Spawning Substrate Size, Shape, and Siltation Influence Walleye Egg Retention

REFERENCES

• Allan , J. D. and Castillo , M. M. 2007 . Stream ecology: structure and function of running waters, , 2nd edition , Dordrecht , , The Netherlands : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Boggs , S. Jr . 1987 . Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Bozek , M. A. , Baccante , D. A. and Lester , N. P. 2011a . “ Walleye and Sauger life history ” . In Biology, management, and culture of Walleye and Sauger , Edited by: Barton , B. A. 233 – 301 . Bethesda , Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Bozek , M. A. , Haxton , T. J. and Raabe , J. K. 2011b . “ Walleye and Sauger habitat ” . In Biology, management, and culture of Walleye and Sauger , Edited by: Barton , B. A. 133 – 197 . Bethesda , Maryland : American Fisheries Society .
   Google Scholar
• Chalupnicki , M. A. , Johnson , J. H. , McKenna , J. E. Jr. and Dittman , D. E. 2010 . Habitat selection and spawning success of Walleyes in a tributary to Owasco Lake, New York . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 30 : 170 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbett , B. W. and Powles , P. M. 1986 . Spawning and larva drift of sympatric Walleyes and White Suckers in an Ontario stream . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 115 : 41 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushing , C. E. and Allan , J. D. 2001 . Streams: their ecology and life , San Diego , California : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , J. A. and Barmuta , L. A. 1989 . An ecologically useful classification of mean and near-bed flows in streams and rivers . Freshwater Biology , 21 : 271 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dustin , D. L. and Jacobson , P. C. 2003 . Evaluation of Walleye spawning habitat improvement projects in streams , St. Paul : Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . Investigational Report 502
   Google Scholar
• Eckersley , M. 1986 . “ Assessment of Walleye spawning grounds in Hoople Creek ” . In 1986 report of the St. Lawrence subcommittee to the Lake Ontario committee , 31 – 32 . Ann Arbor , Michigan : Great Lakes Fishery Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , D. V. and Giles , M. A. 1965 . The spawning behavior of the Walleye, Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill) . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 94 : 358 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell , J. M. 2001 . Reproductive success of sympatric Northern Pike and Muskellunge in an upper St. Lawrence River bay . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 130 : 796 – 808 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , J. , Andronic , L. , Ash , M. , Boye , T. , Calza , S. , Chang , A. , Grosjean , P. , Heiberger , R. , Kerns , G. J. , Lancelot , R. , Lesnoff , M. , Ligges , U. , Messad , S. , Maechler , M. , Muenchen , R. , Murdoch , D. , Neuwirth , E. , Putler , D. , Ripley , B. , Ristic , M. and Wolf , P. 2010 . Rcmdr: R commander, R package version 1.6-1 . Available: CRAN.Rproject.org/package=Rcmdr. (March 2012)
   Google Scholar
• Gafny , S. , Gasith , A. and Goren , M. 1992 . Effect of water level fluctuation on shore spawning of Mirogrex terraesanctae (Steinitz), (Cyprinidae) in Lake Kinneret, Israel . Journal of Fish Biology , 41 : 863 – 871 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiling , W. D. , Kelso , J. R. M. and Iwachewski , E. 1996 . Benefits from incremental additions to Walleye spawning habitat in the Current River, with reference to habitat modification as a Walleye management tool in Ontario . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 53 ( Supplement 1 ) : 79 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , R. J. and Hughes , C. E. 1977 . A Walleye stream spawning study on Hamilton's Creek, 1969 , Winnipeg : Manitoba Department of Renewable Resources and Transportation Services . Technical Report 71-31
   Google Scholar
• Gillenwater , D. , Granata , T. and Zika , U. 2006 . GIS-based modeling of spawning habitat suitability for Walleye in the Sandusky River, Ohio, and implications for dam removal and river restoration . Ecological Engineering , 28 : 311 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidinger , R. C. , Brooks , R. C. , Leitner , D. and Soderstrom , I. 1997 . Prediction of Walleye egg and embryo survival at two stages of development . Progressive Fish-Culturist , 59 : 64 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holomuzki , J. R. and Biggs , B. J. F. 2003 . Sediment texture mediates high-flow effects on lotic macroinvertebrates . Journal of the North American Benthological Society , 22 : 542 – 553 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphrey , S. , Zhao , Y. and Higgs , D. 2012 . The effects of water currents on Walleye (Sander vitreus) eggs and larvae and implications for the early survival of Walleye in Lake Erie . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 69 : 1959 – 1967 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivan , L. N. , Rutherford , E. S. , Riseng , C. and Tyler , J. A. 2010 . Density, production, and survival of Walleye (Sander vitreus) eggs in the Muskegon River, Michigan . Journal of Great Lakes Research , 36 : 328 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , F. H. 1961 . Walleye egg survival during incubation on several types of bottom in Lake Winnibigoshish, Minnesota, and connecting waters . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 90 : 312 – 322 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , M. L. , Netto , J. K. , Stockwell , J. D. and Mion , J. B. 2003 . Does the value of newly accessible spawning habitat for Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) depend on its location relative to nursery habitats? . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 60 : 1527 – 1538 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapuscinski , K. L. , Zorn , T. G. , Schneeberger , P. J. , O’Neal , R. P. and Eggold , B. T. 2010 . The status of Lake Michigan Walleye stocks . Great Lakes Fishery Commission Technical Report , 69 : 15 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelder , B. F. and Farrell , J. M. 2009 . A spatially explicit model to predict Walleye spawning in an eastern Lake Ontario tributary . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 29 : 1686 – 1697 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr , S. J. 1996 . Walleye habitat creation and enhancement: an overview of selected projects , Peterborough : Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Percid Community Synthesis .
   Google Scholar
• Kerr , S. J. , Corbett , B. W. , Hutchinson , N. J. , Kinsman , D. , Leach , J. H. , Puddister , D. , Stanfield , L. and Ward , N. 1997 . “ Walleye habitat: a synthesis of current knowledge with guidelines for conservation ” . Peterborough : Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Percid Community Synthesis, Walleye Habitat Working Group .
   Google Scholar
• Latif , M. A. , Bodaly , R. A. , Johnston , T. A. and Fudge , R. J. P. 1999 . Critical stage in developing Walleye eggs . North American Journal of Aquaculture , 61 : 34 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malison , J. A. and Held , J. A. 1996 . Reproduction and spawning in Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) . Journal of Applied Ichthyology , 12 : 153 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElman , J. F. and Balon , E. K. 1979 . Early ontogeny of Walleye, Stizostedion vitreum, with steps of saltatory development . Environmental Biology of Fishes , 4 : 309 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , A. A. 2003 . Manipulation of fertilization procedures to improve hatchery Walleye egg fertility and survival . North American Journal of Aquaculture , 65 : 56 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newburg , H. J. 1975 . Evaluation of an improved Walleye, Stizostedion vitreum, spawning shoal with criteria for design and placement . Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Section of Fisheries Investigational Report 340
   Google Scholar
• Newbury , R. and Gaboury , M. 1993 . Exploration and rehabilitation of hydraulic habitats in streams using principles of fluvial behaviour . Freshwater Biology , 29 : 195 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitlo , J. Jr. 1989 . Walleye spawning habitat in Pool 13 of the upper Mississippi River . North American Journal of Fisheries Management , 9 : 303 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Potyondy , J. and Bunte , K. 2002 . Sampling with the US SAH-97 hand-held particle size analyzer , Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg , Mississippi : Federal Interagency Sedimentation Project . Available: water.usgs.gov/fisp/docs/Instructions_US_SAH-97_040412.pdf. (December 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Priegel , G. R. 1970 . Reproduction and early life history of the Walleye in the Lake Winnebago region . Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin 45
   Google Scholar
• Probst , W. N. , Stoll , S. , Peters , L. , Fischer , P. and Eckmann , R. 2009 . Lake water level increase during spring affects the breeding success of bream Abramis brama (L.) . Hydrobiologia , 632 : 211 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raabe , J. K. and Bozek , M. A. 2012 . Quantity, structure, and habitat selection of natural spawning reefs by Walleyes in a north temperate lake: a multiscale analysis . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 141 : 1097 – 1108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riehl , R. 1996 . The ecological significance of the egg envelope in teleosts with special reference to limnic species . Limnologica , 26 : 183 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Roseman , E. , Kocovsky , P. and Vandergoot , C. , eds. 2010 . Status of Walleye in the Great Lakes: proceedings of the 2006 symposium Great Lakes Fishery Commission Technical Report 69
   Google Scholar
• Roseman , E. , Taylor , W. W. , Hayes , D. B. , Haas , R. C. , Knight , R. L. and Paxton , K. O. 1996 . Walleye egg deposition and survival on reefs in western Lake Erie (USA) . Annales Zoologici Fennici , 33 : 341 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman , E. , Taylor , W. W. , Hayes , D. B. , Knight , R. L. and Haas , R. C. 2001 . Removal of Walleye eggs from reefs in western Lake Erie by a catastrophic storm . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 130 : 341 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosemond , A. D. 1994 . Multiple factors limit seasonal variation in periphyton in a forest stream . Journal of the North American Benthological Society , 13 : 333 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems) . 2009 . SAS/STAT® 9.2 user's guide, , 2nd edition , Cary , North Carolina : SAS Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , W. B. and Crossman , E. J. 1973 . Freshwater fishes of Canada . Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin 184
   Google Scholar
• Stoll , S. , Probst , W. N. , Eckmann , R. and Fischer , P. 2010 . A mesocosm experiment investigating the effects of substratum quality and wave exposure on the survival of fish eggs . Aquatic Sciences , 72 : 509 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udden , J. A. 1914 . Mechanical composition of clastic sediments . Bulletin of the Geological Society of America , 25 : 655 – 744 .
   Google Scholar
• Waltemyer , D. L. 1976 . Tannin as an agent to eliminate adhesiveness of Walleye eggs during artificial propagation . Transactions of the American Fisheries Society , 105 : 731 – 736 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wentworth , C. K. 1922 . A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments . Journal of Geology , 30 : 377 – 392 .
   Google Scholar