The first Tetralophodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) cranium from Africa

LITERATURE CITED

• Alberdi, M. T. 1971. Primer ejemplar completo de un Tetralophodon longirostris Kaup, 1835, encontrado en España. Estudios Geológicos 27:181–196.
   Google Scholar
• Arambourg, C. 1959. Vertébrés continentaux du Miocène supérieur de l’Afrique du Nord. Publications du Service de la Carte géologique de l’Algérie, Paléontologie, NS 4:1–161.
   Google Scholar
• Beden, M. 1979. Les éléphants (Loxodonta et Elephas) d’Afrique Orientale: systématique, phylogénie, intérêt biochronologique. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France, 567 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bergounioux, F. M., and F. Crouzel. 1956. Présence de Tetralophodon longirostris dans le Vindobonien inférieur de Tunisie. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 6:547–558.
   Google Scholar
• Bergounioux, F. M., and F. Crouzel. 1960. Tetralophodon curvirostris n. sp. (Mamm., Proboscidea) aus dem Unterpliozän (Pontien) von Esselborn (Rheinhessen). Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins 42:109–121. doi: 10.1127/jmogv/42/1960/109
   Google Scholar
• Coppens, Y. 1965. Les Proboscidiens du Tchad. Leur contribution à la chronologie du Quaternaire africain; pp. 331–387 in Actes du Ve Congrès Panafricain de préhistoire et d'Études du Quaternaire, Santa Cruz de Tenerife 1963, Vol. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Coppens, Y., V. J. Maglio, C. T. Madden, and M. Beden. 1978. Proboscidea; pp. 336–367 in V. J. Maglio and H. B. S. Cooke (eds.), Evolution of African Mammals. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
   Google Scholar
• El Harfi, A., J. Lang, J. Salomon, and E. H. Chellai. 2001. Cenozoic sedimentary dynamics of the Ouarzazate foreland basin (Central High Atlas Mountains, Morocco). International Journal of Earth Sciences 90:393–411. doi: 10.1007/s005310000115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Shawaihdi, M. H., P. S. Mozley, N. T. Boaz, F. Salloum, P. Pavlakis, A. Muftah, M. Triantaphyllou. 2016. Stratigraphy of the Neogene Sahabi units in the Sirt Basin, northeast Libya. Journal of African Earth Sciences 118:87–106. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.02.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falconer, H. 1857. On the species of Mastodon and Elephant occurring in the Fossil State in Great Britain. Part I. Mastodon. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 13:307–360.
   Google Scholar
• Garevski, R. 1976. Weiterer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pikermifauna Mazedoniens. Der Mastodonschädel von der Umgebung des Dorfes Dolni Disan (Negotino). Posebno Izdanie Musei Macedonici Scientiarum Naturalium 7:21–26.
   Google Scholar
• Gaziry, A. W. 1987. Remains of Proboscidea from the Early Pliocene of Sahabi, Libya; pp. 183–203 in N. T. Boaz, A. El-Arnauti, A. Gaziry, J. de Heinzelin, and D. D. Boaz (eds.), Neogene Paleontology and Geology of Sahabi. Alan Liss, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Gaziry, A. W. 1997. Die Mastodonten (Proboscidea, Mammalia) aus Dorn-Dürkheim 1 (Rheinhessen). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 197:73–115.
   Google Scholar
• Geraads, D. 1989. Vertébrés du Miocène supérieur du Djebel Krechem el Artsouma (Tunisie centrale). Comparaisons biostratigraphiques. Geobios 22:777–801. doi: 10.1016/S0016-6995(89)80072-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geraads, D., Z. Alemseged, and H. Bellon. 2002. The late Miocene mammalian fauna of Chorora, Awash basin, Ethiopia: systematics, biochronology and 40K-40Ar age of the associated volcanics. Tertiary Research 21:113–122.
   Google Scholar
• Geraads, D., S. El Boughabi, and S. Zouhri. 2012. A new caprin bovid (Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Morocco. Palaeontologia africana 47:19–24.
   Google Scholar
• Göhlich, U. B. 1998. Elephantoidea (Proboscidea, Mammalia) aus dem Mittel- und Obermiozän der Oberen Sübwassermolasse Süddeutschlands: Odontologie und Osteologie. Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen A 36:1–245.
   Google Scholar
• Görler, K., F. F. Helmdach, P. Gaemers, K. Heibig, W. Hinsch, K. Mädler, W. Schwarzhans, and M. Zucht. 1988. The uplift of the central High Atlas as deduced from Neogene continental sediments of the Ouarzazate province, Morocco; pp 361–404 in V. H. Jacobshagen (ed.), The Atlas System of Morocco. Lectures and Notes in Earth Sciences 15. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, J. E. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrate animals. London Medical Repository 15:296–310.
   Google Scholar
• Hautier, L., H. T. Mackaye, F. Lihoreau, P. Tassy, P. Vignaud, and M. Brunet. 2009. New material of Anancus kenyensis (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from Toros-Menalla (Late Miocene, Chad): contribution to the systematics of African anancines. Journal of African Earth Sciences 53:171–176. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay, O. P. 1922. Further observations on some extinct elephants. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 35:97–102.
   Google Scholar
• Heintz, E. 1973. Un nouveau bovidé du Miocène de Beni Mellal, Maroc: Benicerus theobaldi n.g., n.sp. (Bovidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia). Annales Scientifiques de l’Université de Besançon 18:245–248.
   Google Scholar
• Illiger, C. J. 1811. Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium additis terminis zoographicis uttriusque classis. Salfeld, Berlin, 301 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Konidaris, G. E., and G. D. Koufos. 2012. Late Miocene Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Macedonia and Samos Island, Greece: preliminary results. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 87:121–140. doi: 10.1007/s12542-012-0147-z
   Google Scholar
• Konidaris, G. E., G. D. Koufos, D. S. Kostopoulos, and G. Merceron. 2016. Taxonomy, biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of Choerolophodon (Proboscidea, Mammalia) in the Miocene of SE Europe-SW Asia: implications for phylogeny and biogeography. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. doi: 10.1080/14772019.2014.985339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konidaris, G. E., S. Roussiakis, G. Theodorou, and G. D. Koufos. 2014. The Eurasian occurrence of the shovel-tusker Konobelodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) as illuminated by its presence in the late Miocene of Pikermi (Greece). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34:1437–1453. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2014.873622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovachev, D. 2004. Cranium of Stegotetrabelodon (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Neogene in the East Maritsa basin. Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 65:167–173.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, W. D. 1990. Rediagnosis of the genus Amebelodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae), with a new subgenus and species, Amebelodon (Konobelodon) britti. Journal of Paleontology 64:1032–1040. doi: 10.1017/S0022336000019855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laws, R. M. 1966. Age criteria for the African elephant: Loxodonta a. africana. African Journal of Ecology 4:1–37. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00878.x
   Google Scholar
• Lihoreau, F., L. Hautier, and M. Mahboubi. 2015. The new Algerian locality of Bir el Ater 3: validity of Libycosaurus algeriensis (Mammalia, Hippopotamoidea) and the age of the Nementcha Formation. Palæovertebrata 39(2):e1. doi: 10.18563/pv.39.2.e1.
   Google Scholar
• MacInnes, D. G. 1942. Miocene and Post-Miocene Proboscidea from East Africa. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 25:33–106. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1942.tb00215.x
   Google Scholar
• Maglio, V. J. 1970. Four new species of Elephantidae from the Plio-Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya. Breviora 341:1–43.
   Google Scholar
• Maglio, V. J. 1973. Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 63(3):1–149. doi: 10.2307/1006229
   Google Scholar
• Maglio, V. J. 1974. A new proboscidean from the late Miocene of Kenya. Palaeontology 17:699–705.
   Google Scholar
• Maglio, V. J., and A. B. Ricca. 1977. Dental and skeletal morphology of the earliest elephants. Verhandelingen der koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Eerste reeks 29:1–49.
   Google Scholar
• Markov, G. N. 2008. The Turolian proboscideans (Mammalia) of Europe: preliminary observations. Historia naturalis bulgarica 19:153–178.
   Google Scholar
• Mazo Pérez, A. V., and J. F. Jordá Pardo. 1997. Un Tetralophodon longirostris (Kaup, 1832) en el Mioceno medio de Villavieja del Cerro (sector central de la Cuenca del Duero, Valladolid). Revista de la Sociedad geológica de España 10:219–235.
   Google Scholar
• Mazo, A. V., and P. Montoya. 2003. Proboscidea (Mammalia) from the Upper Miocene of Crevillente (Alicante, Spain). Scripta Geologica 126:79–109.
   Google Scholar
• Mottl, M. 1969. Bedeutende Proboscidier-Neufunde aus dem Altpliozän (Pannonien) Südost Österreichs. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Denkschriften 115:1–50.
   Google Scholar
• Nakaya, H., 1994. Faunal change of Late Miocene Africa and Eurasia: mammalian fauna from the Namurungule Formation, Samburu Hills, Northern Kenya. African Study monographs, Supplementary Issue 20:1–112.
   Google Scholar
• Nakaya, H., M. Pickford, K. Yasui, and Y. Nakano. 1987. Additional large Mammalian fauna from the Namurungule Formation, Samburu, Hills, Northern Kenya. African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 5:79–129.
   Google Scholar
• Osborn, H. F. 1929. New Eurasiatic and American proboscideans. American Museum Novitates 393:1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Osborn, H. F. 1936. Proboscidea. A Monograph of the Discovery, Evolution, Migration and Extinction of the Mastodonts and Elephants of the World, Volume I: Moeritherioidea, Deinotherioidea, Mastodontoidea. American Museum Press, New York, 802 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Petrocchi, C. 1941. Il giacimento fossilifero di Sahabi. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 60:107–114.
   Google Scholar
• Petrocchi, C. 1954. I proboscidati di Sahabi. Rendiconti dell’Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL, ser. 4 4–5:9–72.
   Google Scholar
• Remy, J.-A., and M. Benammi. 2006. Presence of a Gomphotheriidae indet. (Proboscidea, Mammalia) in the Vallesian fauna of Afoud AF6 (Ait Kandoula Basin, Morocco), inferred from the enamel microstructure of a molar chip. Geobios 39:555–562. doi: 10.1016/j.geobios.2005.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, P., and C. C. Black. 1974. Vertebrate faunas from the Neogene of Tunisia. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt 4:319–332.
   Google Scholar
• Saegusa, H., Y. Thasod, and B. Ratanasthien. 2005. Notes on Asian stegodontids. Quaternary International 126–128:31–48. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saegusa, H., H. Nakaya, M. Nakatsukasa, H. Tsujikawa, Y. Sawada, M. Saneyoshi, and T. Sakai. 2014. Earliest elephantid remains from the Late Miocene locality, Nakali, Kenya; p. 105 in Abstract Book of the Sixth International Conference on Mammoths and Their Relatives, Scientific Annals, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Special Volume 102. Thessaloniki, Greece.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, W. J. 2018. Proboscidea from Kanapoi, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.10.013.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, W. J. In press. Proboscidea; in F. Bibi, B. Kraatz, M. Beech, and A. Hill (eds.), Sands of Time: Late Miocene Fossils from the Baynunah Formation, U.A.E. Springer, Cham, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, W. J., E. Gheerbrant, J. M. Harris, H. Saegusa, and C. Delmer. 2010. Proboscidea; pp. 161–251 in L. Werdelin and W. J. Sanders (eds.), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, G. 1917. Die Mastodonten des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Denkschriften des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 1:1–230.
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, G. 1922. Die Mastodonten der Budapester Sammlungen. Geologica Hungarica 2:1–284.
   Google Scholar
• Sikes, S. K. 1967. The African elephant, Loxodonta africana: a field method for the estimation of age. Journal of Zoology 154:235–248. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb01661.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spassov, N., D. Geraads, L. Hristova, G. Markov, B. Garevska, and R. Garevski. 2018. The late Miocene mammal faunas of the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). Palaeontographica A 311:1–85. doi: 10.1127/pala/2018/0073
   Google Scholar
• Tassy, P. 1983. Les Elephantoidea Miocènes du Plateau du Potwar, Groupe de Siwalik, Pakistan. Annales de Paléontologie 69:99–136, 235–297.
   Google Scholar
• Tassy, P. 1986. Nouveaux Elephantoidea (Mammalia) dans le Miocène du Kenya. CNRS, Paris, 135 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Tassy, P. 1999. Miocene Elephantids (Mammalia) from the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: palaeobiogeographic implications; pp. 209–233 in P. J. Whybrow and A. Hill (eds.), Fossil Vertebrates of Arabia. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
   Google Scholar
• Tassy, P. 2003. Elephantoidea from Lothagam; pp. 331–358 in M. G. Leakey and J. M. Harris (eds.), Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Tassy, P. 2005. Proboscideans (Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey. Geodiversitas 27:707–714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tassy, P. 2013. L’odontologie de Gomphotherium angustidens (Cuvier, 1817) (Proboscidea, Mammalia): données issues du gisement d’En Péjouan (Miocène moyen du Gers, France). Geodiversitas 36:35–115. doi: 10.5252/g2014n1a2
   Google Scholar
• Tassy, P. 2016. Proboscidea; pp. 261–271 in S. Sen (ed.), Late Miocene Mammal Locality of Küçükçekmece, European Turkey. Geodiversitas 38.
   Google Scholar
• Tobien, H. 1976. Zur paläontologischen Geschichte der Mastodonten (Proboscidea, Mammalia). Mainzer geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen 5:143–225.
   Google Scholar
• Tobien, H. 1978. On the evolution of mastodonts (Proboscidea, Mammalia). Part 2: the bunodont tetralophodont groups. Geologisches Jahrbuch Hessen 106:159–208.
   Google Scholar
• Tobien, H. 1980. A note on the mastodont taxa (Proboscidea, Mammalia) of the ‘Dinotheriensande’ (Upper Miocene, Rheinhessen, Federal Republic of Germany). Mainzer geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen 9:187–201.
   Google Scholar
• Tobien, H. 1986. Die paläontologische Geschichte der Proboscidier (Mammalia) im Mainzer Becken (BRD). Mainzer naturwissenschaftliche Archiv 24:155–261.
   Google Scholar
• Tsujikawa, H. 2005. The updated late Miocene large Mammal fauna from Samburu hills, northern Kenya. African Study Monographs, Supplement 32:1–50.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, A. 1857. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der fossilen Säugerthier-Ueberreste von Pikermi. Abhandlungen der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 8:109–158.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, S.-Q., H. Saegusa, J. Duangkrayom, W. He, and S.-Q. Chen. 2017. A new species of Tetralophodon from the Linxia Basin and the biostratigraphic significance of tetralophodont gomphotheres from the Upper Miocene of northern China. Paleoworld 26:703–717. doi: 10.1016/j.palwor.2017.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapfe, H. 1957. Ein bedeutender Mastodon-Fund aus dem Unterpliozän von Niederösterreich. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 104:382–406.
   Google Scholar
• Zouhri, S., D. Geraads, S. El Boughabi, and A. El Harfi. 2012. Discovery of an Upper Miocene Vertebrate fauna near Tizi N’Tadderht, Skoura, Ouarzazate Basin (Central High Atlas, Morocco). Comptes Rendus Palevol 11:455–461. doi: 10.1016/j.crpv.2012.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar