Osteology and Taxonomy of British Wealden Supergroup (Berriasian–aptian) Ankylosaurs (Ornithischia, Ankylosauria)

LITERATURE CITED

• Anonymous. 1865a. Fossil reptiles from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. Geological Magazine 2:432.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1865b. A new Wealden dragon. Order, Sauria; Family, Dinosaurian; Genus, Polacanthus; Species, foxii. Illustrated London News: 47.
   Google Scholar
• Arbour, V. M., and P. J. Currie. 2013a. Euoplocephalus tutus and the diversity of ankylosaurid dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and Montana, USA. PLoS ONE 8:e62421. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbour, V. M., and P. J. Currie. 2013b. The taxonomic identify of a nearly complete ankylosaurid dinosaur skeleton from the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Cretaceous Research 46:24–30. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2013.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbour, V. M., and P. J. Currie. 2016. Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 14:385–444. doi: 10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbour, V. M., and J. C. Mallon. 2017. Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur Ankylosaurus magniventris. FACETS 2:764–794. doi: 10.1139/facets-2017-0063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbour, V. M., M. E. Burns, and P. J. Currie. 2011. A review of pelvic shield morphology in ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). Journal of Paleontology 85:298–302. doi: 10.1666/10-071.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbour, V. M., M. E. Burns, and R. L. Sissons. 2009. A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29:1117–1135. doi: 10.1671/039.029.0405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbour, V. M., L. E. Zanno, and T. Gates. 2016. Ankylosaurian dinosaur palaeoenvironmental associations were influenced by extirpation, sea-level fluctuation, and geodispersal. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 449:289–299. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austen, P. A., and D. J. Batten. 2018. English Wealden fossils: an update. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 129:171–201.
   Google Scholar
• Austen, P., D. Brockhurst, and K. Honeysett. 2010. Vertebrate fauna from Ashdown Brickworks, Bexhill, East Sussex. Wealden News 8:13–23.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, M. G., D. B. Norman, and P. M. Barrett. 2017. Postcranial anatomy of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Jurassic of southern Africa: implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179:125–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, P. M., and S. C. R. Maidment. 2011a. Dinosaurs of Dorset: Part III, the ornithischian dinosaurs (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) with additional comments on the sauropods. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 132:145–163.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, P. M., and Maidment, S. C. R. 2011b. Armoured dinosaurs; pp. 391–406 in D. J. Batten (ed.), English Wealden Fossils. Palaeontological Association, London.
   Google Scholar
• Batten, D. J. 2011. English Wealden Fossils. Palaeontological Association, London, 769 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Batten, D. J. and Austen, P. A. 2011. The Wealden of south-east England. In Batten, D. J. (ed), English Wealden Fossils. Palaeontological Association, London, pp. 15–51.
   Google Scholar
• Blows, W. T. 1983. William Fox (1813–1881), a neglected dinosaur collector of the Isle of Wight. Archives of Natural History 11:299–313. doi: 10.3366/anh.1983.11.2.299
   Google Scholar
• Blows, W. T. 1987. The armoured dinosaur Polacanthus foxii, from the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight. Palaeontology 30:557–580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blows, W. T. 1996. A new species of Polacanthus (Ornithischia; Ankylosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of Sussex, England. Geological Magazine 133:671–682. doi: 10.1017/S0016756800024535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blows, W. T. 1998. A review of Lower and middle Cretaceous dinosaurs of England. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 14: 67-78.
   Google Scholar
• Blows, W. T. 2015. British Polacanthid Dinosaurs: Observations on the History and Palaeontology of the UK Polacanthid Armoured Dinosaurs and Their Relatives. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, 220 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Blows, W. T., and K. Honeysett. 2014. First Valanginian Polacanthus foxii (Dinosauria, Ankylosauria) from England, from the Lower Cretaceous of Bexhill, Sussex. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 125:233–251. doi: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2014.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, C. M., D. M. Henderson, J. Vinther, I. Fletcher, A. Sistiaga, J. Herrera, and R. E. Summons. 2017. An exceptionally preserved three-dimensional armored dinosaur reveals insights into coloration and Cretaceous predator-prey dynamics. Current Biology 27:2514–2521. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, M. E., T. A. Tumanova, and P. J. Currie. 2015. Postcrania of juvenile Pinacosaurus grangeri (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Alagteeg Formation, Alag Teeg, Mongolia: implications for ontogenetic allometry in ankylosaurs. Journal of Paleontology 89:168–182. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2014.14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, R. J., and P. M. Barrett. 2008. Palaeoenvironmental controls on the distribution of Cretaceous herbivorous dinosaurs. Naturwissenschaften 95:1027–1032. doi: 10.1007/s00114-008-0417-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, R. J., P. Upchurch, and D. B. Norman. 2008. The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6:1–40. doi: 10.1017/S1477201907002271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K. 1990. Ankylosaur systematics: example using Panoplosaurus and Edmontonia (Ankylosauria: Nodosauridae); pp. 281–298 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K. 2001a. Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria; pp. 455–483 in K. Carpenter (ed.), The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K. 2001b. Skull of the polacanthid ankylosaur Hylaeosaurus armatus Mantell, 1833, from the Lower Cretaceous of England; pp. 169–172 in K. Carpenter (ed.), The Armoured Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K., and J. I. Kirkland. 1998. Review of Lower and middle Cretaceous Ankylosaurs from North America. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14:249–270.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K., T. DiCroce, B. Kinneer, and R. Simon. 2013. Pelvis of Gargoyleosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) and the origin and evolution of the ankylosaur pelvis. PLoS ONE 8:e79887. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K., J. I. Kirkland, D. L. Burge, and J. Bird. 1999. Ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah and their stratigraphic distribution. Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah 99–1 :243–251.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K., S. Hayashi, Y. Kobayashi, T. Maryanska, R. Barsbold, K. Sato, and I. Obata. 2016. Saichania chulsanensis (Ornithischia, Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 294:1–61. doi: 10.1127/pala/294/2011/1
   Google Scholar
• Chen, R., W. Zheng, Y. Azuma, M. Shibata, T. Lou, Q. Jin, and X. Jin. 2013. A new nodosaurid ankylosaur from the Chaochuan Formation of Dongyang, Zhejiang Province, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 87:658–671. doi: 10.1111/1755-6724.12077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colbert, E. H. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 53:1–61.
   Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. P. Jr. 1978. The families of the ornithischian dinosaur order Ankylosauria. Palaeontology 21:143–170.
   Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. P. Jr. 1995. A nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15:298–312. doi: 10.1080/02724634.1995.10011231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. P. Jr., and T. Maryanska. 1990. Ankylosauria; pp. 456–483 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska (eds.), The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Coria, R. A., and L. Salgado. 2001. South American ankylosaurs; pp. 159–168 in K. Carpenter (ed.), The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, F., and O. Mateus. 2019. Dacentrurine stegosaurs (Dinosauria): a new specimen of Miragaia longicollum from the Late Jurassic of Portugal resolves taxonomical validity and shows the occurrence of the clade in North America. PLoS ONE 14:e0224263. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delair, J. B. 1982. Notes on an armoured dinosaur from Barnes High, Isle of Wight. Proceedings of the Isle of Wight Natural History and Archaeological Society 7:297–302.
   Google Scholar
• Dong, Z.-M. 1993. An ankylosaur (ornithischian dinosaur) from the Middle Jurassic of the Junggar Basin, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 10:257–266.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzinger, L. 1843. Systema Reptilium. Vindobonae, Braumüller et Seidel, Vienna, 106 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, W. 1866. On a new Wealden saurian named Polacanthus. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 35, 56.
   Google Scholar
• Galton, P. M. 1982. Juveniles of the stegosaurian dinosaur Stegosaurus from the Upper Jurassic of North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2:47–62. doi: 10.1080/02724634.1982.10011917
   Google Scholar
• Galton, P. M., and K. Carpenter. 2016. The plated dinosaur Stegosaurus longispinus Gilmore, 1914 (Dinosauria: Ornithischia; Upper Jurassic, western USA), type species of Alcovasaurus n. gen. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 279:185–208. doi: 10.1127/njgpa/2016/0551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasulla, J. M., F. Ortega, X. Pereda-Suberbiola, F. Escaso, and J. L. Sanz. 2011. Elements de la Armadura Dermica del Dinosaurio Anquilosaurio Polacanthus Owen, 1865, en el Cretacico Inferior de Morella (Castellon, Espana). Ameghiniana 48:508–519. doi: 10.5710/AMGH.v48i4(276)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godefroit, P., X. Pereda-Suberbiola, H. Li, and Z.-M. Dong. 1999. A new species of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Pinacosaurus from the Late Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia (P.R. China). Bulletin de l’Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles de Belqique, Sciences de La Terre 69:17–36.
   Google Scholar
• Han, F. L., W. Zheng, D. Hu, X. Xu, and P. M. Barrett. 2014. A new basal ankylosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning Province, China. PLoS ONE 9:e104551. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennig, E. 1924. Kentrurosaurus aethiopicus. Die Stegosaurier-Funde von Tendaguru, Deutsch-Osstafrika. Palaeontographica 7:103–253.
   Google Scholar
• Hulke, J. W. 1874. Note on a reptilian tibia and humerus (probably of Hylaeosaurus) from the Wealden Formation of the Isle of Wight. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 30:516–520. doi: 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1874.030.01-04.53
   Google Scholar
• Hulke, J. W. 1881. XV. Polacanthus foxii, a large undescribed dinosaur from the Wealden Formation of the Isle of Wight. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 172:653–662. doi: 10.1098/rstl.1881.0015
   Google Scholar
• Hulke, J. W. 1887. Supplemental note on Polacanthus foxii, describing the dorsal shield and some parts of the endoskeleton, imperfectly known in 1881. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 178:169–172. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1887.0007
   Google Scholar
• Huxley, T. H. 1867. On Acanthopholis horridus, a new reptile from the Chalk Marl. Geological Magazine 4:65–67. doi: 10.1017/S001675680017102X
   Google Scholar
• ICZN. 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. London, U.K. [available online at https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature/the-code-online/]: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature.
   Google Scholar
• Kilbourne, B., B. Rouge, and K. Carpenter. 2005. Redescription of Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum, a polacanthid ankylosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Albany County, Wyoming. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 237:111–160. doi: 10.1127/njgpa/237/2005/111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinneer, B., K. Carpenter, and A. Shaw. 2016. Redescription of Gastonia burgei (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria, Polacanthidae), and description of a new species. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 282:37–80. doi: 10.1127/njgpa/2016/0605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkland, J. I. 1998. A polacanthine ankylosaur (Ornithischia: Dinosauria) from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) of eastern Utah. New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Bulletin 14:271–281.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkland, J. I., and K. Carpenter. 1994. North America’s first pre-Cretaceous ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of western Colorado. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 40:25–42.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkland, J. I., L. Alcalá, M. A. Loewen, E. Espílez, L. Mampel, and J. P. Wiersma. 2013. The basal nodosaurid ankylosaur Europelta carbonensis n. gen., n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous (Lower Albian) Escucha Formation of northeastern Spain. PLoS ONE 8:e80405. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leahey, L. G., R. E. Molnar, K. Carpenter, L. M. Witmer, and S. W. Salisbury. 2015. Cranial osteology of the ankylosaurian dinosaur formerly known as Minmi sp. (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Lower Cretaceous Allaru Mudstone of Richmond, Queensland, Australia. PeerJ 3:e1475. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. E. 1843. Notice of saurian dermal plates from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 2:5–7. doi: 10.1080/03745484309445251
   Google Scholar
• Lomax, D. R., and N. Tamura. 2014. Dinosaurs of the British Isles. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, 414 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, F. A. 1901. A new dinosaur, Stegosaurus marshi, from the Lower Cretaceous of South Dakota. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 23:591–592. doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.23-1224.591
   Google Scholar
• Lydekker, R. 1891. On part of the pelvis of Polacanthus. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 48:148–149. doi: 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1892.048.01-04.12
   Google Scholar
• Maidment, S. C. R., C. A. Brassey, and P. M. Barrett. 2015. The postcranial skeleton of an exceptionally complete individual of the plated dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A. PLoS ONE 10: e0138352. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maidment, S. C. R., G. Wei, and D. B. Norman. 2006. Re-description of the postcranial skeleton of the Middle Jurassic stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26:944–956. doi: 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[944:ROTPSO]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maidment, S. C. R., D. C. Woodruff, and J. R. Horner. 2018. A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Hesperosaurus mjosi from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, U.S.A., and implications for growth and size in Morrison stegosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38:e1406366. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2017.1406366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maidment, S. C. R., D. B. Norman, P. M. Barrett, and P. Upchurch. 2008. Systematics and phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6:367–407. doi: 10.1017/S1477201908002459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maidment, S. C. R., T. J. Raven, D. Ouarhache, and P. M. Barrett. 2020. North Africa’s first stegosaur: implications for Gondwanan thyreophoran dinosaur diversity. Gondwana Research 77:82–97. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantell, G. A. 1833. The Geology of South East England. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown Green and Longman, London, 415 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Mantell, G. A. 1841. Memoir on a portion of the lower jaw of the Iguanodon, and on the remains of the Hylaeosaurus and other saurians, discovered in the strata of Tilgate Forest, in Sussex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 131:131–151. doi: 10.1098/rstl.1841.0013
   Google Scholar
• Mantell, G. A. 1844. The Medals of Creation: Or First Lessons in Geology and in the Study of Organic Remains. H. G. Bohn, London, 587–876 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Martill, D. M., and D. Naish. 2001. Dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight. Palaeontological Association, London, 426 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Maryanska, T. 1977. Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia. Palaeontologia Polonica 37:85–151.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, A. M., P. M. Barrett, and S. D. Chapman. 2010. A new basal iguanodont from the Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) of England. Zootaxa 2569:1–43. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.2569.1.1
   Google Scholar
• Naish, D. 2011. Theropod dinosaurs; pp. 526–559 in D. J. Batten (ed.) English Wealden Fossils. Palaeontological Association, London.
   Google Scholar
• Nopcsa, F. 1905. Notes on British dinosaurs. Part II: Polacanthus. Geological Magazine 2:241–250. doi: 10.1017/S001675680013225X
   Google Scholar
• Nopcsa, F. 1915. Die dinosaurier der Siebenbürgischen landesteile Ungarns”. Mitteilungen aus dem Jahrbuche der Königlich-Ungarischen Geologischen Reichsanstalt. 23: 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Nopcsa, F. 1928. Palaeontological notes on reptiles. Geologica Hungarica 1:1–84.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, D. B. 1984. A systematic reappraisal of the reptile order Ornithischia. In: Reif WE, Westphal F, editors. Third symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers. Tubingen: Attempto Verlag; 1984. pp. 157–162.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, D. B. 1987. Wealden dinosaur biostratigraphy; pp. 165–170 in P. J. Currie, and E. H. Koster (eds.) Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers. Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleontology, Drumheller.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, D. B. 2010. A taxonomy of iguanodontians (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the lower Wealden Group (Cretaceous: Valanginian) of southern England. Zootaxa 2489:47–66. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.2489.1.3
   Google Scholar
• Norman, D. B. 2011. Ornithopod dinosaurs; pp. 407–475 in D. J. Batten (ed.) English Wealden Fossils. Palaeontological Association, London.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, D. B. 2020. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: Part 2. Postcranial Skeleton. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189:47–157. doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, D. B., and T. Faiers. 1996. On the first partial skull of an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight, southern England. Geological Magazine 133:299–310. doi: 10.1017/S0016756800009031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, D. B., L. M. Witmer, and D. B. Weishampel. 2004. Basal Thyreophora; pp. 335–342 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska (eds.), The Dinosauria, second edition. University of California Press, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Osborn, H. F. 1923. “Two Lower Cretaceous dinosaurs of Mongolia.” American Museum Novitates, 95: 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Ősi, A. 2005. Hungarosaurus tormai, a new ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Hungary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25:370–383. doi: 10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0370:HTANAD]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ősi, A. 2015. The European ankylosaur record: a review. Hantkeniana 10:89–106.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, J. A. 1970. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming and Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 35:1–355.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, R. 1842. Report on British fossil reptiles. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 11:60–204.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, R. 1858. Monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations. Part IV. Dinosauria (Hylaeosaurus). Palaeontographical Society Monographs 10:8–26. doi: 10.1080/02693445.1858.12027916
   Google Scholar
• Parish, J. C. 2005. The evolution and palaeobiology of the armoured dinosaurs. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oxford, Oxford, 471 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Penkalski, P. 2018. Revised systematics of the armoured dinosaur Euoplocephalus and its allies. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 287:261–306. doi: 10.1127/njgpa/2018/0717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereda-Suberbiola, X. 1993. Hylaeosaurus, Polacanthus, and the systematics and stratigraphy of Wealden armoured dinosaurs. Geological Magazine 130:767–781. doi: 10.1017/S0016756800023141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereda-Suberbiola, X. 1994. Polacanthus (Ornithischia, Ankylosauria), a transatlantic armoured dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Europe and North America. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 232: 133–159.
   Google Scholar
• Pereda-Suberbiola, X., and P. M. Barrett. 1999. A systematic review of ankylosaurian dinosaur remains from the Albian–Cenomanian of England. Special Papers in Palaeontology 60:177–208.
   Google Scholar
• Pereda-Suberbiola, X., C. Fuentes, M. Meijide, F. Meijide-Fuentes, and M. J. Meijide-Fuentes. 2007. New remains of the ankylosaurian dinosaur Polacanthus from the Lower Cretaceous of Soria, Spain. Cretaceous Research 28:583–596. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2006.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pond, S., M. G. Lockley, J. A. F. Lockwood, B. H. Breithaupt, and N. A. Matthews. 2014. Tracking dinosaurs on the Isle of Wight: a review of tracks, sites, and current research. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113:737–757. doi: 10.1111/bij.12340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven, T. J., and S. C. R. Maidment. 2017. A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia). Palaeontology 60:401–408. doi: 10.1111/pala.12291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, S., and J. J. Hornung. 2013. Ankylosaur remains from the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) of northwestern Germany. PLoS ONE 8:e60571. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salgado, L., and Z. Gasparini. 2006. Reappraisal of an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island (Antarctica). Geodiversitas 28:119–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz, J. L. 1983. A nodosaurid ankylosaur from the lower Cretaceous of Salas de los Infantes (Province of Burgos, Spain). Geobios 16:615–621. doi: 10.1016/S0016-6995(83)80038-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeley, H. G. 1888. On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 43: 258–265.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, R. S., J. C. Parish, S. C. R. Maidment, and P. M. Barrett. 2012. Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10:301–312. doi: 10.1080/14772019.2011.569091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocheri, M. W., C. M. Orr, M. C. Jacofsky, and M. W. Marzke. 2008. The evolutionary history of the hominin hand since the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo. Journal of Anatomy 212: 544–562. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00865.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upchurch, P., P. D. Mannion, and P. M. Barrett. 2011. Sauropod dinosaurs; pp. 476–525 in D. J. Batten (ed.), English Wealden Fossils. Palaeontological Association, London.
   Google Scholar
• Vickaryous, M. K., T. Maryanska, and D. B. Weishampel. 2004. Ankylosauria; pp. 363–392 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska (eds.), The Dinosauria, second edition. University of California Press, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Wiersma, J. P., and R. B. Irmis. 2018. A new southern Laramidian ankylosaurid, Akainacephalus johnsoni gen. et sp. nov., from the upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, USA. PeerJ 6:e5016. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. A., M. D. D’Emic, T. Ikejiri, E. M. Moacdieh, and J. A. Whitlock. 2011. A nomenclature for vertebral fossae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. PLoS ONE 6:e0017114. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017114 doi: 10.1371/annotation/53a56437-a810-4373-baee-16685ec20b2f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward, A. S., and C. D. Sherborn. 1890. A Catalogue of British Fossil Vertebrata. Dulau and Co., London, 396 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, J. L., P. M. Barrett, M. G. Lockley, and E. Cook. 1998. A review of Early Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrate track-bearing strata of England and Spain. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 14: 143-154.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, X., X. Wang, and H. You. 2001. A juvenile ankylosaur from China. Naturwissenschaften 88:297–300. doi: 10.1007/s001140100233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar