New insights into Late Devonian vertebrates and associated fauna from the Cuche Formation (Floresta Massif, Colombia)

LITERATURE CITED

• Agassiz, J. L. R. 1844. Monographie des poisons fossiles du Vieux Grès Rouge, ou Système Dévonien (Old Red Sandstone) des Iles Britanniques et de Russie. Jent and Gassman, Neuchâtel, 171 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. E., J. E. Almond, F. J. Evans, and J. A. Long. 1999. Devonian (Emsian-Eifelian) fish from the Lower Bokkeveld Group (Ceres Subgroup), South Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 29:179–193. doi: 10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00088-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrop, T. I., and T. A. Hegna. 2015. Phylogenetic relationships between living and fossil spinicaudatan taxa (Branchiopoda Spinicaudata): reconsidering the evidence. Journal of Crustacean Biology 35:339–354. doi: 10.1163/1937240X-00002317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellec, L., and N. Rabet. 2016. Dating of the Limnadiidae family suggests an American origin of Eulimnadia. Hydrobiologia 773:149–161. doi: 10.1007/s10750-016-2694-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, L. S. 1937. A classification of fish-like vertebrates. Bulletin de l’Académie des Sciences de l’URSS, Classe des Sciences mathématiques et naturelles (série biologique) 4:1277–1280.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, C. M., E. Morel, J. Mojica, and C. Villarroel. 2000. Devonian plants from Colombia, with discussion of their geological and palaeogeographical context. Geological Magazine 137:257–268. doi: 10.1017/S0016756800003964
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgen, U. J., and H. A. Nakrem. 2016. Morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy of osteolepiform fishes. Fossils and Strata 61:1–514. doi: 10.1002/9781119286448.ch1
   Google Scholar
• Botella, H., C. Martínez-Pérez, and R. Soler-Gijón. 2012. Machaeracanthus goujeti n. sp. (Acanthodii) from the Lower Devonian of Spain and northwest France, with special reference to spine histology. Geodiversitas, 34:761–783. doi: 10.5252/g2012n4a3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucot, A. J. 1975. Evolution and Extinction Rate Controls. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 427 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Boucot, A. J., and P. R. Racheboeuf. 1993. Biogeographic summary of the Malvinokaffric Realm Silurian and Devonian fossils; pp. 71–75 in R. Suárez-Soruco (ed.), Fósiles y Facies de Bolivia. 2, Invertebrados y Paleobotánica. Revista Técnica de Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
   Google Scholar
• Boucot, A. J., A. J. Rowell, P. R. Racheboeuf, E. Pereira, J. G. De Melo, and L. P. De Siqueira. 2001. Position of the Malvinokaffric Realm’s northern boundary (Early Devonian) based on newly discovered brachiopods from the Parecis Basin (Brazil). Journal of the Czech Geological Society 46:109–120.
   Google Scholar
• Briggs, D. E. G., R. A. Fortey, and E. N. K. Clarkson. 1988. Extinction and the fossil record of arthropods; pp. 171–209 in G. P. Larwood (ed.), Extinction and Survival in the Fossil Record. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K.
   Google Scholar
• Brünnich, M. T. 1772. Zoologiae fundamenta praelectionibus academicis accomodata: Grunde i Dyrelaeren. Friderici Christiani Pelt, Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Burmeister, H. 1843. Die Organisation der Trilobiten, aus ihren leben den Verwandtenentwickelt; nebst systematische Uebersicht aller zeither beschriebenen Arten. G. Reimer, Berlin, 148 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Burrow, C. J., P. Janvier, and C. Villarroel. 2003. Late Devonian acanthodians from Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 16:155–161. doi: 10.1016/S0895-9811(03)00026-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrow, C. J., J. den Blaauwen, M. Newman, and R. Davidson. 2016. The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland. Palaeontologia Electronica 19(1):10A. https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2016/1398-scottish-diplacanthid-fishes
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, J. M., and R. Ruedemann. 1912. The Eurypterida of New York. New York State Museum Memoirs 14:1–439.
   Google Scholar
• Cope, E. D. 1886. An interesting connecting genus of Chordata. The American Naturalist 20:1026–1031.
   Google Scholar
• Cope, E. D. 1889. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata. The American Naturalist 23:849–877. doi: 10.1086/275018
   Google Scholar
• Daeschler, E. B., A. C. Frumes, and C. F. Mullison. 2003. Groenlandaspidid placoderm fishes from the Late Devonian of North America. Records of the Australian Museum 55:45–60. doi: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.55.2003.1374
   Google Scholar
• Dalziel, I. W., L. H. Dalla Salda, and L. M. Gahagan. 1994. Paleozoic Laurentia-Gondwana interaction and the origin of the Appalachian-Andean mountain system. Geological Society of America Bulletin 106:243–252. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0243:PLGIAT>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defretin-Lefranc, S. 1965. Étude et révision de phyllopodes conchostracés en provenance d’U.R.S.S. Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord 85:15–48.
   Google Scholar
• Denison, R. H. 1978. Placodermi; pp. 1–128 in H.-P. Schultze (ed.), Handbook of Paleoichthyology, Volume 2. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Denison, R. H. 1979. Acanthodii; pp. 1–62 in H.-P. Schultze (ed.), Handbook of Palaeoichthyology, Volume 5. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Donoghue, P. C. J., and M. A. Purnell. 1999. Growth, function, and the conodont fossil record. Geology 27:251–254. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0251:GFATCF>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupret, V., G. Clément, and P. Janvier. 2005. The Frasnian–Famennian interchange between Gondwanan and Euramerican vertebrate faunas. Which way? Middle East or South America?; pp. 8–9 in V. Hairapetyan and M. Ginter (eds.), Devonian Vertebrates of the Continental Margins. Yerevan, Armenia, May 22–27, 2005. Ichthyolith Special Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Dupret, V., P. Carls, C. Martínez-Pérez and H. Botella. 2011. First Perigondwanan record of actinolepids (Vertebrata: Placodermi: Arthrodira) from the Lochkovian (Early Devonian) of Spain and its palaeobiogeographic significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 310:273–282. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.07.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichwald, E. I. von. 1840. Die Tier- und Pflanzenreste des alten Sandsteins und Berkalks im Novogrodschen Gouvernement. Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 7:78–91.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. and L. C. Sallan. 2012. Five hundred million years of extinction and recovery: a Phanerozoic survey of large-scale diversity patterns in fishes. Palaeontology 55:707–742. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01165.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner, B. G. 1963. Certain palaeoniscoid fishes and the evolution of the snout in actinopterygians. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 8:255–325.
   Google Scholar
• Gardiner, B. G. 1984. The relationships of the palaeoniscid fishes, a review based on new specimens of Mimia and Moythomasia from the Upper Devonian of Western Australia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 37:173–428.
   Google Scholar
• Ginter, M., J.-C. Liao, and J. I. Valenzuela-Ríos. 2008. New data on chondrichthyan microremains from the Givetian of the Renanué section in the Aragonian Pyrenees (Spain). Acta Geologica Polonica 58:165–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grösser, J. R., and K. F. Prössl. 1994. Palynologische Untersuchungen der Devonbasis in Floresta Massiv, Ostkordillere, Kolumbien. S. A. Giessener Geologische Schriften 51:105–121.
   Google Scholar
• Heymons, R. 1901. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Scolopender. Zoologica 13:1–244.
   Google Scholar
• Huxley, T. H. 1880. On the applications of the laws of evolution to the arrangement of the Vertebrata and more particularly of the Mammalia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 43:649–662.
   Google Scholar
• Janvier, P. 1996. Early Vertebrates. Monographs on Geology and Geophysics. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K., 393 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Janvier, P. 2007. The Devonian vertebrates of South America: Malvinokaffric fishes and Gondwana-Euramerica faunal interchange. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 8:223–227.
   Google Scholar
• Janvier, P., and G. Clément. 2005. A new groenlandaspidid arthrodire (Vertebrata: Placodermi) from the Famennian of Belgium. Geologica Belgica 8:51–67.
   Google Scholar
• Janvier, P., and J. G. Maisey. 2010. The Devonian vertebrates of South America and their biogeographical relationships; pp. 431–459 in X.-B. Yu, D. Elliott, and J. G. Maisey (eds.), Morphology, Phylogeny and Biogeography of Fossil Fishes. Pfeil, Munich, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Janvier, P., and J. Pan. 1982. Hyrcanaspis bliecki n. g. n. sp., a new primitive euantiarch (Antiarcha, Placodermi) from the Middle Devonian of northeastern Iran, with a discussion on the antiarch phylogeny. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 164:634–392.
   Google Scholar
• Janvier, P., and M. Suarez-Riglos. 1986. The Silurian and Devonian vertebrates of Bolivia. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Etudes Andines 15:73–114.
   Google Scholar
• Janvier, P., and C. Villarroel. 1998. Los peces devónicos del Macizo de Floresta (Boyacá, Colombia). Consideraciones taxonómicas, bioestratigráficas, biogeográficas y ambientales. Geología Colombiana 23:3–18.
   Google Scholar
• Janvier, P., and C. Villarroel. 2000. Devonian vertebrates from Colombia. Palaeontology 43:729–763. doi: 10.1111/1475-4983.00147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvik, E. 1948. On the morphology and taxonomy of the Middle Devonian osteolepid fishes of Scotland. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens Handlingar 25:1–301.
   Google Scholar
• Jeffery, J. E. 2002. Mandibles of rhizodontids: anatomy, function and evolution within the tetrapod stem-group. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 93:255–276. doi: 10.1017/S0263593300000432
   Google Scholar
• Karatajute-Talimaa, V. N. 1963. The genus Asterolepis from the Devonian of the Russian Platform. In Grigelis A. & Karatajute-Talimaa, V. (eds), The data of geology of the Lithuania: 65–223, Geologic and Geographic Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR, Vilnius, (Russian with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Kjellesvig-Waering, E. N. 1961. Eurypterids of the Devonian Holland Quarry Shale of Ohio. Geology 14:79–98.
   Google Scholar
• Kjellesvig-Waering, E. N. 1964. A synopsis of the family Pterygotidae Clarke and Ruedemann, 1912 (Eurypterida). Journal of Paleontology 38:331–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjellesvig-Waering, E. N. 1973. A new Silurian Slimonia (Eurypterida) from Bolivia. Journal of Paleontology 47:549–550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, E. F. 1885. Beiträge zur Bildung des Schädels der Knochenfische, 2. Jahreshefte des Vereins für Vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg 42:205–300.
   Google Scholar
• Klug, C., B. Kröger, W. Kiessling, G. L. Mullins, T. Servais, J. Frýda, D. Korn, and S. Turner. 2011. The Devonian nekton revolution. Lethaia 43:465–477. doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00206.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, T. 1954. Fossil estherians and allied fossils. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Section 2, Geology, Mineralogy, Geography, Geophysics 9:1–192.
   Google Scholar
• Lamsdell, J. C., and S. J. Braddy. 2010. Cope’s Rule and Romer’s theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates. Biology Letters 6:265–269. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamsdell, J. C., and D. A. Legg. 2010. An isolated pterygotid ramus (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the Devonian Beartooth Butte Formation, Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology 84:1206–1208. doi: 10.1666/10-040.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamsdell, J. C., and P. A. Selden. 2017. From success to persistence: identifying an evolutionary regime shift in the diverse Paleozoic aquatic arthropod group Eurypterida, driven by the Devonian biotic crisis. Evolution 75:95–110. doi: 10.1111/evo.13106
   Google Scholar
• Lamsdell, J. C., İ. Hoşgör, and P. A. Selden. 2013. A new Ordovician eurypterid (Arthropoda: Chelicerata) from Southeast Turkey: evidence for a cryptic Ordovician record of Eurypterida. Gondwana Research 23:354–366. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2012.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latreille, P. A. 1817. Les Crustacés, les Arachnides, les Insectes; pp. 1–688 in G. Cuvier (ed.), Le Règne Animal Distribué d’après son Organisation, pour Servir de Base à l’Histoire Naturelle des Animaux et d’Introduction à l’Anatomie Comparée, Volume 3. Déterville, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Lebedev, O. A. 1995. Morphology of a new osteolepidid fish from Russia. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4ème série 17:287–341.
   Google Scholar
• Linder, F. 1945. Affinities within the Branchiopoda with notes on some dubious fossils. Arkiv för Zoologi 37:1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, H. P., S. M. Bergström, B. J. Witzje, D. E. G. Briggs, R. M. Mckay, and A. Ferretti. 2017. Exceptionally preserved conodont apparatuses with giant elements from the Middle Ordovician Winneshiek Konservat-Lagerstätte, Iowa, USA. Journal of Paleontology 91:493–511. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2016.155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, J. A. 1983. New bothriolepid fish from the Late Devonian of Victoria, Australia. Palaeontology 26:295–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, J. A. 1988. New palaeoniscoid fishes from the Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous of Victoria. Memoirs of the Association of Australian Palaeontologists 7:1–64.
   Google Scholar
• Long, J. A., R. E. Barwick, and K. S. W. Campbell. 1997a. Osteology and functional morphology of the osteolepiform fish Gogonasus andrewsae Long, 1985, from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 53(Supplement):1–89.
   Google Scholar
• Long, J. A., B. Choo, and G. C. Young. 2008. A new basal actinopterygian fish from the Middle Devonian Aztec Siltstone of Antarctica. Antarctic Science 20:393–412. doi: 10.1017/S0954102008001144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, J. A., M. E. Anderson, R. Gess, and N. Hiller. 1997b. New placoderm fishes from the Late Devonian of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17:253–268. doi: 10.1080/02724634.1997.10010973
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisey, J. G., and M. E. Anderson. 2001. A primitive chondrichthyan braincase from the Early Devonian of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21:702–713. doi: 10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0702:APCBFT]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manosalva-Sánchez, S. R., W. E. Naranjo-Merchán, C. A. Ríos-Reyes, R. Amorocho, and O. Castellanos. 2017. Estudio petrogénetico de las rocas metamórficas del Macizo de Floresta, Cordillera Oriental, Andes Colombianos. Boletín de Geología 39:83–103.
   Google Scholar
• Mantilla-Figueroa, L. C., C. A. García-Ramírez, and V. A. Valencia. 2016. Nuevas evidencias que soportan la escisión de la Formación Silgará y propuesta de un nuevo marco estrategráfico para el basamento metamórfico del Macizo de Santander (Cordillera Oriental de Colombia). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 40:323–336.
   Google Scholar
• McCoy, F. 1848. On some new fossil fish of the Carboniferous period. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 2:1–10. doi: 10.1080/03745485809496133
   Google Scholar
• Miles, R. S. 1968. The Old Red Sandstone antiarchs of Scotland: family Bothriolepididae. Palaeontographical Society Monography 122:1–130.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, R. S. 1973a. Articulated acanthodian fishes from the Old Red Sandstone of England, with a review of the structure and evolution of the acanthodian shoulder-girdle. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology) 24:111–213.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, R. S. 1973b. An actinolepid arthrodire from the Lower Devonian Peel Sound Formation, Prince of Wales Island. Palaeontographica 143:109–118.
   Google Scholar
• Mojica, J., and C. Villarroel. 1984. Contribución al conocimiento de las unidades Paleozoicas del area de Floresta (Cordillera Oriental Colombiana; Departamento de Boyacá) y en especial al de la Formación Cuche. Geología Colombiana 13:55–79.
   Google Scholar
• Mondéjar-Fernández, J., and P. Janvier. 2014. Further evidence for the presence of holoptychiid porolepiforms (Sarcopterygii, Dipnomorpha) from the Frasnian of Colombia. Comptes Rendus Palevol 13:587–597. doi: 10.1016/j.crpv.2014.03.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morzadec, P., M. Mergl, C. Villarroel, P. Janvier, and P. R. Racheboeuf. 2015. Trilobites and inarticulate brachiopods from the Devonian Floresta Formation of Colombia: a review. Bulletin of Geosciences 90:331–358. doi: 10.3140/bull.geosci.1515
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obruchev, D. V. 1964. [Agnathes. Pisces]; pp. 1–522 in J. A. Orlov (ed.), [Fundamentals of Paleontology, Volume 11]. Nauka, Moscow. [Russian]
   Google Scholar
• Olive, S., C. Prestianni, and V. Dupret. 2015a. A new species of Groenlandaspis Heintz, 1932 (Placodermi, Arthrodira), from the Famennian (Late Devonian) of Belgium. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2014.935389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olive, S., G. Clément, E. B. Daeschler, and V. Dupret. 2015b. Characterization of the placoderm (Gnathostomata) assemblage from the tetrapod-bearing locality of Strud (Belgium, Upper Famennian). Palaeontology 58:981–1002. doi: 10.1111/pala.12190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, R. 1846. Lecture on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Vertebrate Animals, Delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1844 and 1846, Volume I, Fishes. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, 308 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Page, D. 1856. Advanced Text-book of Geology, Descriptive and Industrial. William Blackwood and Sons, London, 325 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, C. 1982. Morphology and interrelationships of primitive actinopterygian fishes. American Zoologist 22:241–259. doi: 10.1093/icb/22.2.241
   Google Scholar
• Potvin-Leduc, D., R. Cloutier, N. Landing, L. Vanaller Hernick, and F. Mannolini. 2015. Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): evidence of early cosmopolitanism. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60:183–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradel, A., J. G. Maisey, P. Tafforeau, and P. Janvier. 2009. An enigmatic gnathostome vertebrate skull from the Middle Devonian of Bolivia. Acta Zoologica 90:123–133. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00350.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purnell, M. A., and P. H. von Bitter. 1992. Blade-shaped conodont elements functioned as cutting teeth. Nature 359:629–631. doi: 10.1038/359629a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roessler, E. W. 1995. Review of Colombian conchostraca (Crustacea)—morphotaxonomic aspects. Hydrobiologia 298:253–262. doi: 10.1007/BF00033820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, D. C., N. Rabet, and S. C. Weeks. 2012. Revision of the extant genera of Limnadiidae (Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata). Journal of Crustacean Biology 32:827–842. doi: 10.1163/193724012X637212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romer, A. S. 1933. Eurypterid influence on vertebrate history. Science 78:114–117. doi: 10.1126/science.78.2015.114
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romer, A. S. 1955. Herpetichthyes, Amphibioidei, Choanichthyes, or Sarcopterygii? Nature 176:126. doi: 10.1038/176126a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Säve-Söderbergh, G. 1933. The dermal bones of the head and the lateral line system in Osteolepis macrolepidotus Ag. with remarks on the terminology of the lateral line system and on the dermal bones of certain other crossopterygians. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientarium Upsaliensis, series 4:1–129.
   Google Scholar
• Säve-Söderbergh, G. 1941. Notes on the dermal bones of the head in Osteolepis macrolepidotus Ag. and the interpretation of the lateral line system in certain primitive vertebrates. Zoologiska Bidrag från Uppsala 20:523–541.
   Google Scholar
• Scotese, C. R. 2002. Paleomap Web site. Available at www.scotese.com. Accessed July 21, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Tasch, P. 1956. Three general principles for a system of classification of fossil conchostracans. Journal of Paleontology 30:1248–1257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetlie, O. E. 2007. Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 252:557–574. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetlie, O. E., and D. E. G. Briggs. 2009. The origin of pterygotid eurypterids (Chelicerata: Eurypterida). Palaeontology 52:1141–1148. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00907.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upeniece, I., and J. Upenieks. 1992. Upper Devonian antiarch (Asterolepis) individuals from the lode quarry, Latvia; pp. 167–174 in E. Mark-Kurik (ed.), Fossil Fishes as Living Animals. Akademia 1, Tallinn, Estonia.
   Google Scholar
• Waterston, C. D. 1964. Observations on pterygotid eurypterids. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 66:9–33. doi: 10.1017/S0080456800023309
   Google Scholar
• Werdelin, L., and J. A. Long. 1986. Allometry in the placoderm Bothriolepis canadensis and its significance to antiarch evolution. Lethaia 19:161–169. doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1986.tb00727.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward, A. S. 1891. Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum of Natural History. Part II. Containing the Elasmobranchii (Acanthodii), Holocephali, Ichthyodorulites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi, and Teleostomi (Crossopterygii), and chondrostean Actinopterygii. British Museum of Natural History, London, 567 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Young, G. C. 1988. Antiarchs (placoderm fishes) from the Devonian Aztec sandstone, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 202:1–125.
   Google Scholar
• Young, G. C. 1990. Devonian vertebrate distribution patterns, and cladistic analysis of palaeogeographic hypotheses. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 12:243–255. doi: 10.1144/GSL.MEM.1990.012.01.23
   Google Scholar
• Young, G. C. 1993. Vertebrate faunal provinces in the Middle Palaeozoic; pp. 293–323 in J. A. Long (ed.), Palaeozoic Vertebrate Biostratigraphy and Biogeography. Belhaven Press, London.
   Google Scholar
• Young, G. C. 2003. North Gondwana mid-Palaeozoic connections with Euramerica and Asia: Devonian vertebrate evidence. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 242:169–185.
   Google Scholar
• Young, G. C., and J. M. Moody. 2002. A middle-Late Devonian fish fauna from the Sierra de Perijá. Fossil Record 5:155–206. doi: 10.5194/fr-5-155-2002
   Google Scholar
• Young, G. C., J. M. Moody, and J. Casas. 2000. New discoveries of Devonian vertebrates from South America, and implications for Gondwana-Euramerica contact. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris 331:755–761.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, W.-T., P.-J. Chen, and Y.-B. Shen. 1976. Fossil Conchostraca of China. Science Press, Beijing, China, 325 pp.
   Google Scholar