The Relationship Between Culture, Geographic Region, and Gender on Body Image: A Comparison of College Students in the Southeast and Pacific Northwest Regions of the United States

REFERENCES

• Barry , D. and C. Grilo . 2001 . “Eating and Body Image Disturbances in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: Gender and Ethnicity Patterns.” International Journal of Eating Disorders 32 : 335 – 343 . doi: 10.1002/eat.10082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best , D. and J. Williams . 2001 . “Gender and Culture.” Pp. 195 – 219 in The Handbook of Culture and Psychology , edited by D. Matsumoto . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cash , T. , J. Morrow , J. Hrabosky , and A. Perry . 2004 . “How Has Body Image Changed? A Cross-Sectional Investigation of College Women and Men from 1983 to 2001.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72 : 1081 – 1089 . doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.1081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash , T. , B. Winstead , and L. Janda . 1986 . “Body Image Survey Report: The Great American Shape-Up.” Psychology Today 20 : 30 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Darlow , S. and M. Lobel . 2010 . “Who Is Beholding My Beauty? Thinness Ideals, Weight, and Women's Responses to Appearance Evaluation.” Sex Roles 63 : 833 – 843 . doi: 10.1108/09654280510572277
   Google Scholar
• Dillman , C. 1988 . Southern Women . New York : Hemisphere Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards-Hewitt , T. and J. Gray . 1993 . “The Prevalence of Disordered Eating Attitudes and Behaviours in Black-American and White-American College Women: Ethnic, Regional, Class, and Media Differences.” European Eating Disorders Review 1 : 41 – 54 . doi: 10.1002/erv.2400010107
   Google Scholar
• Feingold , A. and R. Mazzella . 1998 . “Gender Differences in Body Image Are Increasing.” Psychological Science 9 : 190 – 195 . doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garreau , J. 1981 . The Nine Nations of North America . New York : Avon .
   Google Scholar
• Gillen , M. and E. Lefkowitz . 2011 . “Body Size Perceptions in Racially/Ethnically Diverse Men and Women: Implications for Body Image and Self-Esteem.” North American Journal of Psychology 13 : 447 – 467 .
   Google Scholar
• Gupta , M. , S. Chaturvedi , P. Chandarana , and A. Johnson . 2001 . “Weight-related Body Image Concerns among 18–24-Year-Old Women in Canada and India: An Empirical Comparative Study.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 50 : 193 – 198 . doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(00)00221-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmqvist , K. and A. Frisén . 2010 . “Body Dissatisfaction Across Cultures: Findings and Research Problems.” European Eating Disorders Review 18 : 133 – 146 . doi: 10.1002/erv.965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huange , J. , G. Norman , M. Zabinski , K. Calfas , and K. Patrick . 2006 . “Body Image and Self-Esteem among Adolescents Undergoing An Intervention Targeting Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors.” Journal of Adolescent Health 40 : 245 – 251 . doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.09.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung , J. and S. H. Lee . 2006 . “Cross-cultural Comparisons of Appearance Self-Schema, Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Dieting Behavior Between Korean and U.S. Women.” Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 34 : 350 – 365 . doi: 10.1177/1077727×06286419
   Google Scholar
• Koyuncu , M. , S. Tok , M. Canpolat , and F. Catikkas . 2010 . “Body Image Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction, Social Physique Anxiety, Self-Esteem, and Body Fat Ratio in Female Exercisers and Nonexercisers.” Social Behavior and Personality 38 : 561 – 570 . doi: 10.2224/sbp.2010.38.4.561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , J. and K. Johnson . 2009 . “Factors Related to Engagement in Risky Appearance Management Behaviors.” Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 27 : 163 – 178 . doi: 10.1177/0887302×08327200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon , S. , N. Rudd , B. Sloan , and J. Kim . 1999 . “Attitudes Toward Gender Roles, Self-Esteem, and Body Image: Application of a Model.” Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 17 : 191 – 202 . doi: 10.1177/0887302×9901700403
   Google Scholar
• Longhurst , R. 2005 . “Fat Bodies: Developing Geographic Research Agendas.” Progress in Human Geography 29 : 247 – 259 . doi: 10.1191/0309132505ph545oa
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luedtke , L. 1992 . Making America: The Society and Culture of the United States . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lynxiler , J. and M. Wilson . 1988 . “The Code of the New Southern Belle: Generating Typifications to Structure Social Interaction.” Pp. 113 – 124 in Southern Women , edited by C. M. Dillman . New York : Hemisphere Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , K. and J. Thompson . 1992 . “Eating Disturbance, Body Image Dissatisfaction, and Reasons for Exercising: Gender Differences and Correlational Findings.” International Journal of Eating Disorders 11 : 289 – 292 . doi: 10.1002/1098-108X(199204)11:3<289::AID-EAT2260110314>3.0.CO;2-F
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintz , L. and S. Kashubeck . 1999 . “Body Image and Disordered Eating among Asian American and Caucasian College Students.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 23 : 781 – 796 . doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00397.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Weather Service. 2013. National Climate Forecasts [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/
   Google Scholar
• Nicoli , M. and R. Liberatore . 2011 . “Binge Eating Disorder and Body Image Perception among University Students.” Eating Behaviors 12 : 284 – 288 . doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Dea , J. 2005 . “School-Based Health Education Strategies for the Improvement of Body Image and Prevention of Eating Problems: An Overview of Safe and Successful Interventions.” Health Education 105 : 11 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers , R. , H. Chabrole , and S. Paxton . 2011 . “An Exploration of the tripartite Model of Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating among Australian and French College Women.” Body Image 8 : 208 – 215 . doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sides-Moore , L. and K. Tochkov . 2011 . “The Thinner the Better: Competitiveness, Depression, and Body Image among College Student Women.” College Student Journal 45 : 439 – 448 .
   Google Scholar
• Sloan , D. 2002 . “Does Warm Weather Climate Affect Eating Disorder Pathology?” International Journal of Eating Disorders 32 : 240 – 244 . doi: 10.1002/eat.10077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , J. K. , L. J. Heinberg , M. Altabe , and S. Tantleff-Dunn . 1999 . Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment of Body Image Disturbance . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2012 . Healthy Weight, Overweight, and Obesity among U.S. Adults [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/databriefs/adultweight.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Woertman , L. and F. Van den Brink . 2012 . “Body Image and Female Sexual Functioning and Behaviour: A Review.” Journal of Sex Research 49 : 184 – 211 . doi: 10.1080/00224499.2012.658586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajac , A. and K. Schier . 2011 . “Body Image Dysphoria and Motivation to Exercise: A Study of Canadian and Polish Women Participating in Yoga or Aerobics.” Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 13 ( 4 ): 67 – 72 .
   Google Scholar