Hate at school: victimization and disorder associated with school avoidance

References

• Addington, Lynn A., and Yaacov B. Yablon. 2011. “How Safe Do Students Feel at School and While Traveling to School? A Comparative Look at Israel and the United States.” American Journal of Education 117(4):465–493. doi:10.1086/660755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, Paul D. 2001. Missing Data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez, Alex, and Ronet Bachman. 1997. “Predicting the Fear of Assault at School and While Going to and from School in an Adolescent Population.” Violence and Victims 12(1):69–86. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.12.1.69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arum, Richard. 2003. Judging School Discipline: The Crisis of Moral Authority. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Astor, Ron Avi, Rami Benbenishty, Anat Zeira, and Amiram Vinokur. 2002. “School Climate, Observed Risky Behaviors, and Victimization as Predictors of High School Students’ Fear and Judgments of School Violence as a Problem.” Health Education & Behavior 29(6):716–736. doi:10.1177/109019802237940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, D. Mark, and Claudia Sanders. 2007. “Graffiti and Perceptions of Safety: A Pilot Study Using Photographs and Survey Data.” Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture 14(4):292–316.
   Google Scholar
• Bachman, Ronet, Antonia Randolph, and Bethany L. Brown. 2011. “Predicting Perceptions of Fear at School and Going to and from School for African American and White Students: The Effects of School Security Measures.” Youth & Society 43(2):705–726. doi:10.1177/0044118X10366674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balfanz, Robert, and Vaughan Byrnes. 2012. The Importance of Being in School: A Report on Absenteeism in the Nation’s Public Schools. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Center for Social Organization of Schools.
   Google Scholar
• Blank, Stephen B., Catherine P. Bradshaw, and Hollie Young. 2009. “An Application of ‘Broken Windows’ and Related Theories to the Study of Disorder, Fear, and Collective Efficacy in Schools.” American Journal of Education 115:227–247. doi:10.1086/595669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunteman, George H., and Moon-Ho R. Ho. 2011. An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Eanes, Spencer. 2019. Data Point: Cyberbullying and Cell Phone Policy in U.S. Primary and Secondary Schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Ferraro, Kenneth. 1995. Fear of Crime: Interpreting Victimization Risk. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, Benjamin W., and Emily E. Tanner-Smith. 2016. “Examining School Security Measures as Moderators of the Association between Homophobic Victimization and School Avoidance.” Journal of School Violence 15(2):234–257. doi:10.1080/15388220.2014.983644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfredson, Gary D., Denise C. Gottfredson, Allison Ann Payne, and Nisha C. Gottfredson. 2005. “School Climate Predictors of School Disorder: Results from a National Study of Delinquency Prevention in Schools.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 42(4):412–444. doi:10.1177/0022427804271931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinduja, Sameer, and Justin W. Patchin. 2008. “Cyberbullying: An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Related to Offending and Victimization.” Deviant Behavior 29(2):129–156. doi:10.1080/01639620701457816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, Marion R., Jonathan S. Gaines, and Douglas W. Pryor. 2015. “Staying Away from School: Adolescents Who Miss School Due to Feeling Unsafe.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 13(3):270–290. doi:10.1177/1541204014538067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutzell, Kirsten L., and Alison A. Payne. 2012. “The Impact of Bullying Victimization on School Avoidance.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 10(4):370–385. doi:10.1177/1541204012438926.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, Katie, Jackson Bunch, and Jody Clay-Warner. 2015. “Perceived Injustice and School Violence: An Application of General Strain Theory.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice13(2):169–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juvonen, Jaana, and Elisheva F. Gross. 2008. “Extending the School Grounds?—Bullying Experiences in Cyberspace.” Journal of School Health 78(9):496–505. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00335.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahl, Jessica E., Anne Koenig, and Ramon Smith. 2013. “Student Reactions to Public Safety Reports of Hate Crimes.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28(13):2713–2730. doi:10.1177/0886260513487990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupchick, Aaron. 2016. The Real School Safety Problem: The Long-Term Consequences of Harsh School Punishment. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• LaGrange, Randy L., Kenneth F. Ferraro, and Michael Supancic. 1992. “Perceived Risk and Fear of Crime: Role of Social and Physical Incivilities.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 29(3):311–334. doi:10.1177/0022427892029003004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessne, Deborah, and Christine Yanez. 2018. Data Point: Changes in Bullying Victimization and Hate-Related Words at School since 2007. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Lessne, Deborah, and Melissa Cidade. 2017. Split-Half Administration of the 2015 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey Methodology Report (NCES 2017-004). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Limber, Susan P. 2004. “Implementation of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program in American Schools: Lessons Learned from the Field.” Pp. 351–363 in Bullying in American Schools: A Social-Ecological Perspective on Prevention and Intervention, edited by Dorothy L. Espelage and Susan M. Swearer. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates.
   Google Scholar
• May, David C. 2001. “The Effect of Fear of Sexual Victimization on Adolescent Fear of Crime.” Sociological Spectrum 21(2):141–174. doi:10.1080/02732170119080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, David C., and R. Gregory Dunaway. 2000. “Predictors of Fear of Criminal Victimization at School among Adolescents.” Sociological Spectrum 20(2):149–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melde, Chris, and Finn-Aage Esbensen. 2009. “The Victim-Offender Overlap and Fear of in-School Victimization: A Longitudinal Examination of Risk Assessment Models.” Crime & Delinquency 55(4):499–525. doi:10.1177/0011128709335401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musu, Lauren, Anlan Zhang, Ke Wang, Jizhi Zhang, and Barbara A. Oudekerk. 2019. Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2018. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Olweus, Dan. 1993. Bullying at School: What we Know and What We Can Do. Oxford, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, Desmond Upton, Michael E. Woolley, and Jun Sung Hong. 2012. “Exposure to Violence, Student Fear, and Low Academic Achievement: African American Males in the Critical Transition to High School.” Children and Youth Services Review34(2):388–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Robert E., and Ernest W. Burgess. 1925. The City: Suggestions for the Investigation of Human Behavior in the Urban Environment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Payne, Allison Ann, Denise C. Gottfredson, and Gary D. Gottfredson. 2003. “Schools as Communities: The Relationships among Communal School Organization, Student Bonding, and School Disorder.” Criminology 41(3):749–778. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01003.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, Allison Ann, and Kirsten L. Hutzell. 2017. “Old Wine, New Bottle? Comparing Interpersonal Bullying and Cyberbullying Victimization.” Youth and Society49(8):1149–1178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peguero, Anthony A. 2009. “Victimizing the Children of Immigrants: Latino and Asian American Student Victimization.” Youth & Society 41(2):186–208. doi:10.1177/0044118X09333646.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peguero, Anthony Ann, and Lisa M. Williams. 2013. “Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes and Bullying Victimization.” Youth & Society 45(4):545–564. doi:10.1177/0044118X11424757.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popp, Ann Marie, and Anthony A. Peguero. 2012. “Social Bonds and the Role of School-Based Victimization.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 27(17):3366–3388. doi:10.1177/0886260512445386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popp, Ann Marie. 2012. “The Effects of Exposure, Proximity, and Capable Guardians on the Risk of Bullying Victimization.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 10(4):315–322. doi:10.1177/1541204011434833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randa, Ryan. 2013. “The Influence of the Cyber-Social Environment on Fear of Victimization: Cyber Bullying and School.” Security Journal 26(4):331–348. doi:10.1057/sj.2013.22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randa, Ryan, and Bradford W. Reyns. 2014. “Cyberbullying Victimization and Adaptive Avoidance Behaviors at School.” Victims & Offenders 9(3):255–275. doi:10.1080/15564886.2013.877411.
   Google Scholar
• Randa, Ryan, and Pamela Wilcox. 2010. “School Disorder, Victimization, and General v. Place-Specific Student Avoidance.” Journal of Criminal Justice 38(5):854–861. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randa, Ryan, and Pamela Wilcox. 2012. “Avoidance at School: Further Specifying the Influence of Disorder, Victimization, and Fear.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 10(2):190–204. doi:10.1177/1541204011423765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rountree, Pamela Wilcox, and Kenneth C. Land. 1996. “Perceived Risk versus Fear of Crime: Empirical Evidence of Conceptually Distinct Reactions in Survey Data.” Social Forces 74(4):1353–1376. doi:10.2307/2580354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreck, Christopher J., and J. Mitchell Miller. 2003. “Sources of Fear of Crime at School: What is the Relative Contribution of Disorder, Individual Characteristics, and School Security?” Journal of School Violence 2(4):57–79. doi:10.1300/J202v02n04_04.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, Clifford R., and Henry D. McKay. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency in Urban Areas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skogan, Wesley G. 1987. “The Impact of Victimization on Fear.” Crime & Delinquency 33(1):135–154. doi:10.1177/0011128787033001008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogan, Wesley G., and Michael G. Maxfield. 1981. Coping with Crime. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sobba, Kristen N. 2019. “Correlates and Buffers of School Avoidance: A Review of School Avoidance Literature and Applying Social Capital as a Potential Safeguard.” International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 24(3):380–394. doi:10.1080/02673843.2018.1524772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southern Poverty Law Center. 2016. Ten Days After: Harassment and Intimidation in the Aftermath of the Election. Montgomery, AL: SPLC.
   Google Scholar
• Southern Poverty Law Center. 2017. Responding to Hate and Bias at School: A Guide for Administrators, Counselors, and Teachers. Montgomery, AL: Teaching Tolerance.
   Google Scholar
• Staub, Ervin. 2005. “The Origins and Evolution of Hate, with Notes on Prevention.” Pp. 51–66 in The Psychology of Hate, edited by Robert J. Sternberg. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg, Robert J., and Karin Sternberg. 2008. The Nature of Hate. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Swartz, Kristin, Bradford W. Reyns, Billy Henson, and Pamela Wilcox. 2011. “Fear of in-School Victimization: Contextual, Gendered, and Developmental Considerations.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 9(1):59–78. doi:10.1177/1541204010374606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Justice. 2013. National Crime Victimization Survey: School Crime Supplement, 2013. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research.
   Google Scholar
• Warr, Mark. 1990. “Dangerous Situations: Social Context and Fear of Victimization.” Social Forces 68(3):891–908. doi:10.2307/2579359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar