New well-preserved materials of Glossotherium chapadmalense (Xenarthra, Mylodontidae) from the Pliocene of Argentina shed light on the origin and evolution of the genus

LITERATURE CITED

• Ameghino, F. 1889. Contribución al conocimiento de los mamíferos fósiles de la República Argentina. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Córdoba 6:1–1027.
   Google Scholar
• Ameghino, F. 1902. Notas sobre algunos mamíferos fósiles, nuevos o poco conocidos del valle de Tarija. Anales del Museo de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 8:225–261.
   Google Scholar
• Ameghino, F. 1904. Nuevas especies de mamíferos Cretáceos y Terciarios de la República Argentina. Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 58:241–291.
   Google Scholar
• Anaya, F., and B. J. MacFadden. 1995. Pliocene mammals from Inchasi, Bolivia: the endemic fauna just before the Great American Interchange. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 39:87–140.
   Google Scholar
• Bargo, M. S., N. Toledo, and S. F. Vizcaíno. 2006. Muzzle of South American Pleistocene ground sloths (Xenarthra, Tardigrada). Journal of Morphology 267:248–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscaini, A. 2019. Mylodontid ground sloths from South America: new advances in anatomy, taxonomy, intraspecific variation, phylogeny, and paleoneurology. Ph.D. dissertation, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina, 370 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Boscaini, A., F. Pujos, and T. J. Gaudin. 2019. A reappraisal of the phylogeny of Mylodontidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) and the divergence of mylodontine and lestodontine sloths. Zoologica Scripta 48:691–710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscaini, A., T. J. Gaudin, B. Mamani Quispe, P. Münch, P.-O. Antoine, and F. Pujos. 2019. New well-preserved craniodental remains of Simomylodon uccasamamensis (Xenarthra: Mylodontidae) from the Pliocene of the Bolivian Altiplano: phylogenetic, chronostratigraphic and palaeobiogeographical implications. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185:459–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscaini, A., T. J. Gaudin, N. Toledo, B. Mamani Quispe, P.-O. Antoine, and F. Pujos. 2019. The earliest well-documented occurrence of sexual dimorphism in extinct sloths: evolutionary and palaeoecological insights. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187:229–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscaini, A., N. Toledo, B. Mamani Quispe, R. Andrade Flores, M. Fernández-Monescillo, L. Marivaux, P.-O. Antoine, P. Münch, T. J. Gaudin, and F. Pujos. 2021. Postcranial anatomy of the extinct terrestrial sloth Simomylodon uccasamamensis (Xenarthra: Mylodontidae) from the Pliocene of the Bolivian Altiplano and its evolutionary implications. Papers in Palaeontology 7:1557–1583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscaini, A., D. A. Iurino, G. Billet, L. Hautier, R. Sardella, G. Tirao, T. J. Gaudin, and F. Pujos. 2018. Phylogenetic and functional implications of the ear region anatomy of Glossotherium robustum (Xenarthra, Mylodontidae) from the Late Pleistocene of Argentina. The Science of Nature 105:28.
   Google Scholar
• Brambilla, L., and D. A. Ibarra. 2018. The occipital region of late Pleistocene Mylodontidae of Argentina. Boletín del Instituto de Fisiografía y Geología 88:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Brambilla, L., and D. A. Ibarra. 2019. Archaeomylodon sampedrinensis, gen. et sp. nov., a new mylodontine from the middle Pleistocene of Pampean Region, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38:e1542308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, B. 1903. A new genus of ground sloth form the Pleistocene of Nebraska. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 19:569–583.
   Google Scholar
• Cabrera, Á. 1936. Las especies del género “Glossotherium”. Notas del Museo de La Plata 1:193–206.
   Google Scholar
• Cartelle, C., G. De Iuliis, A. Boscaini, and F. Pujos. 2019. Anatomy, possible sexual dimorphism, and phylogenetic affinities of a new mylodontine sloth from the late Pleistocene of intertropical Brazil. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17:1957–1988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casali, D. M., A. Boscaini, T. J. Gaudin, and F. A. Perini. 2022. Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattoi, N. V. 1966. Edentata; pp. 59–99 in: A. V. Borrello (ed.), Paleontografia Bonaerense. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de La Provincia de Buenos Aires, La Plata, Argentina.
   Google Scholar
• Cione, A. L., G. M. Gasparini, E. Soibelzon, L. H. Soibelzon, and E. P. Tonni. 2015. The Great American Biotic Interchange: A South American perspective. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 97 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Cope, E. D. 1889. The Edentata of North America. American Naturalist 23:657–664.
   Google Scholar
• Czerwonogora, A., and R. A. Fariña. 2013. How many Pleistocene species of Lestodon (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada)? Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11:251–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Iuliis, G., C. Cartelle, H. G. McDonald, and F. Pujos. 2017. The mylodontine ground sloth Glossotherium tropicorum from the late Pleistocene of Ecuador and Peru. Papers in Palaeontology 3:613–636.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Iuliis, G., A. Boscaini, F. Pujos, R. K. McAfee, C. Cartelle, L. J. S. Tsuji, and L. Rook. 2020. On the status of the giant mylodontine sloth Glossotherium wegneri (Spillmann, 1931) (Xenarthra, Folivora) from the late Pleistocene of Ecuador. Comptes Rendus Palevol 19:215–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Schepper, S., J. Groeneveld, B. D. A. Naafs, C. Van Renterghem, J. Hennissen, M. J. Head, S. Louwye, and K. Fabian. 2013. Northern hemisphere glaciation during the globally warm early Late Pliocene. PloS ONE 8:e81508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delsuc, F., F. M. Catzeflis, M. J. Stanhope, and E. J. P. Douzery. 2001. The evolution of armadillos, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 268:1605–1615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delsuc, F., M. Kuch, G. C. Gibb, E. Karpinski, D. Hackenberger, P. Szpak, J. G. Martínez, J. I. Mead, H. G. McDonald, R. D. E. MacPhee, G. Billet, L. Hautier, and H. N. Poinar. 2019. Ancient mitogenomes reveal the evolutionary history and biogeography of sloths. Current Biology 29:2031–2042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowsett, H. J., A. M. Haywood, P. J. Valdes, M. M. Robinson, D. J. Lunt, D. J. Hill, D. K. Stoll, and K. M. Foley. 2011. Sea surface temperatures of the mid-Piacenzian Warm Period: A comparison of PRISM3 and HadCM3. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 309:83–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelmann, G. F. 1985. The phylogeny of the Xenarthra; pp. 51–64 in: G. G. Montgomery (ed.) The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilinguas. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Engelmann, G. F. 1987. A new Deseadan sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Salla, Bolivia, and its implications for the primitive condition of the dentition in edentates. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7:217–223.
   Google Scholar
• Esteban, G. I. 1996. Revisión de los Mylodontinae cuaternarios (Edentata-Tardigrada) de Argentina, Bolivia y Uruguay. Sistemática, filogenia, paleobiología, paleozoogeografía y paleoecología. Ph.D. dissertation, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina, 235 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Fariña, R. A., S. F. Vizcaíno, and M. S. Bargo. 1998. Body mass estimations in Lujanian (Late Pleistocene - Early Holocene of South America) mammal megafauna. Mastozoología Neotropical 5:87–108.
   Google Scholar
• Fernicola, J. C., S. F. Vizcaíno, and G. De Iuliis. 2009. The fossil mammals collected by Charles Darwin in South America during his travels on board the HMS Beagle. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 64:147–159.
   Google Scholar
• Flower, W. 1883. On the arrangement of the orders and families of existing Mammalia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 51:178–186.
   Google Scholar
• Gaudin, T. J. 1995. The ear region of edentates and the phylogeny of the Tardigrada (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15:672–705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudin, T. J. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140:255–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudin, T. J., and J. Broome. 2021. Isolated petrosal of the extinct sloth Glossotherium tropicorum (Xenarthra, Folivora, Mylodontidae) from the island of Trinidad. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 58:51–64.
   Google Scholar
• Gaudin, T. J., and D. A. Croft. 2015. Paleogene Xenarthra and the evolution of South American mammals. Journal of Mammalogy 96:622–634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervais, H., and F. Ameghino. 1880. Les Mammifères Fossiles de l’Amérique du Sud. F. Savy, Paris, France and Hermanos Igon, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 225 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gervais, P. 1855. Recherches sur les mammifères fossils de l’Amérique méridionale. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie 3:330–338.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, T. 1872. Arrangement of the families of mammals, with analytical tables. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 11:1–98.
   Google Scholar
• Hammer, Ø., D. A. T. Harper, and P. D. Ryan. 2001. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Harlan, R. 1831. Description of the jaws, teeth, and clavicle of the Megalonyx laqueatus. Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science 1:74–76.
   Google Scholar
• Harlan, R. 1835. Description of the jaws, teeth, and clavicle of the Megalonyx laqueatus; pp. 334–336 in: R. Harlan and F.L.S. Lond (eds.), Medical and Physical Researches: or Original Memoirs in Medicine, Surgery, Physiology Geology, Zoology, and Comparative Anatomy. L.R. Bailey, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
   Google Scholar
• Hatt, R. T., H. I. Fisher, D. A. Langebartel, and G. W. Brainerd. 1953. Faunal and archaeological researches in Yucatan caves. Cranbrook Institute of Science Bulletin 33:1–119.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffstetter, R. 1952. Les mammifères pléistocènes de la République de l’Équateur. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France 66:1–391.
   Google Scholar
• Illiger, C. 1811. Prodomus systematis mammalium et avium: additis terminis zoographicis utriusque classis, eorumque versione Germanica. Sumptibus C. Salfeld, Berlin, 302 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Kraglievich, J. L. 1952. El perfil geológico de Chapadmalal y Miramar, Provincia de Buenos Aires. Revista del Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales y Tradicional de Mar del Plata 1:8–37.
   Google Scholar
• Kraglievich, L. 1921a. Estudios sobre los Mylodontinae. Descripción comparativa del genero Pleurolestodon Rov. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 31:95–118.
   Google Scholar
• Kraglievich, L. 1921b. Estudios sobre los Mylodontinae. Descripción del cráneo y mandíbula del Pseudolestodon myloides gallenii n. Sbsp. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 31:119–134.
   Google Scholar
• Kraglievich, L. 1922. Eumylodon incertus n. sp. Anales del Museo de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 31:451–456.
   Google Scholar
• Kraglievich, L. 1925. Cuatro nuevos Gravigrados de la fauna araucana chapadmalense. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires 33:215–235.
   Google Scholar
• Kraglievich, L. 1928. Mylodon darwini Owen es la especie genotipo de Mylodon Owen: rectificación de la nomenclatura genérica de los Milodontes. Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 9:169–185.
   Google Scholar
• Kraglievich, L. 1934. Contribución al conocimiento de Mylodon darwini Owen y especies afines. Revista del Museo de la Plata 34:255–292.
   Google Scholar
• Leidy, J. 1855. A memoir on the extinct sloth tribe of North America. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 7:1–68.
   Google Scholar
• Lydekker, R. 1894. The extinct edentates of Argentina. Anales del Museo de La Plata 3:1–118.
   Google Scholar
• McAfee, R. K. 2009. Reassessment of the cranial characters of Glossotherium and Paramylodon (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Mylodontidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155:885– 903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAfee, R. K. 2011. Feeding mechanics and dietary implications in the fossil sloth Neocnus (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Megalonychidae) from Haiti. Journal of Morphology 272:1204–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, H. G. 1995. Gravigrade xenarthrans from the Early Pleistocene Leisey Shell Pit 1A, Hillsborough County, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 37:345–373.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, H. G. 1997. Xenarthrans: Pilosans; pp. 233–245 in R. F. Kay, R. H. Madden, R. L. Cifelli, and J. J. Flynn (eds.) Vertebrate paleontology in the Neotropics: the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, H. G. 2006. Sexual dimorphism in the skull of Harlan’s ground sloth. Contributions in Science 510:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, H. G, and G. De Iuliis. 2008. Fossil history of sloths; pp. 39–55 in S. F. Vizcaíno and W. J. Loughry (eds.), The Biology of the Xenarthra. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, H. G., and G. S. Morgan. 2011. Ground sloths of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 53:652–663.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, H. G., and S. Pelikan. 2006. Mammoths and mylodonts: exotic species from two different continents in North American Pleistocene faunas. Quaternary International 142–143:229–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna, M. C., A. R. Wyss, and J. J. Flynn. 2006. Paleogene pseudoglyptodont xenarthrans from Central Chile and Central Patagonia. American Museum Novitates 3536:1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montellano-Ballesteros, M., and Ó. Carranza-Castañeda. 1986. Descripción de un milodóntido del Blancano temprano de La Mesa Central de México. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Geología, Revista 6:193–203.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, G. S. 2008. Vertebrate fauna and geochronology of the Great American Biotic Interchange in North America; pp. 93–140 in S. G. Lucas, G. S. Morgan, J. A. Spielmann, and D. R. Prothero (eds.) Neogene Mammals. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science 44.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, R. 1839. Fossil Mammalia, Part I, Nos 2–3; pp. 41–80 in C. Darwin (ed.) The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, during the years 1832 to 1836. Smith, Elder and Co., London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, R. 1842. Description of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth, Mylodon robustus, Owen, with observations on the osteology, natural affinities, and probable habits of the megatheroid quadrupeds in general. R. and J. E. Taylor, London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, B., W. D. Turnbull, W. Segall, and T. J. Gaudin. 1992. The ear region in xenarthrans (= Edentata: Mammalia). Part II. Pilosa (sloths, anteaters), palaeanodonts, and a miscellany. Fieldiana Geology 24:1–78.
   Google Scholar
• Pitana, V. G., G. I. Esteban, A. M. Ribeiro, and C. Cartelle. 2013. Cranial and dental studies of Glossotherium robustum (Owen, 1842) (Xenarthra: Pilosa: Mylodontidae) from the Pleistocene of southern Brazil. Alcheringa 37:147–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presslee, S., G. J. Slater, F. Pujos, A. M. Forasiepi, R. Fischer, K. Molloy, M. Mackie, J. V. Olsen, A. Kramarz, M. Taglioretti, F. Scaglia, M. Lezcano, J. L. Lanata, J. Southon, R. Feranec, J. Bloch, A. Hajduk, F. M. Martin, R. Salas Gismondi, M. Reguero, C. de Muizon, A. Greenwood, B. T. Chait, K. Penkman, M. Collins, and R. D. E. MacPhee. 2019. Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3:1121–1130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevosti, F. J., and A. M. Forasiepi. 2018. Evolution of South American mammalian predators during the Cenozoic: paleobiogeographic and paleoenvironmental contingencies. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 196 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Prevosti, F. J., A. M. Forasiepi, and N. Zimicz. 2013. The evolution of the Cenozoic terrestrial mammalian predator guild in South America: competition or replacement? Journal of Mammalian Evolution 20:3–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevosti, F. J., C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. L. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 11, 9830.
   Google Scholar
• Pujos, F., and G. De Iuliis. 2007. Late Oligocene Megatherioidea Fauna (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Salla–Luribay (Bolivia): new data on basal sloth radiation and Cingulata–Phyllophaga split. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27:132–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pujos, F., T. J. Gaudin, G. De Iuliis, and C. Cartelle. 2012. Recent advances on variability, morpho- functional adaptations, dental terminology, and evolution of sloths. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 19:159–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quiñones, S. I., A. R. Miño-Boilini, A. E. Zurita, S. A. Contreras, C. A. Luna, A. M. Candela, M. Camacho, M. D. Ercoli, N. Solís, and D. Brandoni. 2019. New records of Neogene Xenarthra (Mammalia) from eastern Puna (Argentina): diversity and biochronology. Journal of Paleontology 93:1258–1275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhardt, J. T. 1879. Beskrivelse af hovedskallen af et kaempedovendyr, Grypotherium darwinii, fra La Plata-Landenes Plejstocene Dannelser. Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter 5:355–380.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, J. S. 1976. Latest Pliocene mammals from Haile XV A, Alachua County, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 20:111–186.
   Google Scholar
• Román-Carrión, J. L., and L. Brambilla. 2019. Comparative skull osteology of Oreomylodon wegneri (Xenarthra, Mylodontinae): defining the taxonomic status of the Ecuadorian endemic mylodontid. Journal of Vertebrate Palentology 39:e1674860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, S. 1899. Descripción de los restos encontrados en la caverna de Última Esperanza; pp. 421–453 in R. Hauthal, S. Roth, and R. Lehmann-Nitsche (eds.), El mamífero misterioso de la Patagonia “Grypotherium domesticum.” Revista del Museo de La Plata 9.
   Google Scholar
• Rovereto, C. 1914. Los estratos araucanos y sus fósiles. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 25:1–249.
   Google Scholar
• Saint-André, P.-A., F. Pujos, C. Cartelle, G. De Iuliis, T. J. Gaudin, H. G. McDonald, and B. Mamani Quispe. 2010. Nouveaux paresseux terrestres (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Mylodontidae) du Néogène de l’Altiplano bolivien. Geodiversitas 32:255–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scillato-Yané, G. J. 1976. El más antiguo Mylodontinae (Edentata, tardigrada) conocido: Glossotheriopsis pascuali n. gen., n. sp., del “Colloncurense” (Mioceno Superior) de la Provincia de Río Negro (Argentina). Ameghiniana 13:333–334.
   Google Scholar
• Spillmann, F. 1931. Die Säugetiere Ecuadors im Wandel der Zeit. Universidad Central, Quito, Ecuador, 112 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Stock, C. 1925. Cenozoic gravigrade Edentates of Western North America with special reference to the Pleistocene Megalonychinae, and Mylodontidae of Rancho La Brea. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications 331:1–206.
   Google Scholar
• Toledo, N., G. H. Cassini, S. F. Vizcaíno, and M. S. Bargo. 2014. Mass estimation of Santacrucian sloths from the Early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation of Patagonia, Argentina. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59:267–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Klaauw, C. J. 1931. On the tympanic region of the skull in the Mylodontinae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1931:607–655.
   Google Scholar
• Varela, L., P. S. Tambusso, H. G. McDonald, and R. A. Fariña. 2019. Phylogeny, macroevolutionary trends and historical biogeography of sloths: insights from a Bayesian morphological clock analysis. Systematic Biology 25:204–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vizcaíno, S. F., M. S. Bargo, and G. H. Cassini. 2006. Dental occlusal surface area in relation to body mass, food habits and other biological features in fossil xenarthrans. Ameghiniana 43:11–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vizcaíno, S. F., M. Zárate, M. S. Bargo, and A. Dondas. 2001. Pleistocene burrows in the Mar del Plata area (Argentina) and their probable builders. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 46:289–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodburne, M. O. 2010. The Great American Biotic Interchange: dispersals, tectonics, climate, sea level and holding pens. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 17:245–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zárate, M. A. 1989. Geología y estratigrafía de los acantilados marinos comprendidos entre Playa San Carlos y Arroyo Chapadmalal, Partido de General Pueyrredón, Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ph.D. dissertation, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina, 220 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Zárate, M. A. 2005. El Cenozoico tardío continental de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; pp. 139–158 in R. E. de Barrio, R. O. Etcheverry, M. F. Caballé, and E. Llambías (eds.) Geología y Recursos Minerales de la Provincia de Buenos Aires: Relatorio del XVI Congreso Geológico Argentino 9.
   Google Scholar