506 pp.
  • Shubin, N. H., and D. B. Wake. 1996. Phylogeny, variation, and morphological integration. American Zoologist 36:51–60. doi: 10.1093/icb/36.1.51
  • Shubin, N. H., and D. B. Wake. 2003. Morphological variation, development, and evolution of the limb skeleton of salamanders; pp. 1782–1808 in H. Heatwole and M. Davies (eds.), Amphibia Biology, Volume 5: Osteology. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia.
  • Shubin, N. H., D. B. Wake, and A. J. Crawford. 1995. Morphological variation in the limbs of Taricha granulosa (Caudata: Salamandridae): evolutionary and phylogenetic implications. Evolution 49:874–884. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02323.x
  • Skutschas, P. P. 2014. Kiyatriton leshchinskiyi Averianov et Voronkevich, 2001, a crown-group salamander from the Lower Cretaceous of western Siberia, Russia. Cretaceous Research 51:88–94. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2014.05.014
  • Skutschas, P. P. 2016a. A new crown-group salamander from the Middle Jurassic of western Siberia, Russia. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 96:41–48. doi: 10.1007/s12549-015-0216-x
  • Skutschas, P. P. 2016b. A relic stem salamander: evidence from the Early Cretaceous of Siberia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61:119–123.
  • Skutschas, P. P., and Y. M. Gubin. 2012. A new salamander from the late Paleocene-early Eocene of Ukraine. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57:135–148. doi: 10.4202/app.2010.0101
  • Skutschas, P. P., and S. A. Krasnolutskii. 2011. A new genus and species of basal salamanders from the Middle Jurassic of western Siberia, Russia. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences 315:167–175.
  • Skutschas, P. P., and T. Martin. 2011. Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161:816–838. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00663.x
  • Smirnov, S. V., and A. B. Vassilieva. 2002. Skeletal and dental ontogeny in the long-tailed clawed salamander, Onychodactylus fischeri (Urodela: Hynobiidae). Russian Journal of Herpetology 9:21–32.
  • Sparreboom, M. 2014. Salamanders of the Old World. KNNV Publishing, Zeist, The Netherlands, 423 pp.
  • Stadtmüller, F. 1936. Kranium und Visceralskelett der Stegocephalen und Amphibien; pp. 501–698 in L. Bolk, E. Göppert, E. Kallius, and W. Lubosch (eds.), Handbuch der Vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltiere, Bd. 4. Urban und Schwarzenberg, Vienna, Berlin.
  • Sullivan, C., Y. Wang, D. W. E. Hone, Y. Wang, X. Xu, and F. Zhang. 2014. The vertebrates of the Jurassic Daohugou Biota of northeastern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34:243–280. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2013.787316
  • Tian, Y.-Z., S. Li, and X.-M. Gu. 2006. [A new species of genus Pseudohynobius (Caudata: Hynobiidae)—Pseudohynobius shuichengensis]. Acta Zoologica Sinica 52:522–527. [ Chinese]
  • Tihen, J. A. 1958. Comments on the osteology and phylogeny of ambystomatid salamanders. Bulletin of The Florida State Museum: Biological Sciences 3:1–50.
  • Trueb, L. 1993. Patterns of cranial diversity among the Lissamphibia; pp. 255–343 in J. Hanken and B. K. Hall (eds.), The Skull, Volume 2: Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
  • Trueb, L., and R. Cloutier. 1991. A phylogenetic investigation into the inter- and intrarelationships of the Lissamphibia (Amphibia: Temnospondyli); pp. 223–313 in H. P. Schultze and L. Trueb (eds.), Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods: Controversy and Consensus. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
  • Vassilieva, A. B., and I. A. Serbinova. 2013. Bony skeleton in the Caucasian salamander, Mertensiella caucasica (Urodela: Salamandridae): ontogeny and embryonization effect. Russian Journal of Herpetology 20:85–96.
  • Vassilieva, A. B., N. A. Poyarkov, and K. Iizuka. 2013. Pecularities of bony skeleton development in Asian clawed salamanders (Onychodactylus, Hynobiidae) related to embryonization. Biology Bulletin 40(7):1–11. doi: 10.1134/S1062359013070078
  • Vassilieva, A. B., J.-S. Lai, S.-F. Yang, Y.-H. Chang, and N. A. Poyarkov, Jr. 2015. Development of the bony skeleton in the Taiwan salamander, Hynobius formosanus Maki, 1922 (Caudata: Hynobiidae): heterochronies and reductions. Vertebrate Zoology 65:117–130.
  • Villa, A., F. Andreone, R. Boistel, and M. Delfino. 2014. Skull and lower jaw osteology of the Lanza’s salamander, Salamandra lanzai (Amphibia, Caudata); pp. 171–200 in C. Corti and M. Capula (eds.), Scripta Herpetologica. Studies on Amphibians and Reptiles in Honour of Benedetto Lanza. Belvedere, Latina, Italy.
  • Wake, D. B. 1963. Comparative osteology of the plethodontid salamander genus Aneides. Journal of Morphology 113:77–118. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1051130106
  • Wake, D. B. 1966. Comparative osteology and evolution of the lungless salamanders, family Plethodontidae. Memoir of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 4:1–111.
  • Wake, D. B. 1980. Evidence of heterochronic evolution: a nasal bone in the Olympic salamander, Rhyacotriton olympicus. Journal of Herpetology 14:291–292. doi: 10.2307/1563552
  • Wake, D. B. 2001. Dicamptodon ensatus, Pacific Giant Salamander. Available at digimorph.org/specimens/Dicamptodon_ensatus. Accessed August 11, 2017.
  • Wake, D. B., and I. G. Dresner. 1967. Functional morphology and evolution of tail autotomy in salamanders. Journal of Morphology 122:265–306. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1051220402
  • Wake, D. B., and A. Larson. 1987. Multidimensional analysis of an evolving lineage. Science 238:42–48. doi: 10.1126/science.238.4823.42
  • Wang, L. L., D. Y. Hu, L. J. Zhang, S. L. Zheng, H. Y. He, C. L. Deng, X. L. Wang, Z. H. Zhou, and R. X. Zhu. 2013. [SIMS U-Pb zircon age of Jurassic sediments in Linglongta, Jianchang, western Liaoning: constraint on the age of oldest feathered dinosaurs]. Chinese Science Bulletin 58:1346–1353. [ Chinese] doi: 10.1360/972012-535
  • Wang, X., S. Jiang, J. Zhang, X. Cheng, X. Yu, Y. Li, G, Wei, and X. Wang. 2017. New evidence from China for the nature of the pterosaur evolutionary transition. Scientific Reports 7:42763.
  • Wang, Y. 2004. A new Mesozoic caudate (Liaoxitriton daohugouensis sp. nov.) from Inner Mongolia, China. Chinese Science Bulletin 49:858–860. doi: 10.1007/BF02889761
  • Wang, Y., and S. E. Evans. 2006. A new short-bodied salamander from the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51:127–130.
  • Wang, Y., and C. S. Rose. 2005. Jeholotriton paradoxus (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Lower Cretaceous of southeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25:523–532. doi: 10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0523:JPACFT]2.0.CO;2
  • Weisrock, D. W., J. R. Macey, M. Matsui, D. G. Mulcahy, and T. J. Papenfuss. 2013. Molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the endemic Asian salamander family Hynobiidae (Amphibia, Caudata). Zootaxa 3626:77–93. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3626.1.3
  • Wilder, H. H. 1903. The skeletal system of Necturus maculatus Rafinesque. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History 5:387–439.
  • Wu, C. H. 1982. [External and skeletal anatomy of Meglobatrachus davidianus]. Journal of Zoology 17:11–16. [ Chinese]
  • Wu, Y., Y. Wang, and J. Hanken. 2012. Comparative osteology of the genus Pachytriton (Caudata: Salamandridae) from southeastern China. Asian Herpetological Research 3:83–102. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1245.2012.00083
  • Xiong, J., X. Liu, and X. Zhang. 2016. Comparison of skull morphology in two species of genus Liua (Amphibia: Urodela: Hynobiidae), L. shihi and L. tsinpaensis. Asian Herpetological Research 7:112–121.
  • Xu, X., H. You, K. Du, and F. Han. 2011. An Archaeopteryx-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae. Nature 475:465–470. doi: 10.1038/nature10288
  • Xu, X., Z. Zhou, C. Sullivan, Y. Wang, and D. Ren. 2016. An updated review of the Middle-Late Jurassic Yanliao Biota: chronology, taphonomy, paleontology and paleoecology. Acta Geologica Sinica 90:2229–2243. doi: 10.1111/1755-6724.13033
  • Zhang, F. J. 1985. [On anatomy of the skeletal system of Liua shihi (Liu) (Amphibia: Hynobiidae)]. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 4:17–24. [ Chinese]
  • Zhang, G., Y. Wang, M. E. H. Jones, and S. E. Evans. 2009a. A new Early Cretaceous salamander (Regalerpeton weichangensis gen. et sp. nov.) from the Huajiying Formation of northeastern China. Cretaceous Research 30:551–558. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2008.10.004
  • Zhang, H., S. Liu, Y. Zhao, and Q. Yang. 2009b. [Skeletal system of Batrachuperus pinchonii]. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 28:412–416. [ Chinese]
  • Zhang, P., Y. Q. Chen, H. Zhou, Y. F. Liu, X. L. Wang, T. J. Papenfuss, D. B. Wake, and L. H. Qu. 2006. Phylogeny, evolution, and biogeography of Asiatic salamanders (Hynobiidae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103:7360–7365. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0602325103
  • Zheng, X.-T., H.-l. You, X. Xu, and Z.-M. Dong. 2009. An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures. Nature 458:333–336. doi: 10.1038/nature07856
  • Zhou, C.-F. 2014. Cranial morphology of a Scaphognathus-like pterosaur, Jianchangnathus robustus, based on a new fossil from the Tiaojishan Formation of western Liaoning, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34:597–605. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2013.812100
  • Zhou, C.-F., and R. R. Schoch. 2011. New material of the non-pterodactyloid pterosaur Changchengopterus pani Lü, 2009 from the Late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of western Liaoning. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 260:265–275. doi: 10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0131
  • Zhou, C.-F., K.-Q. Gao, H. Yi, J. Xue, Q. Li, and R. C. Fox. 2017. Earliest filter-feeding pterosaur from the Jurassic of China and ecological evolution of Pterodactyloidea. Royal Society Open Science 4:160672.
  • Zhou, Z. H., and Y. Wang. 2017. Vertebrate assemblages of the Jurassic Yanliao Biota and the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: comparisons and implications. Palaeoworld 26:241–252. doi: 10.1016/j.palwor.2017.01.002

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.