Risk and Recovery: Understanding Flood Risk Perceptions in a Postdisaster City—The Case of New Orleans

References

• Adeola, F. O. 1994. “Environmental Hazards, Health, and Racial Inequity in Hazardous Waste Distribution.” Environment and Behavior 26(1):99–126. doi:10.1177/0013916594261006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeola, F. O. 2000. “Endangered Community, Enduring People Toxic Contamination, Health, and Adaptive Responses in a Local Context.” Environment and Behavior 32(2):209–249. doi:10.1177/00139160021972504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adikari, Y. and J. Yoshitani. 2009. Global Trends in Water-Related Disasters: An Insight for Policymakers. Paris: World Water Assessment Programme Side Publication Series, Insights, The United Nations, UNESCO, International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management ICHARM.
   Google Scholar
• Arnall, A., D. S. Thomas, C. Twyman, and D. Liverman. 2013. “Flooding, Resettlement, and Change in Livelihoods: Evidence from Rural Mozambique.” Disasters 37(3):468–488. doi:10.1111/disa.12003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belkhir, J. A. and C. Charlemaine. 2007. “Race, Gender, and Class Lessons from Hurricane Katrina.” Race, Gender, and Class 14(1–2):120–153.
   Google Scholar
• Bord, R. J. and R. E. O’Connor 1997. “The Gender Gap in Environmental Attitudes: The Case of Perceived Vulnerability to Risk.” Social Science Quarterly 78(4):830–840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botzen, W. J. W., J. C. J. H. Aerts, and J. C. J. M. Van Den Bergh. 2009. “Dependence of Flood Risk Perceptions on Socioeconomic and Objective Risk Factors.” Water Resources Research 45(10):1–15. doi:10.1029/2009wr007743.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brilly, M. and M. Polic. 2005. “Public Perception of Flood Risks, Flood Forecasting and Mitigation.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 53:345–355. doi:10.5194/nhess-5-345-2005.
   Google Scholar
• Brody, S. D., W. E. Highfield, and J. E. Kang. 2011. Rising Waters: The causes and Consequences of Flooding in the United States. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bubeck, P., W. J. Botzen, and J. C. Aerts. 2012. A Review of Risk Perceptions and Other Factors that Influence Flood Mitigation Behavior. Risk Analysis 32(9):1481–1495. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01783.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullard, R. D. 1983. “Solid Waste Sites and the Black Houston Community.” Sociological Inquiry 53(2–3):273–288. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.1983.tb00037.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullard, R. D. 2000. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Vol. 3. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burningham, K., J. Fielding, and D. Thrush. 2008. “It’ll Never Happen to Me”: Understanding Public Awareness of Local Flood Risk.” Disasters 322:216–238. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.01036.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnside, R., D. S. Miller, and J. D. Rivera. 2007. The Impact of Information and Risk Perception on the Hurricane Evacuation Decision-Making of Greater New Orleans Residents. Sociological Spectrum 27(6):727–740. doi:10.1080/02732170701534226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, N., C. Bevc, and J. Picou. 2013. “Perceptions of Toxic Exposure: Considering ‘White Male’ and ‘Black Female’ Effects.” Sociological Spectrum 33(4):313–328. doi:10.1080/02732173.2013.732882.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtin, R., S. Presser, and E. Singer. 2000. “The Effects of Response Rate Changes on the Index of Consumer Sentiment.” Public Opinion Quarterly 6(4):413–428. doi:10.1086/318638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutter, S. L. 2012. Hazards Vulnerability and Environmental Justice. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cutter, S. L., B. J. Boruff, and W. L. Shirley. 2003. “Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards.” Social Science Quarterly 84(2):242–261. doi:10.1111/1540-6237.8402002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutter, S. L., J. Tiefenbacher, and W. D. Solecki. 1992. “En-Gendered Fears: Femininity and Technological Risk Perception.” Organization & Environment 6(1):5–22.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, D. and W. Freudenburg. 1996. “Gender and Environmental Risk Concerns: A Review and Analysis of Available Research.” Environment and Behavior 28:302–339. doi:10.1177/0013916596283003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diekmann, A. and P. Preisendörfer. 1998. “Environmental Behavior Discrepancies between Aspirations and Reality.” Rationality and Society 10(1):79–102. doi:10.1177/104346398010001004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz, T., P. C. Stern, and G. A. Guagnano. 1998. “Social Structural and Social Psychological Bases of Environmental Concern.” Environment and Behavior 30(4):450–471. doi:10.1177/001391659803000402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duinen, R. V., T. Filatova, P. Geurts, and A. V. D. Veen. 2015. “Empirical Analysis of Farmers’ Drought Risk Perception: Objective Factors, Personal Circumstances, and Social Influence.” Risk Analysis 35(4):741–755. doi:10.1111/risa.12299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enarson, E. and P. D. Chakrabarti, eds. 2009. Women, Gender and Disaster: Global Issues and Initiatives. Thousand Oaks: Sage India.
   Google Scholar
• Enarson, E. and B. H. Morrow, eds. 1998. The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women’s Eyes. Miami, FL: Prager.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, G. W. and E. Kantrowitz. 2002. “Socioeconomic status and health: the potential role of environmental risk exposure.” Annual Review of Public Health 23(1):303–331. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.112001.112349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2017. “ National Flood Insurance Program.” Retrieved April 14, 2017 (http://www.fema.gov/national-flood-insurance-program).
   Google Scholar
• Finucane, M. L., P. Slovic, C. K. Mertz, J. Flynn, and T. A. Satterfield. 2000. “Gender, Race, and Perceived Risk: The “White Male Effect.” Health, Risk & Society 22:159–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischbach, J. R., D. R. Johnson, D. S. Ortiz, B. P. Bryant, M. Hoover, and J. Ostwald. 2012. Coastal Louisiana Risk Assessment Model. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Flynn, J., P. Slovic, and C. K. Mertz. 1994. “Gender, Race, and Perception of Environmental Health Risks.” Risk Analysis 14(6):1101–1108. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00082.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fothergill, A. 1996. “Gender, Risk, and Disaster.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 14(1):33–56.
   Google Scholar
• Fothergill, A. and L. A. Peek. 2004. “Poverty and Disasters in the United States: A Review of Recent Sociological Findings.” Natural Hazards 32(1):89–110. doi:10.1023/b:nhaz.0000026792.76181.d9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fullerton, A. S. 2009. “A Conceptual Framework for Ordered Logistic Regression Models.” Sociological Methods & Research 38(2):306–347. doi:10.1177/0049124109346162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grothmann, T. and F. Reusswig. 2006. “People at Risk of Flooding: Why Some Residents Take Precautionary Action While Others Do Not.” Natural Hazards 38(1–2):101–120. doi:10.1007/s11069-005-8604-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves, R. M. 2006. “Nonresponse Rates and Nonresponse Bias in Household Surveys.” Public Opinion Quarterly 70(5):646–675. doi:10.1093/poq/nfl033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Highfield, W. E., S. D. Brody, and R. Blessing. 2014. “Measuring the Impact of Mitigation Activities on Flood Loss Reduction at the Parcel Level: The Case of the Clear Creek Watershed on the Upper Texas Coast.” Natural Hazards 74(2):687–704. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1209-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, M. C., D. Shaw, S. Y. Lin, and Y. C. Chiu. 2008. “How do Disaster Characteristics Influence Risk Perception?” Risk Analysis 28(3):635–643. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01040.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurd, M. D. and K. McGarry. 1995. “Evaluation of the Subjective Probabilities of Survival in the Health and Retirement Study.” Journal of Human Resources 30:S268–S292. doi:10.2307/146285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. B. 2002. “Gender and Race in Beliefs About Outdoor Air Pollution.” Risk Analysis 22(4):725–738. doi:10.1111/0272-4332.00064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. R., J. R. Fischbach, and K. Kuhn. 2015. Current and Future Flood Risk in Greater New Orleans. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, The New Orleans Index at Ten, The Data Center. Retrieved November 26, 2015 (https://s3.amazonaws.com/gnocdc/reports/TheDataCenter_CurrentandFutureFloodRisk.pdf).
   Google Scholar
• Kahan, D. M., D. Braman, J. Gastil, P. Slovic, and C. K. Mertz. 2007. “Culture and Identity‐Protective Cognition: Explaining the White‐Male Effect in Risk Perception.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 43:465–505. doi:10.1111/j.1740-1461.2007.00097.x.
   Google Scholar
• Kalof, L., T. Dietz, G. Guagnano, and P. C. Stern. 2002. “Race, Gender and Environmentalism: The Atypical Values and Beliefs of White Men.” Race, Gender & Class 9(2):112–130.
   Google Scholar
• Keeter, S., C. Miller, A. Kohut, R. M. Groves, and S. Presser. 2000. “Consequences of Reducing Nonresponse in a National Telephone Survey.” Public Opinion Quarterly 6(4):125–148. doi:10.1086/317759.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellens, W., T. Terpstra, and P. De Maeyer. 2013. “Perception and Communication of Flood Risks: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research.” Risk Analysis 33(1):24–49. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01844.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellens, W., R. Zaalberg, T. Neutens, W. Vanneuville, and P. De Maeyer. 2011. “An Analysis of the Public Perception of Flood Risk on the Belgian Coast.” Risk Analysis 31(7):1055–1068. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01571.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, C., M. Siegrist, and H. Gutscher. 2006. “The Role of the Affect and Availability Heuristics in Risk Communication.” Risk Analysis 26(3):631–639. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00773.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, J. D. 2012. “ Assessing the Long-term Impact of Subsidence and Global Climate Change on Emergency Evacuation Routes in Coastal Louisiana: A Report of Findings for the Gulf Coast Center for Evacuation and Transportation Resiliency.” Louisiana State University. (https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/27808)
   Google Scholar
• Knocke, E. T. and K. N. Kolivras. 2007. “Flash Flood Awareness in Southwest Virginia.” Risk Analysis 27(1):155–169. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00866.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunreuther, H., W. H. Desvousges, and P. Slovic. 1988. “Nevada’s Predicament Public Perceptions of Risk from the Proposed Nuclear Waste Repository.” Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 30(8):16–33. doi:10.1080/00139157.1988.9932541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachlan, K. A., J. Burke, P. R. Spence, and D. Griffin. 2009. Risk Perceptions, Race, and Hurricane Katrina. The Howard Journal of Communications 20(3):295–309. doi:10.1080/10646170903070035.
   Google Scholar
• Lara, A., D. Sauri, A. Ribas, and D. Pavon. 2010. “Social Perceptions of Floods and Flood Management in a Mediterranean Area Costa Brava, Spain.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10(10):2081–2091. doi:10.5194/nhess-10-2081-2010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, K. L., A. Wutich, D. White, T. A. Muñoz-Erickson, and S. L. Harlan. 2011. “Multifaceted Perspectives on Water Risks and Policies: A Cultural Domains Approach in a Southwestern City.” Human Ecology Review 18(1):75–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, T. F. 1994. Interpreting Probability Models: Logit, Probit, and other Generalized Linear Models. No. 101. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lindell, M. K. and S. N. Hwang. 2008. “Households’ Perceived Personal Risk and Responses in a Multihazard Environment.” Risk Analysis 28(2):539–556. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01032.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindell, M. K. and R. W. Perry. 1992. Behavioral Foundations of Community Emergency Planning. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
   Google Scholar
• Lindell, M. K. and R. W. Perry. 2004. Communicating Environmental Risk in Multiethnic Communities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lindell, M. K. and C. S. Prater. 2000. “Household Adoption of Seismic Hazard Adjustments: A Comparison of Residents in Two States.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18(2):317–338.
   Google Scholar
• Lindell, M. K. and C. S. Prater. 2002. “Risk Area Residents’ Perceptions and Adoption of Seismic Hazard Adjustments.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32(11):2377–2392. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb01868.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludy, J. and G. M. Kondolf. 2012. “Flood Risk Perception in Lands “protected” by 100-year levees.” Natural Hazards 61(2):829–842. doi:10.1007/s11069-011-0072-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfreda, K., M. Bosnjak, J. Berzelak, I. Haas, and V. Vehovar. 2008. “Web Surveys Versus Other Survey Modes: A Meta-Analysis Comparing Response Rates.” International Journal of Market Research 501:79.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, B. K. 2004. “Gender, Race, and Perceived Environmental Risk.” Sociological Spectrum 24:453–478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, B. K., J. S. Picou, C. Formichella, and K. Nicholls. 2006. “Environmental Risk Perceptions and the White Male Effect: Pollution Concerns Among Deep-South Coastal Residents.” Journal of Applied Social Science 2:31–49.
   Google Scholar
• McCright, A. M. 2010. “The Effects of Gender on Climate Change Knowledge and Concern in the American Public.” Population and Environment 321:66–87. doi:10.1007/s11111-010-0113-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCright, A. M. and R. E. Dunlap. 2011. “Cool Dudes: The Denial of Climate Change Among Conservative White Males in the United States.” Global Environmental Change 21(4):1163–1172. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menard, S. 1995. Applied Logistic Regression Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Miceli, R., I. Sotgiu, and M. Settanni. 2008. “Disaster Preparedness and Perception of Flood Risk: A Study in an Alpine Valley in Italy.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 28(2):164–173. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Flood Insurance Program. 2015. “ Resources: Flood Facts. Floodsmart.gov.” Retrieved December 31, 2015 (https://www.floodsmart.gov/floodsmart/pages/flood_facts.jsp).
   Google Scholar
• Newman, D. A. 2009. “Missing Data Techniques and Low Response Rates.” Pp. 7–35 in Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends: Doctrine, Verity and Fable in the Organizational and Social Sciences, edited by R. J. Vanderberg. New York: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2012a. Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States National Climate Assessment. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Technical Report OAR CPO-1. Retrieved July 28, 2013 (http://cpo.noaa.gov/sites/cpo/Reports/2012/NOAA_SLR_r3.pdf).
   Google Scholar
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2012b. “ Sea Levels Online.” Retrived July 28, 2013 (http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/).
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, R. E., R. J. Bord, and A. Fisher. 1999. “Risk Perceptions, General Environmental Beliefs, and Willingness to Address Climate Change.” Risk Analysis 19(3):461–471. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1999.tb00421.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, C. 2003. “Risk Perception: Another Look at the “White Male” Effect.” Health, Risk & Society 51:71–83.
   Google Scholar
• Peacock, W. G., S. D. Brody, and W. Highfield. 2005. “Hurricane Risk Perceptions Among Florida’s Single Family Homeowners.” Landscape and Urban Planning 73(2):120–135. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.11.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peek, L., and A. Fothergill. 2008. “Displacement, Gender, and the Challenges of Parenting after Hurricane Katrina.” National Women’s Studies Association Journal 203:69–105.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, R. W. and M. K. Lindell 1990. “Citizen Knowledge of Volcano Threats at Mt. St. Helens.” Environmental Professional 12(1):45–51.
   Google Scholar
• Peyronnin, N., M. Green, C. P. Richards, A. Owens, D. Reed, J. Chamberlain, D. G. Groves, W. K. Rhinehart, and K. Belhadjali. 2013. “Louisiana’s 2012 Coastal Master Plan: Overview of A Science-Based and Publicly Informed Decision-Making Process.” Journal of Coastal Research 67(1):1–15. doi:10.2112/si_67_1.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priscoli, J. D. and E. Stakhiv. 2015. “Water-Related Disaster Risk Reduction DRR Management in the United States: Floods and Storm Surges.” Water Policy 17(1):58–88. doi:10.2166/wp.2015.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raaijmakers, R., J. Krywkow, and A. van der Veen. 2008. Flood Risk Perceptions and Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis: An Exploratory Research for Hazard Mitigation. Natural Hazards 46(3):307–322. doi:10.1007/s11069-007-9189-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasid, H. and B. Paul. 2013. Climate Change in Bangladesh: Confronting Impending Disasters. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Rindfuss, R. R., M. K. Choe, N. O. Tsuya, L. L. Bumpass, and E. Tamaki. 2015. “Do Low Survey Response Rates Bias Results? Evidence from Japan.” Demographic Research 32:798–828. doi:10.4054/demres.2015.32.26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, H., W. Diaz, J. M. Santos, and B. E. Aguittee. 2007. “Communicating Risk and Uncertainty: Science, Technology, and Disasters at the Crossroads.” Pp 476–488 in Handbook of Disaster Research, edited by J. M. Santos and B. E. Aquirre. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ruppert, T. 2015. “ Questions and Answers about the National Flood Insurance Program. University of Florida Sea Grant Program College Program UF/IFAS Extension. SGEF-219.” Retrieved April 14, 2017 (https://flseagrant.org/flood-insurance/).
   Google Scholar
• Satterfield, T. A., C. K. Mertz, and P. Slovic. 2004. “Discrimination, Vulnerability, and Justice in the Face of Risk.” Risk Analysis 24(1):115–129. doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00416.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage, I. 1993. “Demographic Influences on Risk Perceptions.” Risk Analysis 134:413–420. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb00741.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schanze, J. 2006. “Flood Risk Management—A Basic Framework.” Pp. 1–20 in Flood Risk Management: Hazards, Vulnerability and Mitigation Measures, edited by J. Schanze, E. Zeman, and J. Marsalek. The Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Senkbeil, J. C., D. A. Scott, P. Guinazu-Walker, and M. S. Rockman. 2014. “Ethnic and Racial Differences in Tornado Hazard Perception, Preparedness, and Shelter Lead Time in Tuscaloosa.” The Professional Geographer 66(4):610–620. doi:10.1080/00330124.2013.826562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M. and H. Gutscher. 2006. “Flooding Risks: A Comparison of Lay People’s Perceptions and Expert’s Assessments in Switzerland.” Risk Analysis 26(4):971–979. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00792.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slimak, M. W. and T. Dietz. 2006. “Personal Values, Beliefs, and Ecological Risk Perception.” Risk Analysis 26(6):1689–1705. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00832.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P. 1999. “Trust, Emotion, Sex, Politics, and Science: Surveying the Risk-Assessment Battlefield.” Risk Analysis 19(4):689–701. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1999.tb00439.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovic, P. E. 2000. The Perception of Risk. London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Slovic, P. 2001. “The Risk Game.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 86(1):17–24. doi:10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00248-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teka, O. and J. Vogt. 2010. “Social Perception of Natural Risks by Local Residents in Developing Countries—The Example of the Coastal Area of Benin.” The Social Science Journal 47(1):215–224. doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2009.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpstra, T., J. M. Gutteling, G. D. Geldof, and L. J. Kappe. 2006. “The Perception of Flood Risk and Water Nuisance.” Water Science and Technology 546(7):431–439. doi:10.2166/wst.2006.573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpstra, T. and M. K. Lindell. 2013. “Citizens’ Perceptions of Flood Hazard Adjustments an Application of the Protective Action Decision Model.” Environment and Behavior 45(8):993–1018. doi:10.1177/0013916512452427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpstra, T., M. K. Lindell, and J. M. Gutteling. 2009. “Does Communicating Flood Risk Affect Flood Risk Perceptions? Results of a Quasi-Experimental Study.” Risk Analysis 29(8):1141–1155. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01252.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tierney, K. 1999. “Toward a Sociology of Risk.” Sociological Forum 142:215–243.
   Google Scholar
• Tierney, K. 2014. The Social Roots of Risk: Producing Disasters, Promoting Resilience. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Törnqvist, T. E. and D. J. Meffert. 2008. “Sustaining Coastal Urban Ecosystems.” Nature Geoscience 11(2):805–807. doi:10.1038/ngeo399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trumbo, C., M. A. Meyer, H. Marlatt, L. Peek, and B. Morrissey. 2014. “An Assessment of Change in Risk Perception and Optimistic Bias for Hurricanes Among Gulf Coast Residents.” Risk Analysis 34(6):1013–1024. doi:10.1111/risa.12149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R. H., J. M. Nigg, and D. H. Paz. 1986. Waiting for Disaster: Earthquake Watch in California. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Twigg, J., 2004. Disaster Risk Reduction: Mitigation and Preparedness in Development and Emergency Programming. London: Humanitarian Practice Network, Overseas Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Twigg, J. 2013. “Risk Perception, Public Education and Disaster Risk Management.” Pp. 171–182 in Cities at Risk. The Netherlands: Springer London, England.
   Google Scholar
• United States Army Corps of Engineers. 2014. “ FEMA Accredits Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System HSDRRS.” Press Release. Posted 2/21/2014. Release no. 14–001. Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved November 26, 2015 (http://www.mvd.usace.army.mil/Media/NewsReleases/tabid/7719/Article/473867/fema-accredits-hurricane-and-storm-damage-risk-reduction-system-hsdrrs.aspx).
   Google Scholar
• United States Army Corps of Engineers. 2015. “ New Orleans District: Risk Reduction Plan.” Retrieved January 2, 2016 (http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/Missions/HSDRRS/RiskReductionPlan.aspx).
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan, E. and B. Nordenstam. 1991. “The Perception of Environmental Risks Among Ethnically Diverse Groups.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 22(1):29–60. doi:10.1177/0022022191221005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, E. and M. Seifert. 1992. “Variability in the Framing of Risk Issues.” Journal of Social Issues 48(4):119–135. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01948.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachinger, G., O. Renn, C. Begg, and C. Kuhlicke. 2013. “The Risk Perception Paradox—Implications for Governance and Communication of Natural Hazards.” Risk Analysis 33(6):1049–1065. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01942.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, F., Y. J. Xu, and T. J. Dean. 2011. “Projecting Climate Change Effects on Forest Net Primary Productivity in Subtropical Louisiana, USA.” Ambio 405:506–520. doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0135-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmarsh, L. 2008. “Are Flood Victims More Concerned About Climate Change than Other People?. The Role of Direct Experience in Risk Perception and Behavioural Response.” Journal of Risk Research 113:351–374. doi:10.1080/13669870701552235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, C. and A. M. McCright. 2012. “Explaining Gender Differences in Concern About Environmental Problems in the United States.” Society & Natural Resources 25(11):1067–1084. doi:10.1080/08941920.2011.651191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youngman, N. 2015. “The Development of Manufactured Flood Risk: New Orleans’ Mid‐Century Growth Machine and the Hurricane of 1947.” Disasters 39(2):166–187. doi:10.1111/disa.12157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelezny, L. C., P. P. Chua, and C. Aldrich. 2000. “Elaborating on Gender Differences in Environmentalism. Journal of Social Issues 56(3):443–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar