Generalization in Human Category Learning: A Connectionist Account of Differences in Gradient after Discriminative and Non discriminative Training

References

• Ashby , F. G. , Boynton , G. and Lee , W. W. 1994 . Categorisation response time with multidimensional stimuli . Perception & Psychophysics , 55 : 11 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss , A. H. 1950 . A study of concept formation as a function of reinforcement and generalisation . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 40 : 494 – 503 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dennis , I. , Hampton , J. A. and Lea , S. E. G. 1973 . New problem in concept formation . Nature , 243 : 101 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estes , W. K. 1986 . Memory storage and retrieval processes in category learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 113 ( 2 ) : 155 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estes , W. K. , Burke , C. J. , Atkinson , R. C. and Frankmann , J. P. 1957 . Probabilistic discrimination learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 54 ( 4 ) : 233 – 239 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gluck , M. A. and Bower , G. H. 1988 . From conditioning to category learning: An adaptive network model . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 117 ( 3 ) : 227 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grice , G. R. and Saltz , E. 1950 . The generalisation of an instrumental response to stimuli varying in the size dimension . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 40 : 702 – 708 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guttman , N. and Kalish , H. I. 1956 . Generalization gradients around stimuli associated with different reinforcement schedules . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 51 : 79 – 88 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanson , H. M. 1959 . Effects of discrimination training on stimulus generalization . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 58 : 321 – 334 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houghton , G. 1990 . “ The problem of serial order: A neural network model of sequence learning and recall ” . In Current research in natural language generation , Edited by: Dale , R. , Mellish , C. and Zock , M. London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Huber , L. and Lenz , R. 1993 . A test of the linear feature model of polymorphous concept discrimination with pigeons . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 46B ( 1 ) : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Hurwitz , J. B. 1994 . Retrieval of exemplar and feature information in category learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 20 ( 4 ) : 887 – 903 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , H. M. and Harrison , R. H. 1960 . Effect of discrimination training on auditory generalization . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 59 ( 4 ) : 246 – 253 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jitsumori , M. 1993 . Category discrimination of artificial polymorphous stimuli based on feature learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 19 ( 3 ) : 244 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacouture , Y. and Marley , A. A. J. 1991 . A connectionist model of choice and reaction time in absolute identification . Connection Science , 3 ( 4 ) : 401 – 433 .
   Google Scholar
• Lea , S. E. G. , Lohmann , A. and Ryan , C. M. E. 1993 . Discrimination of five-dimensional stimuli by pigeons: Limitations of feature analysis . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 46B ( 1 ) : 19 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Luce , R. D. 1959 . Individual choice behavior , New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Mackintosh , N. J. 1974 . The psychology of animal learning , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Medin , D. L. and Schaffer , M. M. 1978 . Context theory of classification learning . Psychological Review , 85 ( 3 ) : 207 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland , J. L. 1979 . On the time-relations of mental processes: An examination of systems of processes in cascade . Psychological Review , 86 : 287 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland , J. L. and Rumelhart , D. E. 1985 . Distributed memory and the representation of general and specific information . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 114 ( 2 ) : 159 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , J. W. 1972 . “ Stimulus control: Studies of auditory generalisation in rabbits ” . In Classical conditioning II : Current research and theory , Edited by: Black , A. H. and Prokasy , W. F. 206 – 230 . New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , F. L. and Baron , M. R. 1965 . Stimulus generalization along the dimension of angularity: A comparison of training procedures . Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology , 60 ( 1 ) : 59 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosofsky , R. M. 1986 . Attention, similarity and the identification-categorisation relationship . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 115 ( 1 ) : 39 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosofsky , R. M. 1991 . Typicality in logically defined categories: Exemplar-similar ity versus rule instantiation . Memory & Cognition , 19 ( 2 ) : 131 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. and Keele , S. W. 1968 . On the genesis of abstract ideas . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 77 ( 3 ) : 353 – 363 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Regehr , G. and Brooks , L. R. 1995 . Category organisation in free classification: The organizing effect of an array of stimuli . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 21 ( 2 ) : 347 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla , R. A. and Wagner , A. R. 1972 . “ A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variation s in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement ” . In Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory , Edited by: Black , A. H. and Prokasy , W. F. 64 – 99 . New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Rosch , E. 1973 . “ On the internal structure of perceptual and semantic categories ” . In Cognitive development and the acquisition of language , Edited by: Moore , T. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rumelhart , D. E. , Hinton , G. E. and Williams , R. J. 1986 . “ Learning Internal Representations by Error Propagation ” . In Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, Vol. 1: Foundations , Edited by: Rumelhart , D. E. and McClelland , J. L. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rumelhart , D. E. and Zipser , D. 1986 . “ Feature discovery by competitive learning ” . In Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, Vol. 1: Foundations , Edited by: Rumelhart , D. E. and McClelland , J. L. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shanks , D. R. 1990 . Connectionism and the learning of probabilistic concepts . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 42A : 209 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanks , D. R. 1991 . “ Some parallels between associative learning and object classification ” . In From animals to animats , Edited by: Meyer , J. A. and Wilson , S. 337 – 343 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shanks , D. R. and Gluck , M. A. 1994 . Tests of an adaptive network model for the identification and categorization of continuous-dimension stimuli . Connection Science , 6 ( 1 ) : 59 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Shepard , R. 1987 . Towards a universal law of generalisation for psychological science . Science , September : 1317 – 1323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepard , R. N. , Hovland , C. L. and Jenkins , H. M. 1961 . Learning and memorization of classifications . Psychological Monographs , 75 ( 13 ) Whole No. 517
   Google Scholar