A Transitional Mammalian Carnivore Community from the Paleogene–Neogene Boundary in Northern Kenya

LITERATURE CITED

• Abbate, E., P. Bruni, M. P. Ferretti, C. Delmer, M. A. Laurenzi, M. Hagos, O. Bedri, L. Rook, M. Sagri, and Y. Libsekal. 2014. The East Africa Oligocene intertrappean beds: Regional distribution, depositional environments and Afro/Arabian mammal dispersals. Journal of African Earth Sciences 99:463–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, J. R., and M. Huber. 2010. Mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar controlled by ocean currents. Nature 463:653–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, C. W. 1904. Further Notes on the Mammals of the Eocene of Egypt, Part III. Geological Magazine 1:157.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, C. W. 1906. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayum, Egypt. British Museum (Natural History), London, 324 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, J. C. 1988. Dissopsalis, a Middle and Late Miocene Proviverrine Creodont (Mammalia) from Pakistian and Kenya. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8:25–45.
   Google Scholar
• Biedermann, W. G. A. 1863. Petrefacten Aus Der Umgegend von Winterthur: II. Die Braunkohlen von Elgg. Anhang: Hyainailouros Sulzeri, 23 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Blainville, M. H. de. 1839. Sur L’Hyaenodon Leptorhynchus (de Laizer). Annales Françaises et Étrangères d’anatomie et de Physiologie 3:17–31.
   Google Scholar
• Bonaparte, C. L. P. 1845. Catalogo Metodico Dei Mammiferi Europei. L. di Giacomo Pirola, Milan, 31 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Borths, M. R., and N. J. Stevens. 2017a. The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition. PLoS ONE 12:1–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borths, M. R., and E. R. Seiffert. 2017. Craniodental and humeral morphology of a new species of Masrasector (Teratodontinae, Hyaenodonta, Placentalia) from the late Eocene of Egypt and locomotor diversity in hyaenodonts. PLoS ONE 12:1–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borths, M. R., and N. J. Stevens. 2017b. Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, “Creodonta”, Placentalia, Mammalia). Palaeontologia Electronica 20:1–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borths, M. R. and N. J. Stevens. 2019. Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, ‘Creodonta,’ Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 39:1, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222
   Google Scholar
• Borths, M. R., P. A. Holroyd, and E. R. Seiffert. 2016. Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia). PeerJ 4:e2639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boschetto, H. B., F. H. Brown, and I. McDougall. 1992. Stratigraphy of the Lothidok Range, northern Kenya, and K/Ar ages of its Miocene primates. Journal of Human Evolution 22:47–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowdich, T. E. 1821. An Analysis of the Natural Classifications of Mammalia for the Use of Students and Travellers. J. Smith, Paris, 115 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen, P. 2006. Sabertooth characters in the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa Griffiths 1821). Journal of Morphology 267:1186–1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen, P. E. R. 2008. Evolutionary changes in craniomandibular shape in the great cats (Neofelis Griffith and Panthera Oken). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 95:766–778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubied, M., F. Solé, and B. Mennecart. 2019. The cranium of Provierra typica (Mammalia, Hyaenodonta) and its impact on hyaenodont phylogeny and endocranial evolution. Palaeontology 62:983–1001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducrocq, S., J.-R. Boisserie, J.-J. Tiercelin, C. Delmer, G. Garcia, M. F. Kyalo, M. G. Leakey, L. Marivaux, O. Otero, S. Peigné, P. Tassy, and F. Lihoreau. 2010. New Oligocene vertebrate localities from Northern Kenya (Turkana basin). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30:293–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, P. P. 1880. Note sur un nouveau genre de mammifore fossile (Apterodon gaudryi) des Phosphorites. Bulletin de La Societe Geologique de France 4:288–290.
   Google Scholar
• Friscia, A. R., and B. van Valkenburgh. 2010. Ecomorphology of North American Eocene carnivores: evidence for competition between carnivorans and creodonts; pp. 311–341 in A. Goswami and A. Friscia (eds.), Carnivoran Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Friscia, A. R., B. van Valkenburgh, and A. R. Biknevicius. 2007. An ecomorphological analysis of extant small carnivorans. Journal of Zoology 272:82–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gheerbrant, E., and J. C. Rage. 2006. Paleobiogeography of Africa: How distinct from Gondwana and Laurasia? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 241:224–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gheerbrant, E., M. Iarochene, M. Amaghzaz, and B. Bouya. 2006. Early African hyaenodontid mammals and their bearing on the origin of the Creodonta. Geological Magazine 143:475–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsburg, L. 1980. Hyainailouros sulzeri, mammifere Creodonte du Miocene d’Europe. Annales de Paleontologie (Vertebres) 66:19–73.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnell, G. F., D. M. Boyer, A. R. Friscia, S. Heritage, F. K. Manthi, E. R. Miller, H. M. Sallam, N. B. Simmons, N. J. Stevens, and E. R. Seiffert. 2018. Fossil lemurs from Egypt and Kenya suggest an African origin for Madagascar’s aye-aye. Nature Communications 9:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holroyd, P. A. 1994. An examination of dispersal origins for Fayum mammals. Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 328 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, R. M. J. 1996. Biogeography of the Order Carnivora; pp. 485–541 in J. L. Gittleman (ed.), Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, Volume 2. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, R. M. J. 1998. Evolution of the aeluroid Carnivora: diversity of the earliest aeluroids from Eurasia (Quercy, Hsanda-Gol) and the origin of felids. American Museum Novitates 3252:1–65.
   Google Scholar
• Kappelman, J., D. T. Rasmussen, W. J. Sanders, M. Feseha, T. Bown, P. Copeland, J. Crabaugh, J. Fleagle, M. Glantz, A. Gordon, B. Jacobs, M. Maga, K. Muldoon, A. Pan, L. Pyne, B. Richmond, T. Ryan, E. R. Seiffert, S. Sen, L. Todd, M. C. Wiemann, and A. Winkler. 2003. Oligocene mammals from Ethiopia and faunal exchange between Afro-Arabia and Eurasia. Nature 426:549–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Koenigswald, G. H. R. 1947. Ein Hyaenaelurus aus dem Miocaen Nordafrikas. Société Paléontologique Suisse, Contribution à l’Étude des Vertébrés miocènes de l’Egypte, 292–294.
   Google Scholar
• Langé-Badré, B., and M. Böhme. 2005. Apterodon intermedius, sp. nov., a new European Creodont Mammal from MP22 of Espenhain (Germany). Annales de Paleontologie 91:311–328.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. E., and M. Morlo. 2010. Creodonta; pp. 543–560 in L. Werdelin and W. J. Sanders (eds.), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, E. R., D. T. Rasmussen, J. Kappelman, A. R. Friscia, S. N. Muteti, and M. Gutierrez. 2015. Ptolemaia from West Turkana, Kenya. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 56:81–88.
   Google Scholar
• Morales, J., M. Pickford, and M. J. Salesa. 2008. Creodonta and Carnivora from the Early Miocene of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Namibia 20:291–310.
   Google Scholar
• Morales, J., M. J. Salesa, M. Pickford, and D. Soria. 2001. A new tribe, new genus and two new species of Barbourofelinae (Felidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of East Africa and Spain. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 92:97–102.
   Google Scholar
• Morlo, M., S. Peigné, and D. Nagel. 2004. A new species of Prosansanosmilus: implications for the systematic relationships of the family Barbourofelidae new rank (Carnivora, Mammalia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140:43–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morlo, M., E. R. Miller, and A. N. El-Barkooky. 2007. Creodonta and Carnivora from Wadi Moghra, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27:145–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn, H. F. 1909. New carnivorous mammals from the Fayûm Oligocene, Egypt. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 26:415–424.
   Google Scholar
• Peigné, S. 1999. Proailurus, l’un des plus anciens Felidae (Carnivora) d’Eurasie: systématique et évolution. Bulletin Of The Society Of Natural History, Toulouse 135:125–134.
   Google Scholar
• Pickford, M. 1986. Cainozoic Paleontological Sites of Western Kenya. Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen A1 8:1–151.
   Google Scholar
• Pickford, M. 2018. Piping, a geomorphological process relevant to African palaeontology and archaeology: sedimentary, taphonomic and biostratigraphic implications. Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia 20:59–86.
   Google Scholar
• Pickford, M., and P. Andrews. 1981. The Tinderet Miocene sequence in Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 10:11–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilgrim, G. E. 1910. Notices of new mammalian genera and species from the Tertiaries of India. Records of the Geological Survey of India 40:63–71.
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim, G. E. 1912. The Vertebrate Fauna of the Gaj Series in the Bugti Hills and the Punjab. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palaeontologia Indica, New Series 4:1–83.
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim, G. E. 1932. The fossil Carnivora of India. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 18:1–232.
   Google Scholar
• Polly, P. D. 1996. The skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. et comb. nov. and the cladistic relationships of Hyaenodontidae (Eutheria, Mammalia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16:303–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, D. T., A. R. Friscia, M. Gutierrez, J. Kappelman, E. R. Miller, S. Muteti, D. Reynoso, J. B. Rossie, T. L. Spell, N. J. Tabor, E. Gierlowski-Kordesch, B. F. Jacobs, B. Kyongo, M. Macharwas, and F. Muchemi. 2019. Primitive Old World monkey from the earliest Miocene of Kenya and the evolution of cercopithecoid bilophodonty. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116:6051–6056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, D. T., and M. Gutierrez. 2009. A mammalian fauna from the Late Oligocene of Northwestern Kenya. Palaeontographica Abt. A 288:1–52.
   Google Scholar
• Rögl, F. 1999. Circum-Mediterranean Miocene Paleogeography; pp. 39–48 in G. E. Rössner and K. Hessig (eds.), The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich.
   Google Scholar
• Rögl, V. F. 1997. Palaeogeographic considerations for Mediterranean and Paratethys Seaways (Oligocene to Miocene). Annalen Des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie A Für Mineralogie Und Petrographie, Geologie Und Paläontologie, Anthropologie Und Prähistorie 99:279–310.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, W. J., J. Kappelman, and D. T. Rasmussen. 2004. New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49:365–392.
   Google Scholar
• Savage, R. J. G. 1965. Fossils Mammals of Africa: 19 The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 10:239–316.
   Google Scholar
• Schlosser, M. 1910. Über einige fossile Säugetiere aus dem Oligozän von Ägypten. Zoologischer Anzeiger 35:500–508.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Kittler, N. 1987. The Carnivora (Fissipedia) from the Lower Miocene of East Africa. Palaeontographica Abt. A 197:85–126.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, C. B., M. R. Schultz, and L. D. Martin. 1970. A new tribe of saber-toothed cats (Barbourofelini) from the Pliocene of North America. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 9:1–31.
   Google Scholar
• Seiffert, E. R. 2006. Revised age estimates for the later Paleogene mammal faunas of Egypt and Oman. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103:5000–5005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seiffert, E. R. 2010. Chronology of Paleogene mammal localities; pp. 18–26 in L. Werdelin and W. J. Sanders (eds.), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, S. 2013. Dispersal of African mammals in Eurasia during the Cenozoic: ways and whys. Geobios 46:159–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoshani, J., R. C. Walter, M. Abraha, S. Berhe, P. Tassy, W. J. Sanders, G. H. Marchant, Y. Libsekal, T. Ghirmai, and D. Zinner. 2006. A proboscidean from the late Oligocene of Eritrea, a “missing link” between early Elephantiformes and Elephantimorpha, and biogeographic implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103:17296–17301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, E. L., and P. D. Gingerich. 1974. New carnivorous mammals from the Oligocene of Egypt. Annals of The Geological Survey of Egypt 4:157–166.
   Google Scholar
• Simons, E. L., and P. D. Gingerich. 1976. A new species of Apterodon (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the upper Eocene Qasr El-Sagha Formation of Egypt. Postilla 168:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Solé, F. 2013. New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11:375–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solé, F., D. Morgane, K. L. E. Verger, and L. E. Verger. 2018. Niche Partitioning of the European carnivorous mammals during the Paleogene. Palaios 33:514–523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solé, F., E. Amson, M. Borths, D. Vidalenc, M. Morlo, and K. Bastl. 2015. A new large hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and its bearings on the evolution and ecology of massive hyaenodonts (Mammalia). PLoS ONE 10:1–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, N. J., P. M. O’Connor, E. M. Roberts, and M. D. Gottfried. 2009. A hyracoid from the late oligocene red sandstone group of Tanzania, Rukwalorax jinokitana (gen. and sp. nov.). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29:972–975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szalay, F. S. 1967. The affinities of Apterodon (Mammalia, Deltatheridia, Hyaenodontidae). American Museum Novitates 2293:1–17.
   Google Scholar
• van Valen, L. 1967. New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135:217–284.
   Google Scholar
• van Valkenburgh, B. 1999. Major patterns in the history of carnivorous mammals. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 27:463–493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Valkenburgh, B. 2007. Déjà vu: the evolution of feeding morphologies in the Carnivora. Integrative and Comparative Biology 47:147–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Valkenburgh, B., and K.-P. Koepfli. 1993. Cranial and dental adaptations to predation in canids. Symposia of the Zoological Society London 65:15–37.
   Google Scholar
• Werdelin, L. 2010. Chronology of Neogene Mammal Localities; pp. 27–44 in L. Werdelin and W. J. Sanders (eds.), Cenozoic mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
   Google Scholar
• Werdelin, L., and S. Peigné. 2010. Carnivora; pp. 603–657 in L. Werdelin and W. J. Sanders (eds.), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
   Google Scholar
• Werdelin, L., and W. J. Sanders (eds.). 2010. Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, Callifornia, 952 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Wesley-Hunt, G. D. 2005. The morphological diversification of carnivores in North America. Paleobiology 31:35–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoder, A. D., T. Delefosse, M. M. Burns, S. M. Goodman, S. Zehr, J. J. Flynn, and G. Veron. 2003. Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor. Nature 421:734–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zack, S. P. 2018. A skeleton of a Uintan machaeroidine ‘creodont’ and the phylogeny of carnivorous eutherian mammals. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17:1–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar