A new Eocene cylindrodontid rodent from the Erlian Basin (Nei Mongol, China) and its implications for phylogeny and biochronology

LITERATURE CITED

• Anemone, R. L., M. R. Dawson, and K. C. Beard. 2012. The early Eocene rodent Tuscahomys (Cylindrodontidae) from the Great Divide Basin, Wyoming: phylogeny, biogeography, and paleoecology. Annals of Carnegie Museum 80:187–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard, K. C., and M. R. Dawson. 2009. Early Wasatchian mammals of the Red Hot local fauna, uppermost Tuscahoma Formation, Lauderdale County, Mississippi. Annals of Carnegie Museum 78:193–243. doi: 10.2992/007.078.0301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkey, C. P., and F. K. Morris. 1927. Geology of Mongolia—a reconnaissance report based on the investigations of the years 1922–1923. American Museum of Natural History, New York , 475 p.
   Google Scholar
• Black, C. C. 1965. Fossil mammals from Montana. Part 2. Rodents from the early Oligocene Pipestone Springs Local Fauna. Annals of Carnegie Museum 38:1–48.
   Google Scholar
• Bowdich, T. E. 1821. An Analysis of Natural Classification of Mammalia for the Use of Students and Travelers. J. Smith, Paris, 115 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, J. J. 1935a. Pseudocylindrodon, a new rodent genus from the Pipestone Springs Oligocene of Montana. Annals of Carnegie Museum 25:1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, J. J. 1935b. Fossil rodents from the Uinta Eocene Series. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 25:5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, J. J. 1936. Ardynomys and Desmatolagus in the North American Oligocene. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 25:135–154.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, J. J. 1938. A new Cylindrodon rodent from the Oligocene of Montana. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 27:255–275.
   Google Scholar
• Chow, M. C., and A. K. Rozhdestvensky. 1960. Exploration in Inner Mongolia—a preliminary account of the 1959 field work of the Sino–Soviet Paleontological Expedition (SSPE). Vertebrata PalAsiatica 4:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Dashzeveg, D. 1991. Hyracodontids and rhinocerotids (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotoidea) from the Paleogene of Mongolia. Palaeovertebrata 21:1–84.
   Google Scholar
• Dashzeveg, D. 1996. A new Ardynomys (Rodentia, Cylindrodontidae) from the Eocene of the Eastern Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Palaeovertebrata 25:339–348.
   Google Scholar
• Dashzeveg, D., and J. Meng. 1998a. A new Eocene cylindrodont rodent (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the eastern Gobi of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3253:1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Dashzeveg, D., and J. Meng. 1998b. New Eocene ctenodactyloid rodents from the eastern Gobi Desert of Mongolia and a phylogenetic analysis of ctenodactyloids based on dental features. American Museum Novitates 3246:1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, M. R. 1968. Oligocene rodents (Mammalia) from East Mesa, Inner Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 2324:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, M. R., and K. C. Beard. 2007. Rodents of the family Cylindrodontidae (Mammalia) from the earliest Eocene of the Tuscahoma Formation, Mississippi. Annals of Carnegie Museum 76:135–144. doi: 10.2992/0097-4463(2007)76[135:ROTFCM]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglass, E. 1901. Fossil Mammalia of the White River Beds of Montana. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 20:237–279. doi: 10.2307/1005478
   Google Scholar
• Emry, R. J., and W. W. Korth. 1996. The Cylindrodontidae; pp. 399–416 in D. R. Prothero and R. J. Emry (eds.), The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America. Cambridge University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrusquía-Villafranca, I., and A. E. Wood. 1969. New fossil rodents from the early Oligocene Rancho Gaitan local fauna, northeastern Chihuahua, Mexico. The Pearce-Sellards Series, Texas Memorial Museum 16:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Goloboff, P. A., J. S. Farris, and K. C. Nixon. 2008. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24:774–786. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00217.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger, W., and W. K. Gregory. 1943. A revision of the Mongolian titanotheres. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History 80:349–389.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, X. S. 1993. [Cylindrodontidae (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the middle Oligocene of Ulantatal, Nei Mongol]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 33:33–34. [ Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Korth, W. W. 1984. Earliest Tertiary evolution and radiation of rodents in North America. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 24:1–71.
   Google Scholar
• Korth, W. W. 1994. Tertiary Record of Rodents in North America. Plenum Press, New York, 319 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Korth, W. W., and A. R. Tabrum. 2016. A new genus of cylindrodontid rodent from the Chadronian (Late Eocene) of Southwestern Montana and a reassessment of the genus Pseudocylindrodon Burke, 1935. Annals of Carnegie Museum 84:75–93. doi: 10.2992/007.084.0101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korth, W. W., and A. R. Tabrum. 2017. A unique rodent fauna from the Whitneyan (middle Oligocene) of southwestern Montana. Annals of Carnegie Museum 84:319–340. doi: 10.2992/007.084.0401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalski, K. 1974. Middle Oligocene rodents from Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 30:147–178.
   Google Scholar
• Li, C. K. 1977. [Paleocene eurymyloids (Anagalida, Mammalia) of Qianshan, Anhui]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 15:103–118. [ Chinese]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, P., and Y. Q. Wang. 2010. Newly discovered Schlosseria magister (Lophialetidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) skulls from central Nei Mongol, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 48:119–132.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Q., and J. Meng. 2013. [Eocene ischyromyids (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 51:289–304. [ Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Lillegraven, J. A. 1977. Small rodents (Mammalia) from Eocene deposits of San Diego County, California. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 158:221–262.
   Google Scholar
• Matthew, W. D., and W. Granger. 1923. Nine new rodents from the Oligocene of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 102:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Matthew, W. D., and W. Granger. 1925. New creodonts and rodents from the Ardyn Obo Formation of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 193:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Matthew, W. D., and W. Granger. 1926. Two new perissodaactyls from the Arshanto Eocene of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 208:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, T. 1993. Early rodent incisor enamel evolution: phylogenetic implications. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 40:227–254. doi: 10.1007/BF01041665
   Google Scholar
• Mao, F. Y., C. C. Li, J. Meng, Q. Li, B. Bai, Y. Q. Wang, Z. Q. Zhang, L. X. Zhao, B. Y. Wang, 2017. [Introduction to terminologies of tooth enamel microstructures and a proposal for their standard Chinese translations]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 55:347–366. [ Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Meng, J., and A. R. Wyss. 2001. The morphology of Tribosphenomys (Rodentiaformes, Mammalia): phylogenetic implications for basal Glires. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 8:1–71. doi: 10.1023/A:1011328616715
   Google Scholar
• Meng, J., Y. M. Hu, and C. K. Li. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): implications for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 275:1–247. doi: 10.1206/0003-0090(2003)275<0001:TOORMG>2.0.CO;2
   Google Scholar
• Miller, G. S., and J. W. Gidley. 1918. Synopsis of the supergeneric groups of rodents. Journal of Washington Academic Science 8: 431–448.
   Google Scholar
• Ni, X. J., J. Meng, K. C. Beard, D. L. Gebo, Y. Q. Wang, and C. K. Li. 2010. A new tarkadectine primate from the Eocene of Inner Mongolia, China: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277:247–256. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, O. A. 1919. Report upon the material discovered in the upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglass in the years 1908–1909, and by O. A. Pererson in 1912. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 12:40–168.
   Google Scholar
• Radinsky, L. B. 1965. Early Tertiary Tapiroidae of Asia. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History 129:181–264.
   Google Scholar
• Tong, Y. S. 1997. [Middle Eocene small mammals from Liguanqiao Basin of Henan Province and Yuanqu Basin of Shanxi Province, Central China]. Palaeontologia Sinica (New Series C) 26:1–256. [ Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Tong, Y. S., and J. W. Wang. 2006. [Fossil mammals from the Early Eocene Wutu Formation of Shandong Province, central China]. Paleontologica Sinica (New Series C) 28:1–195. [ Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Tyut’kova, L. A. 1997. A new cylindrodontids (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Indricotherium fauna. Paleontological Journal 31:662–666.
   Google Scholar
• Wahlert, J. H. 1968. Variability of the rodent incisor enamel as viewed in thin section, and the microstructure of the enamel in fossil and recent rodent groups. Breviora 309:1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, S. L., and J. E. Storer. 2008. Cylindrodontidae; pp 336–354 in C. M. Janis, G. F. Gunnell, and M. D. Uhen (eds.), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, B. Y. 1986. [On the systematic position of Prosciurus lohiculus]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 24:285–294. [ Chinese]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B. Y., and M. R. Dawson. 1994. A primitive cricetid (Mammalia: Rodentia) from the Middle Eocene of Jiangsu Province, China. Annals of Carnegie Museum 63:239–256.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, B. Y., and J. Meng. 2009. [Ardynomys (Cylindrodontidae, Rodentia) from Nei Mongol, China]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 47:240–244. [Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Wang, B. Y., J. Meng, and X. Jin. 2012. [Comments on Paleogene localities and stratigraphy in the Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol, China]. Vertebrate PalAsiatica 50:181–203. [Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. Q., Q. Li, B. Bai, X. Jin, F. Y. Mao, and J. Meng. 2019. Paleogene integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China. Science China Earth Sciences 62:287–309. doi: 10.1007/s11430-018-9305-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. Q., J. Meng, C. K. Beard, Q. Li, X. J. Ni, D. L. Gebo, B. Bai, X. Jin, and P. Li. 2010. Early Paleogene stratigraphic sequences, mammalian evolution and its response to environmental changes in Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Science China Earth Sciences 53:1918–1926.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. W. 1938. Review of some rodent genera from the Bridger Eocene. Part II. American Journal of Science 35:207–222. doi: 10.2475/ajs.s5-35.207.207
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. W. 1940. Pareumys remains from the late Eocene of California. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 514:97–108.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. W. 1949. Additional Eocene rodent material from southern California. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 584:1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, A. E. 1970. The Early Oligocene rodent Ardynomys (Family Cylindrodontidae) from Mongolia and Montana. American Museum Novitates 2418:1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, A. E. 1974. Early Tertiary vertebrate faunas Vieja Group Trans-Pecos Texas: Rodentia. Bulletin of the Texas Memorial Museum 21:1–112.
   Google Scholar