Fossil vertebrates from a unique marine bonebed of the Upper Cretaceous Smoky Hill Chalk, western Kansas, U.S.A.: new insights into the paleoecology of the Niobrara Formation

LITERATURE CITED

• Agassiz, J. L. R. 1833–44 [1833, 1835, 1843]. Recherches sur les poissons fossiles (5 volumes). Petitpierre, Neuchâtel et Soleure, 1420 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Aotsuka, K., and T. Sato. 2016. Hesperornithiformes (Aves: Ornithurae) from the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale, Southern Manitoba, Canada. Cretaceous Research 63: 154–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Applegate, S. P. 1970. The vertebrate fauna of the Selma Formation in Alabama. Part 8: The fishes. Fieldiana Geology Memoirs 3:381–433.
   Google Scholar
• Arratia, G., and J. Chorn. 1998. A new primitive acanthomorph fish from the Greenhorn Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Nebraska. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18:301–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardack, D. 1965. Anatomy and evolution of chirocentrid fishes. Paleontological Contributions, University of Kansas, Vertebrata, Article 10:1–88.
   Google Scholar
• Bardack, D., and G. Sprinkle. 1969. Morphology and relationships of saurocephalid fishes. Fieldiana Geology Memoirs 16:297–340.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, M. A., R. Wellner, C. Mallory, Jr., and J. Chamberlain, Jr. 2010. Chondrichthyans from the Lower Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale (Upper Cretaceous: Middle Turonian) of Emery and Carbon counties, Utah, USA. Journal of Paleontology 84:248–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeson, E. R., and K. Shimada. 2004. Vertebrates from a unique bonebed of the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk, western Kansas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(Supplement to Number 3):37A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, A., Y.-H. Wu, and L. M. Chiappe. 2019. Morphometric comparison of the Hesperornithiformes and modern diving birds. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 513:196–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, S. C. 1990. Inferring stratigraphic position of fossil vertebrates from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas; pp. 43–72 in S. C. Bennett (ed.), Niobrara Chalk Excursion Guidebook: University of Kansas Museum of Natural History and Kansas Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, S. C. 2000. Inferring stratigraphic position of fossil vertebrates from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey, Current Research in Earth Sciences, Bulletin 244:1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, L. 1940. Classification of fishes, both recent and fossil. Doklady Zoological Institute 5:85–517. [English translation by J. W. Edwards, Ann Arbor, Michigan]
   Google Scholar
• Berg, L. S., 1958, System der Rezenten und fossilen fischartigen und fische. Berlin, Hochschulbucher fur Biologie, 310 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bice, K. N., and K. Shimada. 2016. Fossil marine vertebrates from the Codell Sandstone Member (middle Turonian) of the Upper Cretaceous Carlile Shale in Jewell County, Kansas, USA. Cretaceous Research 65:172–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blainville, H. de. 1818. Sur les ichthyolites ou les poissons fossiles. Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle, Deterville, Paris 27:310–395.
   Google Scholar
• Blair, S. A., and D. K. Watkins. 2009. High-resolution calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy for the Coniacian/Santonian Stage boundary, Western Interior Basin. Cretaceous Research 30:367–384.
   Google Scholar
• Bleeker, P. 1859. Enumeratio specierum hucusque in archipelago indico observatarum. Acta Batavia Koninklijke Naturkundige Vereeniging Netherlandsch Indie 6:1–276.
   Google Scholar
• Bonaparte, C. 1838. Synopsis vertebratorum systematis. Nuovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali Bologna 2:105–133.
   Google Scholar
• Camp, C. C. 1923. Classification of the lizards. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 48:289–481.
   Google Scholar
• Cappetta, H. 1973. Selachians from the Carlile Shale (Turonian) of South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology 47:504–514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappetta, H. 2012. Chondrichthyes (Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii: Teeth); pp. 1–512 in H.-P. Schultze (ed.), Handbook of Paleoichthyology 3E. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Cappetta, H., and G. R. Case. 1975. Sélaciens nouveaux du Crétacé du Texas. Geobios 8:303–307.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, K. 2008. Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Smoky Hill Chalk (Niobrara Formation) and the Sharon Springs Member (Pierre Shale); pp. 421–437 in P. J. Harries (ed.), High-Resolution Approaches in Stratigraphic Paleontology. Springer Science + Business Media B. V.
   Google Scholar
• Case, G. R., T. T. Tokaryk, and D. Baird. 1990. Selachians from the Niobrara Formation of the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian) of Carrot River, Saskatchewan, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 27:1085–1094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casier, E. 1947. Constitution et évolution de la racine dentaire des Euselachii. Etude comparative des types. Bulletin du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 23:1–45.
   Google Scholar
• Cicimurri, D. J., D. C. Parris, and M. J. Everhart. 2008. Partial dentition of a chimaeroid fish (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of Kansas, USA. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28:34–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cope, E. D., 1868, Note on the fossil reptiles, near Fort Wallace; pp. 1–68 in J. L. LeConte (ed.), Notes on the Geology of Survey for the Extension of the Union Pacific Railway, E. D., from the Smoky Hill River, Kansas, to the Rio Grande. Review Printing House, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Cope, E. D. 1869. Remarks on fossil reptiles, Clidastes propython, Polycotylus latipinnis, Ornithotarsus immanis. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 11:1–117.
   Google Scholar
• Cope, E. D. 1870. On the Saurodontidae. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 11:529–538.
   Google Scholar
• Cope, E. D. 1871. On the fossil reptiles and fishes of the Cretaceous rocks of Kansas. United States Geological Survey of Wyoming and Portions of the Contiguous Territories, Second Annual Report pp. 385–424.
   Google Scholar
• Cope, E. D. 1872. On the families of fishes of the Cretaceous formations in Kansas. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12:327–357.
   Google Scholar
• Cope, E. D. 1874. Review of the Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Period found west of the Mississippi River. United States Geological Survey of the Territories Bulletin 1:3–48.
   Google Scholar
• Cronin, T. J., and K. Shimada. 2019. New anatomical information on the Late Cretaceous bony fish, Micropycnodon kansasensis (Actinopterygii: Pycnodontiformes), from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas, U.S.A. Transactions of Kansas Academy of Science 122:19–28.
   Google Scholar
• Crook, A. R. 1892. Ueber einige fossile Knochenfische aus der mittleren Kreide von Kansas. Palaeontographica 39:107–124.
   Google Scholar
• Cumbaa, S. L., K. Shimada, and T. D. Cook. 2010. Mid-Cenomanian vertebrate faunas of the Western Interior Seaway of North America and their evolutionary, paleobiogeographical, and paleoecological implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 295:199–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumbaa, S. L., C. Schroder-Adams, R. G. Day, and A. J. Phillips. 2006. Cenomanian bonebed faunas from the northeastern margin, Western Interior Seaway, Canada. Bulletin of New Mexico Museum of Natural History 35:139–155.
   Google Scholar
• Cuvier, G. 1825. Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles, où l’on rétablit les caractèrs des plusieurs animaux dont les révolutions du globe ont détruit les espèces (3rd edition). G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne, Paris, France, 412 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Da Gama, R. O. B. P., B. Lutz, P. Desjardins, M. Thompson, L. Prince, and I. Espejo. 2014. Integrated paleoenvironmental analysis of the Niobrara Formation: Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, northern Colorado. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 413:66–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, F. 1850. The Geology and Fossils of the Tertiary and Cretaceous Formations of Sussex. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longman, London, 408 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Dollo, L. 1884. Le mosasaure. Revue des Questions Scientifiques 16:648–653.
   Google Scholar
• Dumont, M., P. Tafforeau, T. Bertin, B. A. Bhullar, D. Field, A. Schulp, B. Strilisky, B. Thivichon-Prince, L. Viriot, and A. Louchart. 2016. Synchrotron imaging of dentition provides insights into the biology of Hesperornis and Ichthyornis, the “last” toothed birds. BMC Evolutionary Biology 16:1–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elton, C. 1927. Animal Ecology. Macmillan, New York, 207 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Everhart, M. J. 2001. Revisions to the biostratigraphy of the Mosasauridae (Squamata) in the Smoky Hill Chalk Member of the Niobrara Chalk (Late Cretaceous) of Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 104:56–75.
   Google Scholar
• Everhart, M. J. 2005. Oceans of Kansas, A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 320 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Everhart, M. J. 2007. New stratigraphic records (Albian–Campanian) of Rhinobatos sp. (Chondrichthyes; Rajiformes) from the Cretaceous of Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 110:225–235.
   Google Scholar
• Everhart, M. J. 2011. Rediscovery of the Hesperornis regalis Marsh 1871 holotype locality indicates an earlier stratigraphic occurrence. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 114:59–68.
   Google Scholar
• Everhart, M. J. 2017. Oceans of Kansas, A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea (2nd ed.) Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 427 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Fielitz, C. 2002. First record of endopterygoid teeth in the North American Late Cretaceous teleostean fish Enchodus gladiolus (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae). Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 105:27–32.
   Google Scholar
• Fielitz, C., and K. Shimada. 2009. A new species of Apateodus (Teleostei: Aulopiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas, U.S.A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29:650–658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielitz, C., and K. Shimada. 2020. A possible undescribed aulopiform fish allied to the genus Apateodus from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of Kansas, U.S.A. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 123:435–440.
   Google Scholar
• Forey, P. L., D. T. J. Littlewood, P. Ritchie, and A. Meyer. 1996. Interrelationships of elopomorph fishes; pp. 175–192 in M. L. J. Stiassny, L. R. Parenti, and G. D. Johnson (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, New York, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Frey, R. W. 1972. Paleoecology and depositional environment of Fort Hays Limestone Member, Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous), west-central Texas. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 58, 77 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, M., K. Shimada, L. D. Martin, M. J. Everhart, J. Liston, A. Maltese, and M. Triebold. 2010. 100-million-year dynasty of giant planktivorous bony fishes in the Mesozoic seas. Science 327:990–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fürbringer, M. 1888. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vögel, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Anatomie der Stütz- und Bewegungsorgane, 2 Volumes. Amsterdam, Holland: T. J. Van Holkema. 1751 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gallardo, C., K. Shimada, and B. A. Schumacher. 2013. A new Late Cretaceous marine vertebrate assemblage from the basal Lincoln Limestone Member of the Greenhorn Limestone in southeastern Colorado. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 115:107–116.
   Google Scholar
• Gervais, P. 1852. Zoologie et Paleontologie Françaises (Animaux Vertébrés, 1st edition). Arthus Bertrand, Paris, 271 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Goody, P. C. 1969. The relationships of certain Upper Cretaceous teleosts with special reference to the myctophoids. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology Supplement 7, 255 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Goody, P. C. 1976. Enchodus (Teleostei: Enchodontidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale of Wyoming and South Dakota with an evaluation of the North American enchodontid species. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 152:91–112.
   Google Scholar
• Gorman, K., K. Shimada, and B. Witzke. 2014. Late Cretaceous marine fishes from the basal Greenhorn Limestone in western Iowa. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 117:91–99.
   Google Scholar
• Grande, L. 2010. An empirical synthetic pattern study of gars and closely related species (Lepisosteiformes) based mostly on skeletal anatomy: the resurrection of Holostei. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Special Publication 6 (supplementary issue of Copeia 10:2A). Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 874 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. H., D. E. Rosen, S. H. Weitzman, and G. S. Meyers. 1966. Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes, with a provisional classification of living forms. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 131:339–455.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, J. T. 1950. A large pycnodont from the Niobrara Chalk: Postilla 5:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Guerra, R. M., A. Concheyro, S. W. Wise, Jr., and G. Fauth. 2016. Late Campanian–Maastrichtian Kamptnerius magnificus acme in the South Atlantic section of the Southern Ocean, ODP Holes 690C and 700B. Micropaleontology 62:213–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzzo, F., and K. Shimada. 2018. A new fossil vertebrate locality of the Jetmore Chalk Member of the Upper Cretaceous Greenhorn Limestone in North-Central Kansas, U.S.A. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 121:59–68.
   Google Scholar
• Haeckel, E. 1866. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin, 462 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hakel, M., and J. Stewart. 2003, A nearly complete skeleton of Pachyrhizodus caninus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(Supplement to Number 3):58A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamm, S. A., and D. J. Cicimurri. 2011. Early Coniacian (Late Cretaceous) selachian fauna from the basal Atco Formation, lower Austin Group, north central Texas. Paludicola 8:107–127.
   Google Scholar
• Hamm, S. A., and K. Shimada. 2002. Associated tooth set of the Late Cretaceous lamniform shark, Scapanorhynchus raphiodon (Mitsukurinidae), from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 105:18–26.
   Google Scholar
• Haq, B. U. 2014. Cretaceous eustasy revisited. Global and Planetary Change 113:44–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harlan, R. 1824. On a new fossil of genus of the order Enalio Sauri (of Conybeare). Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Series 1 3:331–337.
   Google Scholar
• Hattin, D. E. 1982. Stratigraphy and depositional environment of Smoky Hill Chalk Member, Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) of the type area, western Kansas. Kansas Geological Survey, Bulletin 225, 108 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hattin, D. E, and C. T. Siemers. 1978. Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy and depositional environments of western Kansas. Guidebook Series 3, AAPG/SEPM Annual Meeting, Kansas Geological Survey, 55 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hay, O. P. 1926. A collection of Pleistocene vertebrates from southwestern Texas. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 68:1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Hays, I. 1830. Description of a fragment of the head of a new fossil animal discovered in a marl pit near Moorestown, New Jersey. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Series 3:471–477.
   Google Scholar
• Huxley, T. 1880. On the application of the laws of evolution to the arrangement of the Vertebrata, and more particularly of the Mammalia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1880:649–662.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen, K. R., K. Shimada, and J. I. Kirkland. 2013. Fossil fish fauna from the uppermost Graneros Shale (Upper Cretaceous: Middle Cenomanian) in southeastern Nebraska. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 115:145–152.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson-Ransom, E., and K. Shimada. 2016. Fossil Fishes from the Pfeifer Shale Member of the Upper Cretaceous Greenhorn Limestone in north-central Kansas, U.S.A. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 119:201–207.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, D. S. 1905. A Guide to the Study of Fishes. Henry Holt and Company, New York, New York, 589 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, D. S. 1924. A collection of fossil fishes in the University of Kansas, from the Niobrara Formation of the Cretaceous. Kansas University Science Bulletin 15:219–234.
   Google Scholar
• Kauffman, E. G., and W. G. E. Caldwell. 1993. The Western Interior Basin in space and time; pp. 1–30 in W. G. E. Caldwell, and E. G. Kauffman (eds.), Evolution of the Western Interior Basin. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 39.
   Google Scholar
• Kidwell, S. M. 1998. Time-averaging in the marine fossil record: overview of strategies and uncertainties. Geobios 30:977–995.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidwell, S. M., and S. M. Holland. 2002. Quality of the fossil record: implications for evolutionary biology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33:561–588.
   Google Scholar
• Konishi, T., and M. W. Caldwell. 2011. Two new plioplatecarpine (Squamata, Mosasauridae) genera from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, and a global phylogenetic analysis of plioplatecarpines. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31:754–783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konishi, T., J. Lindgren, M. W. Caldwell, and L. Chiappe. 2012. Platecarpus tympaniticus (Squamata, Mosasauridae): osteology of an exceptionally preserved specimen and its insights into the acquisition of a streamlined body shape in mosasaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32:1313–1327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalewski, M. 1996. Time-averaging, overcompleteness and the geological record. Journal of Geology 104:317–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriwet, J. 2005. A comprehensive study of the skull and dentition of pycnodont fishes. Zitteliana A 45:135–188.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. A., and P. R. Bown. 2005. Upper Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, ODP Leg 198 (Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific Ocean). In: Bralower, T. J., Premoli Silva, I., Malone, M. J. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. College Station, Texas, 60 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Leidy, J. 1856. Notes on the fishes in the collection of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia 8:1–221.
   Google Scholar
• Leidy, J. 1857. Remarks on Saurocephalus and its allies. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 11:91–95.
   Google Scholar
• Linck, H. 1790. Versuch einer Eintheilung der Fische nach den Zähnen. Magazin Für Das Neueste Áus Der Physik Und Naturgeschichte. Gotha 6:28–38.
   Google Scholar
• Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis; Edito decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Volume 1, 824 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Linnert, C., J. Mutterlase, and P. R. Bown. 2014. Biometry of Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Maastrichtian) coccoliths – a record of long-term stability and interspecies size shifts. Journal of Micropaleontology 57:125–140.
   Google Scholar
• Loomis, F. B. 1900. Die anatomie und die Verwandtschaft der Ganoidund Knochen-Fische aus der Kreide-Formation von Kansas. Palaeontographica 46:213–283.
   Google Scholar
• Maisch, H. M., IV, M. A. Becker, and K. Shimada. 2021. Fossil fishes from a lag deposit within the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale in New Mexico, USA, with comments on correlative Turonian–Coniacian time-transgressive lags in the Western Interior Seaway of North America. Cretaceous Research 126:104886. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104886.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J. E., and P. R. Bjork. 1987. Gastric residues associated with a mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Pierre Shale in South Dakota. Dakoterra 3:68–72.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, L.D., and J. Tate, Jr. 1976. The skeleton of Baptornis advenus (Aves: Hesperornithiformes). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 27:35–66.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, L. D., B. M. Rothschild, and D. A. Burnham. 2016. Hesperornis escapes plesiosaur attack. Cretaceous Research 63:23–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, J. E., B. Schumacher, D. Parris, and B. Grandstaff. 1998. Fossil vertebrates of the Niobrara Formation in South Dakota. Dakoterra 5:39–54.
   Google Scholar
• Mattioli, E., and E. Erba. 1999. Synthesis of calcareous nannofossil events in Tethyan lower and middle Jurassic successions. Rivista Italiana de Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 105:343–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh, A., K. Shimada, and M. J. Everhart. 2016. Late Cretaceous marine vertebrate fauna from the Fairport Chalk Member of the Carlile Shale in southern Ellis County, Kansas, U.S.A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33(3, Supplement):175–176A.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, J. 1845. Über den Bau und die Grenzen der Ganoiden und über das natürliche System der Fische, Bericht Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 11:91–141.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, J., and J. Henle. 1838. Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Von Veit und Comp, Berlin, 204 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Nagrodski, M., K. Shimada, and B. A. Schumacher. 2012. Marine vertebrates from the Hartland Shale (Upper Cretaceous: Upper Cenomanian) in southeastern Colorado, USA. Cretaceous Research 37:76–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelms, A., A. P. Mcintosh, and K. Shimada. 2014. Fossil fishes from the Jetmore Chalk Member (lower Turonian) of the Upper Cretaceous Greenhorn Limestone in north-central Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 117:245–252.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, J. S. 1994. Fishes of the World (3rd edition). John Wiley and Sons, New York, 600 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, J. S., T. C. Grande, and M. V. H. Wilson. 2016. Fishes of the world (5th edition). John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey, 707 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Newbrey, M. G., and T. Konishi. 2015. A new lizardfish (Teleostei, Aulopiformes) from the Late Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation of Alberta, Canada, with a revised diagnosis of †Apateodus (Aulopiformes, Ichthyotringoidei). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35:e918042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppel, M. 1811. Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodrom einer Naturgeschichte derselben. J. Lindauer, München, 87 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Osborn, H. F. 1903. The reptilian subclasses Diapsida and Svnapsida. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1:451–507.
   Google Scholar
• Ouroumova, O., K. Shimada, and J. I. Kirkland. 2016. Fossil marine vertebrates from the Blue Hill Shale Member (middle Turonian) of the Upper Cretaceous Carlile Shale in northeastern Nebraska. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 119:211–221.
   Google Scholar
• Olszewski, T. D. 1999. Taking advantage of time-averaging. Paleobiology 25:226–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parris, D. C., B. S. Grandstaff, and W. B. Gallagher. 2007. Fossil fish from the Pierre Shale Group (Late Cretaceous): clarifying the biostratigraphic record. Geological Society of America Special Papers 427:99–109.
   Google Scholar
• Pictet, F. J. 1850. Description de quelques poisons fossils du Mont Liban. J.-G. Fick, Genève, 59 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Poyato-Ariza, F. J. 2005. Pycnodont fishes: morphologic variation, economorphologic plasticity, and a new interpretation of their evolutionary history. Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A 3:169–184.
   Google Scholar
• Rees, J., and J. Lindgren. 2005. Aquatic birds from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian) of Sweden and the biology and distribution of hesperornithiforms. Palaeontology 48:1321– 1329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan, T. 1923. The skeleton of Lepidosteus, with remarks on the origin and evolution of the lower neopterygian fishes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 93:445–461.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, D. E. 1973. Interrelationships of higher euteleostean fishes; 53:397–513 in P. H. Greenwood, R. S. Miles, and C. Patterson (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, D. E., and C. Patterson. 1969. The structure and relationships of the paracanthopterygian fishes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141:359–474.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, D. A. 1967. Cretaceous vertebrates from the Anderson River N.W.T. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 4:21–38.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, D. A. 1988. A check list of North American marine Cretaceous vertebrates including freshwater fishes. Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology Occasional Paper 4:1–58.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, D. A. 1993. Vertebrates in the Western Interior Sea; pp. 665–680 in W. G. E. Caldwell, and E. G. Kauffman (eds.), Evolution of the Western Interior Basin, Geologic Association of Canada, Special Paper 39.
   Google Scholar
• Savrda, C. E., and D. J. Bottjer. 1993. Trace fossil assemblages in fine-grained strata of the Cretaceous Western Interior; Special Paper 39:621–639 in W. G. E. Caldwell, and E. G. Kauffman (eds.), Evolution of the Western Interior Basin: Geological Association of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, R. W., P. C. Franks, M. J. Evetts, J. A. Bergen, and J. A. Stein. 2012. Timing of mid-Cretaceous relative sea level changes in the Western Interior: Amoco No. 1 Bounds core; pp. 11–34 in Dean, W. E., and M. A. Arthur (eds.), Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, USA. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (SEPM), Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology, Number 6.
   Google Scholar
• Shimada, K. 1996. Selachians from the Fort Hays Limestone Member of the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous), Ellis County, Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 99:1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Shimada, K. 1997. Skeletal anatomy of the Late Cretaceous lamniform shark, Cretoxyrhina mantelli, from the Niobrara Chalk in Kansas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17:642–652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada, K. 2008. New anacoracid shark from Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas, U.S.A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28:1189–1194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada, K. 2015. Body form and paleoecology of the large Late Cretaceous bony fish, Pachyrhizodus caninus. Cretaceous Research 52:286–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada, K., and D. J. Cicimurri. 2005. Skeletal anatomy of the Late Cretaceous shark, Squalicorax (Neoselachii: Anacoracidae). Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 79:241–261.
   Google Scholar
• Shimada, K., and D. J. Cicimurri. 2006. The oldest record of the Late Cretaceous anacoracid shark, Squalicorax pristodontus (Agassiz) from the Western Interior, with comments on Squalicorax phylogeny. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science 35:177–184.
   Google Scholar
• Shimada, K., and M. J. Everhart. 2003. Ptychodus mammillaris (Elasmobranchii) and Enchodus cf. E. shumardi (Teleostei) from the Fort Hays Limestone Member of the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) in Ellis County, Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 106:171–176.
   Google Scholar
• Shimada, K., and M. J. Everhart. 2009. First record of Anomoeodus (Osteichthyes: Pycnodontiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 112:98–102.
   Google Scholar
• Shimada, K., and C. Fielitz. 2006. Annotated checklist of fossil fishes from the Smoky Hill Chalk of the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) in Kansas. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History 35:193–213.
   Google Scholar
• Shimada, K., and H. D. Hanks. 2020. Shark-bitten hesperornithiform bird bone from a Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) marine deposit of northeastern South Dakota, USA. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 123:414–418.
   Google Scholar
• Shimada, K., and D. J. Martin. 2008. Fossil fishes from the basal Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous, late Cenomanian) in Russell County, Kansas; pp. 89–103 in G. H. Farley, and J. R. Choate (eds.), Unlocking the Unknown: Papers Honoring Dr. Richard J. Zakrzewski. Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Shimada, K., B. A. Schumacher, J. A. Parkin, and J. M. Palermo. 2006. Fossil Marine Vertebrates from the Lowermost Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous: Middle Cenomanian) in Southeastern Colorado. Journal of Paleontology Memoir 63:1–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siverson, M., J. Lindgren, and L. S. Kelley. 2007. Anacoracid sharks from the Albian (Lower Cretaceous) Pawpaw Shale of Texas. Palaeontology 50:939–950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slattery, J. S., W. A. Cobban, K. C. McKinney, P. J. Harries, and A. L. Sandness. 2015. Early Cretaceous to Paleocene paleogeography of the Western Interior Seaway: the interaction of eustasy and tectonism. Wyoming Geological Association, Guidebook 22–60.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, A. 1899. Pachyrhizodus minimus, a new species of fish from the Cretaceous of Kansas. Kansas University Quarterly 8:37–38.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, J. D. 1988. The stratigraphic distribution of Late Cretaceous Protosphyraena in Kansas and Alabama. Fort Hays Studies (Third Series) 10:80–94.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, J. D. 1990. Niobrara Formation vertebrate stratigraphy; pp. 19–30 in S. C. Bennett (ed.), Niobrara Chalk Excursion Guidebook. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History and Kansas Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, J. D. 1996. Cretaceous acanthomorphs of North America; pp. 383–394 in G. Arratia, and G. Viohl (eds.), Mesozoic Fishes 1: Systematics and Paleoecology. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, J. D., and G. L. Bell, Jr., 1994. North American’s oldest mosasaurs are teleosts. Contributions to Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 441:1−9.
   Google Scholar
• Taverne, L. 2000. Ostéologie et position systématique du genre Plethodus et des nouveaux genres Dixonangomius et Pentanogmius, poissons marins du Crétacé (Teleostei, Tselfatiiformes). Biologisch Jaarboek Dodonaea 67:94–123.
   Google Scholar
• Taverne, L., and M. Gayet. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships and palaeozoogeography of the marine Cretaceous Tselfatiiformes (Teleostei, Clupeocephala). Cybium 29:65–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokaryk, T. T., S. L. Cumbaa, and J. E. Storer. 1997. Early Late Cretaceous birds from Saskatchewan, Canada: the oldest diverse avifauna known from North America, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17:172–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trebilco, R., J. K. Baum, A. K. Salomon, and N. K. Dulvy. 2013. Ecosystem ecology: size-based constraints on the pyramids of life. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28:423–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood, C. J., and S. L. Cumbaa. 2010. Chondrichthyans from a Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) bonebed, Saskatchewan, Canada. Palaeontology 53:903–944.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welton, B. J., and R. F. Farish. 1993. The Collector’s Guide to Fossil Sharks and Rays from the Cretaceous of Texas. Before Time, Lewisville, Texas, 204 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Whitley, G. P. 1939. Taxonomic notes on sharks and rays. Australian Zoologist 9:227–262.
   Google Scholar
• Wiley, E. O., and J. D. Stewart. 1977. A gar (Lepisosteus sp.) from the marine Cretaceous Niobrara Formation of western Kansas. Copeia 1977:761–762.
   Google Scholar
• Williston, S. W. 1897. The Kansas Niobrara Cretaceous, Kansas Geologic Survey 2:235–246.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, L. E. 2019. A bird’s eye view: hesperornithiforms as environmental indicators in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 122:193–213.
   Google Scholar
• Woodson, C., J. R. Schramski, and S. B. Joye, 2018. Unifying theory for top-heavy ecosystem structure in the ocean. Nature Communications 9:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward, A. S. 1891. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History), part 2. British Museum of Natural History, London, 567 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Woodward, A. S. 1895. Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum (Natural History). Part 3. British Museum of Natural History, London, 544 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Woodward, A. S. 1901. Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum (Natural History). Part 4. British Museum of Natural History, London, 636 pp.
   Google Scholar