A MODEL OF RACIAL RESIDENTIAL HISTORY AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SELF-RATED HEALTH AND MORTALITY AMONG BLACK AND WHITE ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES

REFERENCES

• Acevedo-Garcia , Dolores , Kimberly A. Lochner , Theresa L. Osypuk , and S. V. Subramanian . 2003 . “Future Directions in Residential Segregation and Health Research: A Multiple Approach.” American Journal of Public Health 93 : 215 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , Terry K. 1992 . Census of Population and Housing, 1980 (United States): Extract Data . Ann Arbor , MI : Economic Behavior Program, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan; distributed by ICPSR, Ann Arbor, MI .
   Google Scholar
• Adelman , Robert M. 2004 . “Neighborhood Opportunities, Race and Class: The Black Middle Class and Residential Segregation.” Cities and Neighborhoods 3 : 1 , 43 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Adelman , Robert. M. , Hui-shein Tsao , Stuart E. Tolnay , and Kyle D. Crowder . 2001 . “Neighborhood Disadvantage Among Racial and Ethnic Groups: Residential Location in 1970 and 1980.” The Sociological Quarterly 42 : 603 – 632 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alba , Richard D. and John R. Logan . 1991 . “Variations on Two Themes: Racial and Ethnic Patterns in the Attainment of Suburban Residence.” Demography 28 : 431 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ——— . 1993 . “Minority Proximity to Whites in Suburbs: An Individual-Level Analysis of Segregation.” American Journal of Sociology 98 : 1388 – 1427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alba , Richard D. , John R. Logan , and Brian J. Stults . 2000 . “The Changing Neighborhood Contexts of the Immigrant Metropolis.” Social Forces 79 : 587 – 621 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes , Lisa L. , Carlos F. Mendes de Leon , Tene T. Lewis , Julia L. Bienias , Robert S. Wilson , and Denis A. Evans . 2007 . “Perceived Discrimination and Mortality in a Population-Based Study of Older Adults.” American Journal of Public Health 98 ( 7 ): 1241 – 1247 .
   Google Scholar
• Bird , Sheryl T. 1995 . “Separate Black and White Infant Mortality Models: Differences in the Importance of Structural Variables.” Social Science and Medicine 41 : 1507 – 1512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruch , Elizabeth and Robert Mare . 2003 . Neighborhood Choice and Neighborhood Change . Boston : The Population Association of America .
   Google Scholar
• Cagney , Kathleen A. , Christopher R. Browning , and Ming Wen . 2005 . “Racial Disparities in Self-rated Health at Older Ages: What Difference Does the Neighborhood Make?” Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 60B : S181 – S190 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , W. A. V. 1991 . “Residential Preferences and Neighborhood Racial Segregation: A Test of the Schelling Segregation Model.” Demography 28 : 1 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , Chiquita A. and David R. Williams . 1999. “Segregation and Mortality: The Deadly Effects of Racism?” Sociological Forum 14:495–533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , James. A. 1985 . The Logic of Causal Order . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Dressler , William W. , Kathryn S. Oths , and Clarence C. Gravlee . 2005 . “Race and Ethnicity in Public Health Research: Models to Explain Health Disparities.” Annual Review of Anthropology 34 : 231 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan , Otis D. and Beverly Duncan . 1957 . The Negro Population of Chicago . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ellen , Ingrid G. 2000 . Sharing America's Neighborhoods: The Prospects for Stable Racial Integration . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fang , Jing , Shantha Madhavan , William Bosworth , and Michael H. Alterman . 1998 . “Residential Segregation and Mortality in New York City” . Social Science and Medicine 47 ( 4 ): 469 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , Mary J. 2003 . “The Relative Importance of Income and Race in Determining Residential Outcomes in U.S. Urban Areas, 1970–2000.” Urban Affairs Review 38 : 669 – 696 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey , William H. 2004 . “The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South 1965–2000.” The Brookings Institution, the Living Cities Census Series 1 – 15 . Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Frey , William H. and Reynolds Farley . 1996 . “Latino, Asian, and Black Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Are Multi-ethnic Metros Different?” Demography 33 : 35 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady , Sue C. 2006 . “Racial Disparities in Low Birthweight and the Contribution of Residential Segregation: A Multilevel Analysis.” Social Science and Medicine 63 : 3013 – 3029 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geolytics, Inc. 1996–2001 . Census CD: Neighborhood Change Database (NCDB) . East Brunswick , NJ: Geolytics Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Guest , Avery M. , Gunnar Almgren , and Jon M. Hussey . 1998 . “The Ecology of Race and Socioeconomic Distress: Infant and Working-Age Mortality in Chicago.” Demography 35 : 23 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House , James S. 1989 . American's Changing Lives: Wave I . Ann Arbor , MI : Survey Research Center [producer]. Ann Arbor, MI: ICPSR [distributor] .
   Google Scholar
• Idler , Ellen L. and Yael Benyamini . 1997 . “Self-Rated Health and Mortality: A Review of Twenty-Seven Community Studies.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 38 : 21 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , David R. and Karl E. Taeuber . 1985 . “Measures of Segregation.” Sociological Methodology 15 : 1 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Jargowsky , Paul A. 1997 . Poverty and Place: Ghettos, Barrios, and the American City . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Keppel , Kenneth G. , Jeffrey N. Pearcy , and Diane K. Wagener . 2002 . “Trends in Racial and Ethnic-Specific Rates for the Health Status Indicators: United States, 1990–1992.” Healthy People Statistical Notes 23 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• LaVeist , Thomas A. 1989 . Linking Residential Segregation to the Infant-Mortality Race Disparity in U.S. Cities . Sociology and Social Research 73 : 90 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• ——— . 1993 . “Segregation, Poverty, and Empowerment: Health Consequences for African Americans.” Milbank Quarterly 71 : 41 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ——— . 2003 . “Racial Segregation and Longevity Among African Americans: An Individual Level Analysis.” Health Services Research 38 : 1719 – 1734 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LeClere , Felicia B. , Richard G. Rogers , and Kimberley Peters . 1998 . “Neighborhood social context and racial differences in women's heart disease mortality.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 39 : 91 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan , John R. , Richard D. Alba , Thomas McNulty , and Mary J. Fischer . 1996 . “Making a Place in the Metropolis: Locational Attainment in Cities and Suburbs.” Demography 33 : 443 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey , Douglas S. , Gretchen A. Condran , and Nancy A. Denton . 1987 . “The Effect of Residential Segregation on Black Social and Economic Well-being.” Social Forces 66 : 29 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey , Douglas S. and Nancy A. Denton . 1988 . “The Dimensions of Residential Segregation.” Social Forces 67 : 281 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ——— . 1989 . “Hypersegregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Black and Hispanic Segregation Along Five Dimensions.” Demography 26 : 373 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ——— . 1993 . American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Massey , Douglas S. and Mary J. Fischer . 1999 . “Does Rising Income Bring Integration? New Results for Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in 1990.” Social Science Research 28 : 316 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey , Douglas S. and Brian Mullan . 1984 . “Processes of Hispanic and Black Spatial Assimilation” American Journal of Sociology 89 : 836 – 873 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morland , Kimberley , Steve Wing , Ana V. Diez-Roux , and Charles Poole . 2001 . “Neighborhood Characteristics Associated with the Location of Food Stores and Food Service Places.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 22 : 23 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics . 2000 . Health, United States, 2000, with Adolescent Health Chartbook . Hyattsville , MD : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• Polednak , Anthony P. 1993 . “Poverty, Residential Segregation and Black/White Mortality Ratios in Urban Areas.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 4 : 363 – 373 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ——— . 1996 . “Trends in U.S. Urban Black Infant Mortality, by Degree of Residential Segregation.” American Journal of Public Health 86 : 723 – 726 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert , Stephanie A. 1998 . “Neighborhood-level Socioeconomic Status Effects on Adult Health.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 39 : 18 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert , Stephanie A. and Erin Ruel . 2006 . “Racial Segregation and Health Disparities between Black and White Older Adults.” Journal of Gerontology 63 : S203 – S211 .
   Google Scholar
• SAS Institute, Inc. 2002–2004 . SAS 9.1.3. Help and Documentation . Cary , NC : SAS Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Schultz , Amy J. , David R. Williams , Barbara A. Israel , and Lora B. Lempert . 2002 . “Racial and Spatial Relations as Fundamental Determinants of Health in Detroit.” The Milbank Quarterly 80 : 677 – 707 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shihadeh , Edward S. and Nicole Flynn . 1996. “Segregation and Crime: The Effect of Black Social Isolation on the Rates of Black Urban Violence.” Social Forces 74:1325–1352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smaje , Chris . 1995 . “Ethnic Residential Concentration and Health: Evidence for a Positive Effect?” Policy and Politics 23 ( 3 ): 251 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• South , Scott J. and Kyle Crowder . 1998 . “Leaving the ‘Hood: Residential Mobility Between Black, White, and Integrated Neighborhoods.” American Sociological Review 63 : 17 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• South , Scott J. , Kyle Crowder , and Erick Chavez . 2005 . “Migration and Spatial Assimilation Among U.S. Latinos: Classical Versus Segmented Trajectories.” Demography 42 : 497 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian , S. V. , Dolores Acevedo-Garcia , and Theresa L. Osypuk . 2005 . “Racial Residential Segregation and Geographic Heterogeneity in Black/White Disparity in Poor Self-Reported Health in the US: A Multilevel Statistical Analysis.” Social Science and Medicine 60 : 1667 – 1679 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taeuber , Karl E. and Alma F. Taeuber . 1965 . Negroes in Cities . Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Tolnay , Stewart E. , Robert M. Adelman , and Kyle D. Crowder . 2002 . “Race, Regional Origin, and Residence in Northern Cities at the Beginning of the Great Migration.” American Sociological Review 67 : 456 – 475 .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Bureau of the Census . 2000 . Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts . Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Commerce .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , David R. 1997 . “Race and Health: Basic Questions, Emerging Directions.” Annals of Epidemiology 7 : 322 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , David R. and Chiquita Collins . 1999 . “Segregation and Mortality: The Deadly Effects of Racism?” Sociological Forum 14 : 495 – 523 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , David R. , Harold W. Neighbors , and James S. Jackson . 2003 . “Racial/ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings from Community Studies.” American Journal of Public Health 93 : 200 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen , Irene H. and George A. Kaplan . 1998 . “Poverty Area Residence and Changes in Physical Activity Level: Evidence from the Alameda County Study . American Journal of Public Health 88 : 1709 – 1712 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar