Gender-affirming multidisciplinary care for transgender and non-binary children and adolescents

References

• Aitken, M., Steensma, T. D., Blanchard, R., VanderLaan, D. P., Wood, H., Fuentes, A., … Zucker, K. J. (2015). Evidence for an altered sex ratio in clinic-referred adolescents with gender dysphoria. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(3), 756–763. doi:10.1111/jsm.12817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, J., Johnson, R. M., Corliss, H. L., Molnar, B. E., & Azrael, D. (2009). Emotional distress among LGBT youth: The influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(7), 1001–1014. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9397-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2021). Health care for transgender and gender diverse individuals: ACOG committee opinion, number 823. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 137(3), 75–88. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association. (2015). Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people. American Psychologist, 70(9), 832–864. doi:10.1037/a0039906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrzejewski, J., Pampati, S., Johns, M. M., Sheremenko, G., Lesesne, C., & Rasberry, C. N. (2020). Sexual behaviors, referral to sexual health services, and use of sexual health services among transgender high school students. Journal of School Health, 90(5), 349–357. doi:10.1111/josh.12880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, M., & Wikoff, H. (2019). LGBT families and school community partnerships: A critical role for school counselors. Journal of School Counseling, 17(5), 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Beek, T. F., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & Kreukels, B. P. C. (2015). Gender incongruence/gender dysphoria and its classification history. International Review of Psychiatry, 28(1), 5–12. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1091293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beischel, W. J., Gauvin, S. E. M., & van Anders, S. M. (2021). “A little shiny gender breakthrough”: Community understandings of gender euphoria. International Journal of Transgender Health, 1–21. doi:10.1080/26895269.2021.1915223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berenbaum, S. A., & Bailey, J. M. (2003). Effects on gender identity of prenatal androgens and genital appearance: Evidence from girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(3), 1102–1106. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 943–951. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bungener, S. L., de Vries, A. L. C., Popma, A., & Steensma, T. D. (2020). Sexual experiences of young transgender persons during and after gender-affirmative treatment. Pediatrics, 146(6), e20191411. doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrd, R., & Hays, D. (2012). School counselor competency and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth. Journal of School Counseling, 10(3), 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanaugh, T., Hopwood, R., Gonzalez, A., & Thompson, J. (2015, October). The medical care of transgender persons. Boston, MA: Fenway Health. http://www.lgbthealtheducation.org/wp-content/uploads/COM-2245-The-Medical-Care-of-Transgender-Persons-v31816.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chen, D., Edwards-Leeper, L., Stancin, T., & Tishelman, A. (2018). Advancing the practice of pediatric psychology with transgender youth: State of the science, ongoing controversies, and future directions. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology, 6(1), 73–83. doi:10.1037/cpp0000229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, D., Hidalgo, M. A., Leibowitz, S., Leininger, J., Simons, L., Finlayson, C., & Garofalo, R. (2016). Multidisciplinary care for gender-diverse youth: A narrative review and unique model of gender-affirming care. Transgender Health, 1(1), 117–123. doi:10.1089/trgh.2016.0009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coleman, E., Bockting, W., Botzer, M., Cohen-Kettenis, P., DeCuypere, G., Feldman, J., … Zucker, K. (2012). Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, version 7. International Journal of Transgenderism, 13(4), 165–232. doi:10.1080/15532739.2011.700873
   Google Scholar
• Coolhart, D., & Shipman, D. L. (2017). Working toward family attunement: Family therapy with transgender and gender-nonconforming children and adolescents. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 40(1), 113–125. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2016.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter, R. W. S., Egan, J. E., Kinsky, S., Friedman, M. R., Eckstrand, K. L., Frankeberger, J., … Miller, E. (2019). Mental health, drug, and violence interventions for sexual/gender minorities: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 144(3), e20183367. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-3367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Graaf, N. M., Giovanardi, G., Zitz, C., & Carmichael, P. (2018). Sex ratio in children and adolescents referred to the gender identity development service in the UK (2009-2016). Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(5), 1301–1304. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1204-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries, A. L., McGuire, J. K., Steensma, T. D., Wagenaar, E. C., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2014). Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment. Pediatrics, 134(4), 696–704. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries, A. L., Steensma, T. D., Doreleijers, T. A., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2011). Puberty suppression in adolescents with gender identity disorder: A prospective follow-up study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(8), 2276–2283. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01943.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessens, A. B., Slijper, F. M., & Drop, S. L. (2005). Gender dysphoria and gender change in chromosomal females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(4), 389–397. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-4338-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewinter, J., De Graaf, H., & Begeer, S. (2017). Sexual orientation, gender identity, and romantic relationships in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(9), 2927–2934. doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3199-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson, A. A., Hall, A., Neukirch, J., Kasper, V., Simones, S., Gagnon, S., … Forcier, M. (2018). Multidisciplinary care considerations for gender nonconforming adolescents with eating disorders: A case series. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(5), 475–479. doi:10.1002/eat.22868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglass, P. (2020). Assessing registered dietitian nutritionists’ knowledge regarding nutrition and health care for transgender and gender non-binary (TGGNB) individuals [Doctoral dissertation, Bastyr University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://proxy.lib.umich.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/assessing-different-communities-current-knowledge/docview/2428101494/se-2?accountid=14667
   Google Scholar
• Drescher, J., Cohen-Kettenis, P., & Winter, S. (2012). Minding the body: Situating gender identity diagnoses in the ICD-11. International Review of Psychiatry, 24(6), 568–577. doi:10.3109/09540261.2012.741575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards-Leeper, L., Leibowitz, S., & Sangganjanavanich, V. F. (2016). Affirmative practice with transgender and gender nonconforming youth: Expanding the model. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(2), 165–172. doi:10.1037/sgd0000167
   Google Scholar
• Elbe, L. (1933). Man into woman: An authentic record of a change of sex. Beacon Library. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., inc.
   Google Scholar
• Fergusson, P., Greenspan, N., Maitland, L., & Huberdeau, R. (2018). Towards providing culturally aware nutritional care for transgender people: Key issues and considerations. Canadian journal of dietetic practice and research, 79(2), 74–79. doi:10.3148/cjdpr-2018-001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish, J. N., Moody, R. L., Grossman, A. H., & Russell, S. T. (2019). LGBTQ youth-serving community-based organizations: Who participates and what difference does it make?. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(12), 2418–2431. doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01129-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish, J. N. (2020). Future directions in understanding and addressing mental health among LGBTQ youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 49(6), 943–956. doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1815207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forcier, M., Van Schalkwyk, G., & Turban, J. L. (2020). Pediatric gender identity: Gender-affirming care for transgender and gender diverse youth. Cham : Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Gelfer, M. P., & Tice, R. M. (2013). Perceptual and acoustic outcomes of voice therapy for male-to-female transgender individuals immediately after therapy and 15 months later. Journal of Voice, 27(3), 335–347. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2012.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, T., Reisner, S. L., Harper, G. W., Gamarel, K. E., & Stephenson, R. (2020). State policies and healthcare use among transgender people in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 59(2), 247–259. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.01.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, A. H., & D’Augelli, A. R. (2007). Transgender youth and life-threatening behaviors. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(5), 527–537. doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.5.527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamburger, C., Stürup, G. K., & Dahl-Iversen, E. (1953). Transvestism: Hormonal, psychiatric, and surgical treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 152(5), 391–396. doi:10.1001/jama.1953.03690050015006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman-Munick, S. M., Silverstein, S., Guss, C. E., Lopez, E., Calzo, J. P., & Gordon, A. R. (2021). Eating disorder screening and treatment experiences in transgender and gender diverse young adults. Eating Behaviors, 41, 101517. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatchel, T., & Marx, R. (2018). Understanding intersectionality and resiliency among transgender adolescents: Exploring pathways among peer victimization, school belonging, and drug use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1289. doi:10.3390/ijerph15061289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatchel, T., Valido, A., De Pedro, K. T., Huang, Y., & Espelage, D. L. (2019). Minority stress among transgender adolescents: The role of peer victimization, school belonging, and ethnicity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(9), 2467–2476. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1168-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L., Hannema, S. E., Meyer, W. J., Murad, M. H., … T’Sjoen, G. G. (2017). Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 102(11), 3869–3903. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heylens, G., De Cuypere, G., Zucker, K. J., Schelfaut, C., Elaut, E., Vanden Bossche, H., … T’Sjoen, G. (2012). Gender identity disorder in twins: A review of the case report literature. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 9(3), 751–757. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huelke, M. (1948). Ein Transvestit. Z. Kriminalistische Wissen, 3, 91–92.
   Google Scholar
• Jakomin, J. R., Ziegler, A., Rio, C., & Suddarth, R. (2020). Opportunities to learn transgender voice and communication therapy in graduate speech-language pathology education: Preliminary E-survey findings. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 5(4), 876–883. doi:10.1044/2020_PERSP-20-00047
   Google Scholar
• Joy, P., & Numer, M. (2018). Queering educational practices in dietetics training: A critical review of LGBTQ inclusion strategies. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 79(2), 80–85. doi:10.3148/cjdpr-2018-006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, D. A., Paradise, S. L., & Goodwin, E. T. (2018). Caring for transgender and gender-diverse persons: What clinicians should know. American Family Physician, 98(11), 645–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurt, L. (2017). Creating school climates that foster inclusive community attitudes toward gender nonconforming students. Journal of School Counseling , 15, 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Linsenmeyer, W., Reed, J., Giedinghagen, A., Lewis, C., & Garwood, S. (2020). Nutrition considerations for transgender adolescents and young adults: Screening for disordered eating and food insecurity at a midwestern transgender center. Current Developments in Nutrition, 4(Suppl 2), 1130. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzaa055_015
   Google Scholar
• Lopez, X., Marinkovic, M., Eimicke, T., Rosenthal, S. M., & Olshan, J. S. (2017). Statement on gender-affirmative approach to care from the pediatric endocrine society special interest group on transgender health. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 29(4), 475–480. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luders, E., Sánchez, F. J., Gaser, C., Toga, A. W., Narr, K. L., Hamilton, L. S., & Vilain, E. (2009). Regional gray matter variation in male-to-female transsexualism. Neuroimage, 46(4), 904–907. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malpas, J. (2011). Between pink and blue: A multi-dimensional family approach to gender nonconforming children and their families. Family Process, 50(4), 453–470. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2011.01371.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire, J. K., Anderson, C. R., Toomey, R. B., & Russell, S. T. (2010). School climate for transgender youth: A mixed method investigation of student experiences and school responses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(10), 1175–1188. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9540-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menvielle, E. J., & Rodnan, L. A. (2011). A therapeutic group for parents of transgender adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20(4), 733–743. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2011.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F., Dolezal, C., Baker, S. W., Ehrhardt, A. A., & New, M. I. (2006). Gender development in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia as a function of disorder severity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35(6), 667–684. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9068-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, A. B., Esposito-Smythers, C., & Leichtweis, R. N. (2015). Role of social support in adolescent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(3), 286–292. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minter, S. P. (2012). Supporting transgender children: New legal, social, and medical approaches. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(3), 422–433. doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.653311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan, I. T., Morrison, S. D., Arowojolu, O., Crowe, C. S., Massie, J. P., Adler, R. K., … Francis, D. O. (2019). The role of voice therapy and phonosurgery in transgender vocal feminization. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 30(5), 1368–1375. doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000005132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson-Kennedy, J. (2016). Mental health disparities among transgender youth: Rethinking the role of professionals. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(5), 423–424. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, J., Schrager, S. M., Belzer, M., Simons, L. K., & Clark, L. F. (2015). Baseline physiologic and psychosocial characteristics of transgender youth seeking care for gender dysphoria. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(4), 374–380. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., DeMeules, M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities. Pediatrics, 137(3), e20153223. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafferty, J. R., Donaldson, A. A., & Forcier, M. (2020). Primary care considerations for transgender and gender-diverse youth. Pediatrics in Review, 41(9), 437–454. doi:10.1542/pir.2018-0194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rametti, G., Carrillo, B., Gómez-Gil, E., Junque, C., Segovia, S., Gomez, Á., & Guillamon, A. (2011). White matter microstructure in female to male transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A diffusion tensor imaging study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(2), 199–204. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisner, S. L., Greytak, E. A., Parsons, J. T., & Ybarra, M. L. (2015). Gender minority social stress in adolescence: Disparities in adolescent bullying and substance use by gender identity. The Journal of Sex Research, 52(3), 243–256. doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.886321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisner, S. L., Vetters, R., Leclerc, M., Zaslow, S., Wolfrum, S., Shumer, D., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2015). Mental health of transgender youth in care at an adolescent urban community health center: A matched retrospective cohort study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(3), 274–279. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisner, S. L., Vetters, R., White, J. M., Cohen, E. L., LeClerc, M., Zaslow, S., … Mimiaga, M. J. (2015). Laboratory-confirmed HIV and sexually transmitted infection seropositivity and risk behavior among sexually active transgender patients at an adolescent and young adult urban community health center. AIDS Care, 27(8), 1031–1036. doi:10.1080/09540121.2015.1020750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhode Island Department of Health (2018). 2017 youth risk behavior survey results: Rhode island high school survey [Data set]. Author. http://www.health.ri.gov/materialbyothers/yrbs/2017HighSchoolCodebook.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rider, G. N., McMorris, B. J., Gower, A. L., Coleman, E., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2018). Health and care utilization of transgender and gender nonconforming youth: A population-based study. Pediatrics, 141(3), e20171683. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romito, M., Salk, R. H., Roberts, S. R., Thoma, B. C., Levine, M. D., & Choukas-Bradley, S. (2021). Exploring transgender adolescents’ body image concerns and disordered eating: Semi-structured interviews with nine gender minority youth. Body Image, 37, 50–62. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, S. M. (2014). Approach to the patient: Transgender youth: Endocrine considerations. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 99(12), 4379–4389. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, M. R., & Abrams, M. (2019). Transgender and nonbinary adolescents: The role of voice and communication therapy. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 4(6), 1298–1305. doi:10.1044/2019_PERSP-19-00034
   Google Scholar
• Salehi, P., Divall, S. A., Crouch, J. M., Hopkinson, R. A., Kroon, L., Lawrence, J., … Inwards-Breland, D. J. (2018). Review of current care models for transgender youth and application to the development of a multidisciplinary clinic - the seattle children’s hospital experience. Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews: PER, 15(4), 280–290. doi:10.17458/per.vol15.2018.sdc.TransgenderYouth
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selkie, E., Adkins, V., Masters, E., Bajpai, A., & Shumer, D. (2020). Transgender adolescents’ uses of social media for social support. Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(3), 275–280. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sequeira, G. M., Miller, E., McCauley, H., Eckstrand, K., & Rofey, D. (2016). Impact of gender expression on disordered eating, body dissatisfaction and BMI in a cohort of transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(2), S87. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.10.352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields, J. P., Cohen, R., Glassman, J. R., Whitaker, K., Franks, H., & Bertolini, I. (2013). Estimating population size and demographic characteristics of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth in middle school. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(2), 248–250. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.06.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumer, D. E., Nokoff, N. J., & Spack, N. P. (2016). Advances in the care of transgender children and adolescents. Advances in Pediatrics, 63(1), 79–102. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2016.04.018
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siotos, C., Neira, P. M., Lau, B. D., Stone, J. P., Page, J., Rosson, G. D., & Coon, D. (2019). Origins of gender affirmation surgery: The history of the first gender identity clinic in the United States at Johns Hopkins. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 83(2), 132–136. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000001684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spack, N. P., Edwards-Leeper, L., Feldman, H. A., Leibowitz, S., Mandel, F., Diamond, D. A., & Vance, S. R. (2012). Children and adolescents with gender identity disorder referred to a pediatric medical center. Pediatrics, 129(3), 418–425. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spivey, L. A., & Edwards-Leeper, L. (2019). Future directions in affirmative psychological interventions with transgender children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 48(2), 343–356. doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1534207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Testa, R. J., Habarth, J., Peta, J., Balsam, K., & Bockting, W. (2015). Development of the gender minority stress and resilience measure. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(1), 65–77. doi:10.1037/sgd0000081
   Google Scholar
• UCSF Transgender Care (2016, June 17). Guidelines for the primary and gender-affirming care of transgender and gender nonbinary people. UCSF Transgender Care. http://transcare.ucsf.edu/guidelines
   Google Scholar
• Veale, J. F., Peter, T., Travers, R., & Saewyc, E. M. (2017). Enacted stigma, mental health, and protective factors among transgender youth in Canada. Transgender Health, 2(1), 207–216. doi:10.1089/trgh.2017.0031
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waal, H., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. (2006). Clinical management of gender identity disorder in adolescents: A protocol on psychological and paediatric endocrinology aspects. European Journal of Endocrinology, 155(Suppl 1), S131–S137. doi:10.1530/eje.1.02231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, R. J., Veale, J. F., & Saewyc, E. M. (2017). Disordered eating behaviors among transgender youth: Probability profiles from risk and protective factors. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(5), 515–522. doi:10.1002/eat.22627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiepjes, C. M., Nota, N. M., de Blok, C. J. M., Klaver, M., de Vries, A. L. C., Wensing-Kruger, S. A., … Den Heijer, M. (2018). The amsterdam cohort of gender dysphoria study (1972–2015): Trends in prevalence, treatment, and regrets. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 15(4), 582–590. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, E. C., Garofalo, R., Harris, R. D., Herrick, A., Martinez, M., Martinez, J., & Belzer, M. (2009). Transgender female youth and sex work: HIV risk and a comparison of life factors related to engagement in sex work. AIDS and Behavior, 13(5), 902–913. doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9508-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, M. (2019). Clinical Care Programs for Transgender Populations in the United States: Nutrition-related Assessment Tools [Doctoral dissertation, Saint Louis University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://proxy.lib.umich.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/dissertations-theses/clinical-care-programs-transgender-populations/docview/2308220102/se-2?accountid=14667
   Google Scholar
• Wood, H., Sasaki, S., Bradley, S. J., Singh, D., Fantus, S., Owen-Anderson, A., … Zucker, K. J. (2013). Patterns of referral to a gender identity service for children and adolescents (1976-2011): Age, sex ratio, and sexual orientation. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 39(1), 1–6. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2012.675022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, J. N., Hofman, M. A., Gooren, L. J., & Swaab, D. F. (1995). A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature, 378(6552), 68–70. doi:10.1038/378068a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler, A., Henke, T., Wiedrick, J., & Helou, L. B. (2018). Effectiveness of testosterone therapy for masculinizing voice in transgender patients: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(1), 25–45. doi:10.1080/15532739.2017.1411857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker, K. J. (2017). Epidemiology of gender dysphoria and transgender identity. Sexual Health, 14(5), 404–411. doi:10.1071/SH17067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar