531
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Sternal elements of early dinosaurs fill a critical gap in the evolution of the sternum in Avemetatarsalia (Reptilia: Archosauria)

, , , , & ORCID Icon
Article: e1700992 | Received 06 Mar 2018, Accepted 15 Oct 2019, Published online: 05 Feb 2020

LITERATURE CITED

  • Baier, D. B., B. M. Garrity, S. Moritz, and R. M. Carney. 2018. Alligator mississippiensis sternal and shoulder girdle mobility increase stride length during high walks. Journal of Experimental Biology 221:jeb186791. doi: 10.1242/jeb.186791.
  • Baron, M. G., D. B. Norman, and P. M. Barrett. 2017. A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution. Nature 543:501–506. doi: 10.1038/nature21700
  • Barta, D. E., S. J. Nesbitt, and M. A. Norell. 2018. The evolution of the manus of early theropod dinosaurs is characterized by high inter- and intraspecific variation. Journal of Anatomy 232:80–104. doi: 10.1111/joa.12719
  • Baumel, J. J. 1993. Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 779 pp.
  • Benjamin, M., T. Kumai, S. Milz, B. M. Boszczyk, A. A. Boszczyk, and J. R. Ralphs. 2002. The skeletal attachment of tendons—tendon ‘enthese’. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 133:931–945. doi: 10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00138-1
  • Bennett, S. C. 2003. Morphological evolution of the pectoral girdle of pterosaurs: myology and function. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 217:191–215. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.12
  • Benson, R. B. J., R. J. Butler, M. T. Carrano, and P. M. O’Connor. 2011. Air-filled postcranial bones in theropod dinosaurs: physiological implications and the ‘reptile’-bird transition. Biological Reviews 87:168–193. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00190.x
  • Benton, M. J., and A. D. Walker. 2002. Erpetosuchus, a crocodile-like basal archosaur from the Late Triassic of Elgin, Scotland. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136:25–47. doi: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00024.x
  • Bonaparte, J. F., F. E. Novas, and R. A. Coria. 1990. Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Contributions in Science 416:1–42.
  • Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. 1977. A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii gen. n., sp. n. from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Palaeontologia Polonica 37:5–64.
  • Brink, A. S. 1965. A new ictidosuchid (Scaloposauria) from the Lystrosaurus-Zone. Palaeontologia Africana 9:129–138.
  • Brochu, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7:1–138. doi: 10.2307/3889334
  • Brusatte, S. L., M. J. Benton, J. B. Desojo, and M. C. Langer. 2010. The higher-level phylogeny of Archosauria (Tetrapoda: Diapsida). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8:3–47. doi: 10.1080/14772010903537732
  • Bryant, H. N., and A. P. Russell. 1993. The occurrence of clavicles within Dinosauria: implications for the homology of the avian furcula and the utility of negative evidence Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13:171–184. doi: 10.1080/02724634.1993.10011499
  • Burch, S. H. 2013. Osteological, myological, and phylogenetic trends of forelimb reduction in nonavian theropod dinosaurs. Ph.D. dissertation, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 423 pp.
  • Burch, S. H. 2014. Complete forelimb myology of the basal theropod dinosaur Tawa hallae based on a novel robust muscle reconstruction method. Journal of Anatomy 225:271–297. doi: 10.1111/joa.12216
  • Cabreira, S. F., A. W. A. Kellner, S. Dias-da-Silva, L. R. d. Silva, M. Bronzati, J. C. d. A. Marsola, R. T. Müller, J. d. S. Bittencourt, B. J. A. Batista, T. Raugust, R. Carrilho, A. Brodt, and M. C. Langer. 2016. A unique Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage reveals dinosaur ancestral anatomy and diet. Current Biology 26:3090–3095. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040
  • Chan, L. K. 2006. Scapular position in primates. Folia Primatologica 78:19–35. doi: 10.1159/000095683
  • Clack, J. A. 2012. Gaining Ground: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 523 pp.
  • Cooper, M. R. 1981. The prosauropod Massospondylus carinatus Owen from Zimbabwe: its biology, mode of life and phylogenetic significance. Occasional Papers of the National Museums and Monuments, Series B 6:689–840.
  • Cope, E. D. 1869. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 14:1–252. doi: 10.2307/1005355
  • Coria, R. A., and P. J. Currie. 2016. A new megaraproran dinosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Megaraptoridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. PLoS ONE 11:e0157973. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157973
  • Currey, J. D. 2002. Bones: Structure and Mechanics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 463 pp.
  • Currie, P. J., and X.-J. Zhao. 1993. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30:2037–2081. doi: 10.1139/e93-179
  • Dial, K. P. 1991. The functional anatomy of the shoulder in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Journal of Morphology 207:327–344. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1052070309
  • Dilkes, D. W. 2000. Appendicular myology of the hadrosaurian dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Montana. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 90:87–125. doi: 10.1017/S0263593300007185
  • Etheridge, R. 1965. The abdominal skeleton of lizards in the family Iguanidae. Herpetologica 21:161–168.
  • Ezcurra, M. D. 2016. The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms. PeerJ 4:e1778. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1778
  • Ezcurra, M. D., and R. N. Martínez. 2016. Dinosaur precursors and early dinosaurs from Argentina; pp. 97–107 in F. Agnolíin, G. L. Lio, F. Brissón Egli, N. R. Chimento, and F. Novas (eds.), Historia Evolutiva y Paleobiogeografía de los Vertebrados de América del Sur. Contribuciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Fell, H. B. 1939. The origin and developmental mechanics of the avian sternum. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 229:407–463. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1939.0002
  • Foth, C. 2014. Comment on the absence of ossified sternal elements in basal paravian dinosaurs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111:E5334. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1419023111
  • Fourie, H., and B. S. Rubidge. 2007. The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the therocephalian Regisaurus (Therapsida: Regisauridae) and its utilization for biostratigraphic correlation. Palaeontologia Africana 42:1–16.
  • Gaffney, E. S. 1990. The comparative osteology of the Triassic turtle Proganochelys. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 194:1–263.
  • Gauthier, J. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the California Academy of Science 8:1–55.
  • Gauthier, J., and K. Padian. 1985. Phylogenetic, functional, and aerodynamic analyses of the origin of birds and their flight; pp. 185–197 in M. K. Hecht, J. H. Ostrom, G. Viohl, and P. Wellnhofer (eds.), The Beginning of Birds. Freunde des Jura Museums, Eichstätt, Germany.
  • George, J. C., and A. J. Berger. 1966. Avian Myology. Academic Press, New York, 500 pp.
  • Gilbert, B. M., L. D. Martin, and H. G. Savage. 1996. Avian Osteology. Missouri Archaeological Society, Columbia, Missouri, 252 pp.
  • Gladstone, R. J., and C. P. G. Wakeley. 1932. The morphology of the sternum and its relation to the ribs. Journal of Anatomy 66:508–564.
  • Griffin, C. T., and S. J. Nesbitt. 2016a. Anomalously high variation in postnatal development is ancestral for dinosaurs but lost in birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113:14757–14762. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1613813113
  • Griffin, C. T., and S. J. Nesbitt. 2016b. The femoral ontogeny and long bone histology of the Middle Triassic (?Late Anisian) dinosauriform Asilisaurus kongwe and implications for the growth of early dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36:e1111224. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1111224
  • Gunnell, G. F., and N. B. Simmons. 2005. Fossil evidence and the origin of bats. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 12:209–246. doi: 10.1007/s10914-005-6945-2
  • Hanson, F. B. 1920. The ontogeny and phylogeny of the sternum. The American Journal of Anatomy 26:41–115.
  • Holliday, C. M., R. C. Ridgely, J. C. Sedlmayr, and L. M. Witmer. 2010. Cartilaginous epiphyses in extant archosaurs and their implications for reconstructing hindlimb function in dinosaurs. PLoS ONE 5:e13120. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013120
  • Holtz, T. R., R. E. Molnar, and P. J. Currie. 2004. Basal Tetanurae; pp. 71–110 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
  • Hospitaleche, C. A., and U. D. Carlo. 2012. Functional implications of a singular penguin scapula (Aves, Sphenisciformes) from the Eocene of Antarctica. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 118:493–501.
  • Huttenlocker, A. K., C. A. Sidor, and R. M. H. Smith. 2011. A new specimen of Promoschorhynchus (Therapsida: Therocephalia: Akidnognathidae) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa and its implications for theriodont survivorship across the Permo-Triassic boundary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31:405–421. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2011.546720
  • Hyman, L. H. 1992. The pectoral girdle, the sternum, and the anterior paired appendages; pp. 251–260 in M. H. Wake (ed.), Hyman’s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
  • Irmis, R. B., R. Mundil, J. W. Martz, and W. G. Parker. 2011. High-resolution U-Pb ages from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (New Mexico, USA) support a diachronous rise of dinosaurs. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 309:258–267. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.07.015
  • Irmis, R. B., S. J. Nesbitt, K. Padian, N. D. Smith, A. H. Turner, D. Woody, and A. Downs. 2007. A Late Triassic dinosauromorph assemblage from New Mexico and the rise of dinosaurs. Science 317:358–361. doi: 10.1126/science.1143325
  • Keller, C., and L. Krause. 1986. The Appendicular Skeleton of Liolaemus occipitalis Boulenger, 1885 (Sauria, Iguanidae). Department of Zoology, Federal University of Rio do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 463 pp.
  • Kemp, T. S. 1986. The skeleton of a baurioid therocephalian therapsid from the Lower Triassic (Lystrosaurus Zone) of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6:215–232. doi: 10.1080/02724634.1986.10011617
  • Kent, D. V., P. E. Olsen, C. Rasmussen, C. Lepre, R. Mundil, R. B. Irmis, G. E. Gehrels, D. Giesler, J. W. Geissman, and W. G. Parker. 2018. Empirical evidence for stability of the 405-kiloyear Jupiter-Venus eccentricity cycle over hundreds of millions of years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115:6153–6158. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1800891115
  • Ksepka, D. T., and M. A. Norell. 2006. Erketu ellisoni, a long-necked sauropod from Bor Guvé (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3508:1–16. doi: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3508[1:EEALSF]2.0.CO;2
  • Lambe, L. M. 1917. The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Canada 100:1–84.
  • Lambertz, M. 2015. Remarks on the evolution of the avian sternum, dinosaur gastralia, and their functional significance for the respiratory apparatus. Zoologischer Anzeiger 225:80–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jcz.2015.02.008
  • Lambertz, M., F. Bertozzo, and P. M. Sander. 2018. Bone histological correlates for air sacs and their implications for understanding the origin of the dinosaurian respiratory system. Biology Letters 14:20170514. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0514
  • Lamm, E.-T. 2013. Preparation and sectioning of specimens; pp. 57–159 in K. Padian and E.-T. Lamm (eds.), Bone Histology of Fossil Tetrapods: Advancing Methods, Analysis, and Interpretation. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
  • Langer, M. C., M. D. Ezcurra, O. W. M. Rauhut, M. J. Benton, F. Knoll, B. W. McPhee, F. E. Novas, D. Pol, and S. L. Brusatte. 2017. Untangling the dinosaur family tree. Nature 551: 501–506. doi: 10.1038/nature21700. doi: 10.1038/nature24011
  • Li, C., X.-C. Wu, O. Rieppel, L.-T. Wang, and L.-J. Zhao. 2008. An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature 456:497–501. doi: 10.1038/nature07533
  • Loughney, K. M., D. E. Fastovsky, and W. G. Parker. 2011. Vertebrate fossil preservation in blue paleosols from the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, with implications for vertebrate biostratigraphy in the Chinle Formation. Palaios 26:700–719. doi: 10.2110/palo.2011.p11-017r
  • Makovicky, P. J., and P. J. Currie. 1998. The presence of a furcula in tyrannosaurid theropods, and its phylogenetic and functional implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18:143–149. doi: 10.1080/02724634.1998.10011040
  • Maleev, E. A. 1974. Giant carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Faunas and Biostratigraphy 1:132–191.
  • Marsh, O. C. 1881. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, Part V. American Journal of Science 21:417–423. doi: 10.2475/ajs.s3-21.125.417
  • Martin, L. D., and A. Feduccia. 1998. Theropod-bird link reconsidered. Nature 391:754.
  • Martínez, R. N. 2009. Adeopapposaurus mognai, gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha), with comments on adaptations of early diverging Sauropodomorpha. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29:142–164. doi: 10.1671/039.029.0102
  • Mayr, G. 2016. Avian Evolution: The Fossil Record of Birds and Its Paleobiological Significance. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 326 pp.
  • Meers, M. B. 2003. Crocodylian forelimb musculature and its relevance to Archosauria. The Anatomical Record: Part A 274:891–916. doi: 10.1002/ar.a.10097
  • Nesbitt, S. J. 2005. Osteology of the Middle Triassic psuedosuchian archosaur Arizonasaurus babbitti. Historical Biology 17:19–47. doi: 10.1080/08912960500476499
  • Nesbitt, S. J. 2011. The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 352:1–288.
  • Nesbitt, S. J., and M. D. Ezcurra. 2014. The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: a new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60:513–526.
  • Nesbitt, S. J., A. H. Turner, M. Spaulding, J. L. Conrad, and M. A. Norell. 2009a. The theropod furcula. Journal of Morphology 270:856–879. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10724
  • Nesbitt, S. J., R. B. Irmis, W. G. Parker, N. D. Smith, A. H. Turner, and T. Rowe. 2009b. Hindlimb osteology and distribution of basal dinosauromorphs from the Late Triassic of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29:498–516. doi: 10.1671/039.029.0218
  • Nesbitt, S. J., N. D. Smith, R. B. Irmis, A. H. Turner, A. Downs, and M. A. Norell. 2009c. A complete skeleton of a Late Triassic saurischian and the early evolution of dinosaurs. Science 326:1530–1533. doi: 10.1126/science.1180350
  • Norell, M. A., and P. J. Makovicky. 1999. Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates 3282:1–45.
  • O’Connor, P. M., and L. P. A. M. Claessens. 2005. Basic avian pulmonary design and flow-through ventilation in non-avian theropod dinosaurs. Nature 436:253–256. doi: 10.1038/nature03716
  • O’Connor, J. K., X.-T. Zheng, C. Sullivan, C.-M. Chuong, X.-L. Wang, A. Li, Y. Wang, X.-M. Zhang, and Z.-H. Zhou. 2015. Evolution and functional significance of derived sternal ossification patterns in ornithothoracine birds. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 28:1550–1567. doi: 10.1111/jeb.12675
  • Olsen, P. E. 1979. A new aquatic eosuchian from the Newark Supergroup (Late Triassic-Early Jurassic) of North Carolina and Virginia. Postilla 176:1–14.
  • Parker, W. G. 2005. Faunal review of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona. Mesa Southwest Museum Bulletin Number 11:34–54.
  • Parker, W. G., and R. B. Irmis. 2005. Advances in Late Triassic vertebrate paleontology based on new material from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 29:45–58.
  • Parker, W. G., and J. W. Martz. 2011. The Late Triassic (Norian) Adamanian-Revueltian tetrapod faunal transition in the Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 101:231–260. doi: 10.1017/S1755691011020020
  • Ramezani, J., G. D. Hoke, D. E. Fastovsky, S. A. Bowring, F. Therrien, S. I. Dworkin, S. C. Atchley, and L. C. Nordt. 2011. High-precision U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA): temporal constraints on the early evolution of dinosaurs. Geological Society of America Bulletin 123:2142–2159. doi: 10.1130/B30433.1
  • Rinehart, L. F., S. G. Lucas, and A. P. Hunt. 2007. Furculae in the Late Triassic theropod dinosaur Coelophysis bauri. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 81:174–180. doi: 10.1007/BF02988391
  • Romer, A. S. 1956. Osteology of the Reptiles. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 313 pp.
  • Russell, A. P., and A. M. Bauer. 2008. The appendicular locomotor apparatus of Sphenodon and normal-limbed squamates. Biology of the Reptilia 24:1–466.
  • Schachner, E. R., T. R. Lyson, and P. Dodson. 2009. Evolution of the respiratory system in nonavian theropods: evidence from rib and vertebral morphology. The Anatomical Record 292:1501–1513. doi: 10.1002/ar.20989
  • Schwarz, D., E. Frey, and C. A. Meyer. 2007. Novel reconstruction of the orientation of the pectoral girdle in sauropods. The Anatomical Record 290:32–47. doi: 10.1002/ar.20405
  • Sereno, P. C. 1991. Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 2:1–53. doi: 10.2307/3889336
  • Sereno, P. C., R. N. Martinez, J. A. Wilson, D. J. Varricchio, O. A. Alcober, and H. C. E. Larsson. 2008. Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina. PLoS ONE 3:e3303. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003303
  • Sertich, J. J. W., and M. A. Loewen. 2010. A new basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of southern Utah. PLoS ONE 5:e9789. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009789
  • Shubin, N. H., E. B. Daeschler, and F. A. Jenkins. 2014. Pelvic girdle and fin of Tiktaalik roseae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 111:893–899. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1322559111
  • Stocker, M. R., L.-j. Zhao, S. J. Nesbitt, X.-c. Wu, and C. Li. 2017. A short-snouted, Middle Triassic phytosaur and its implications for the morphological evolution and biogeography of Phytosauria. Nature Scientific Reports 7:E46028. doi: 10.1038/srep46028
  • Stocker, M. R., S. J. Nesbitt, B. Kligman, D. J. Paluh, A. D. Marsh, D. C. Blackburn, and W. G. Parker. 2019. The earliest equatorial record of anurans from the Late Triassic of Arizona. Biology Letters 15:20180922. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0922
  • Sues, H.-D. 2016. Dating the origin of dinosaurs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113:480–481. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1523058113
  • Sues, H.-D., S. J. Nesbitt, D. S. Berman, and A. C. Henrici. 2011. A late-surviving basal theropod dinosaur from the latest Triassic of North America. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278:3459–3464. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0410
  • Tahara, R., and H. C. E. Larsson. 2011. Cranial pneumatic anatomy of Ornithomimus edmontonicus (Ornithomimidae: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31:127–143. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2011.539646
  • Taylor, M. P., M. J. Wedel, and R. L. Cifelli. 2011. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56:75–98. doi: 10.4202/app.2010.0073
  • Trotteyn, M. J., R. N. Martínez, and O. A. Alcober. 2012. A new proterochampsid Chanaresuchus ischigualastensis (Diapsida, Archosauriformes) in the Early Late Triassic Ischigualasta Formation, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32:485–489. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2012.645975
  • Tschopp, E., and O. Mateus. 2013. Clavicles, interclavicles, gastralia, and sternal ribs in sauropod dinosaurs: new reports from Diplodocidae and their morphological, functional and evolutionary implications. Journal of Anatomy 222:321–340. doi: 10.1111/joa.12012
  • Wild, R. 1994. A juvenile specimen of Eudimorphodon ranzii Zambelli (Reptilia, Pterosauria) from the Upper Triassic (Norian) of Bergamo. Rivista del Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali 16:95–120.
  • Witmer, L. M. 1995. The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils; pp. 19–33 in J. Thomason (ed.), Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology. Cambridge University Press, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
  • Witton, M. P. 2013. Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 304 pp.
  • Xu, X., X. Zheng, C. Sullivan, X. Wang, L. Xing, Y. Wang, X. Zhang, J. K. O'Connor, F. Zhang, and Y. Pan. 2015. A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran theropod with preserved evidence of membranous wings. Nature 521:70–73.
  • Youke, C.-c. 1942. Yunnanosaurus huangi, (gen. et sp. nov.), a new prosauropod from the red beds of Lufeng, Yunnan. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 22:63–104. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.1942.mp221-2005.x
  • Zhang, F., Z. Zhou, X. Xu, X. Wang, and C. Sullivan. 2008. A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers. Nature 455:1105–1108. doi: 10.1038/nature07447
  • Zheng, X., X. Wang, J. O’Connor, and Z. Zhou. 2012. Insight into the early evolution of the avian sternum from juvenile enantiornithines. Nature Communications 3:1116. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2104
  • Zheng, X., J. O’Connor, X. Wang, M. Wang, X. Zhang, and Z. Zhou. 2014. On the absence of sternal elements in Anchiornis (Paraves) and Sapeornis (Aves) and the complex early evolution of the avian sternum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111:13900–13905. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1411070111

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.