Earning their Stripes: The Potential of Tiger Trout and Other Salmonids as Biological Controls of Forage Fishes in a Western Reservoir

References

• Anderson, R. O., and R. M. Neumann. 1996. Length, weight, and associated structural indices. Pages 447–482 in B. R. Murphy and D. W. Willis, editors. Fisheries techniques, 2nd edition. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Aquiloni, L., S. Brusconi, E. Cecchinelli, E. Tricarico, G. Mazza, A. Paglianti, and F. Gherardi. 2010. Biological control of invasive populations of crayfish: the European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) as a predator of Procambarus clarkii. Biological Invasions 12:3817–3824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajer, P. G., T. K. Cross, J. D. Lechelt, C. J. Chizinski, M. J. Weber, and P. W. Sorensen. 2015. Across-ecoregion analysis suggests a hierarchy of ecological filters that regulate recruitment of a globally invasive fish. Diversity and Distributions 21:500–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajer, P. G., G. W. Whitledge, and R. S. Hayward. 2004. Widespread consumption-dependent systematic error in fish bioenergetics models and its implications. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:2158–2167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, C. M., D. A. Beauchamp, and J. J. Van Tassell. 2000. Bioenergetic assessment of temporal food supply and consumption demand by salmonids in the Strawberry Reservoir food web. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129:429–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, D. A. 1990. Seasonal and diel food habits of Rainbow Trout stocked as juveniles in Lake Washington. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119:475–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, D. A., A. D. Cross, J. L. Armstrong, K. W. Myers, J. H. Moss, J. L. Boldt, and L. J. Haldorson. 2007. Bioenergetic responses by Pacific Salmon to climate and ecosystem variation. North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission Bulletin 4:257–269.
   Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, D. A., M. G. LaRiviere, and G. L. Thomas. 1995. Evaluation of competition and predation as limits to juvenile kokanee and Sockeye Salmon production in Lake Ozette, Washington. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15:193–207.
   Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, D. A., D. L. Parrish, and R. A. Whaley. 2009. Coldwater fish in large standing waters. Pages 97–118 in S. A. Bonar, W. A. Hubert, and D. W. Willis, editors. Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, D. A., and J. J. Van Tassell. 2001. Modeling trophic interactions of Bull Trout in Lake Billy Chinook, Oregon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:204–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird, F. H. 1975. Biology of Blue and Tui chubs in East and Paulina lakes, Oregon. Master’s thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis.
   Google Scholar
• Brandt, S. B., and K. J. Hartman. 1993. Innovative approaches with bioenergetics models: future applications to fish ecology and management. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122:731–735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, J. L. 1957. Identifications and nomenclature of Cladocera, Calanoida, and Cyclopoida. Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of the Arts and Science 13(1).
   Google Scholar
• Budy, P., M. Baker, and S. K. Dahle. 2011. Predicting fish growth potential and identifying water quality constraints: a spatially-explicit bioenergetics approach. Environmental Management 48:691–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budy, P., G. P. Thiede, J. Lobon-Cervia, G. Gonzalez Fernandez, P. McHugh, A. McIntosh, L. A. Vollestad, E. Becares, and P. Jellyman. 2013. Limitation and facilitation of one of the world’s most invasive fish: an intercontinental comparison. Ecology 94:356–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budy, P., L. Winters, G. P. Thiede, K. Hafen, and B. Roholt. 2014. Scofield Reservoir predator–prey interactions: investigating the roles of interspecific interactions and forage availability on the performance of three predatory fishes. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, 2013 Project Completion Report, UTCFWRU-2014(2), Salt Lake City.
   Google Scholar
• Bunnell, D. B., C. P. Madenjian, and R. M. Claramunt. 2006. Long-term changes of the Lake Michigan fish community following the reduction of exotic Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63:2434–2446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau of Reclamation. 2009. Scofield Dam. Bureau of Reclamation. Available: https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=424. ( January 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Reclamation. 2010. Scofield Dam and Reservoir lands. Available: https://www.usbr.gov/uc/provo/rm/scofield/index.html. ( January 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Carrico, M. 2012. High Savery Reservoir Wyoming, Available: www.highsavery.com. ( November 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Chipps, S. R., and D. H. Wahl. 2008. Bioenergetics modeling in the 21st century: reviewing new insights and revisiting old constraints. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137:298–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtenay, W. R., and C. C. Kohler. 1986. Regulating introduced aquatic species: a review of past initiatives. Fisheries 11(2):34–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahm, E., J. Hartmann, T. Lindem, and H. Loffler. 1985. ELFAC experiments on pelagic fish stock assessment by acoustic methods in Lake Constance. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission, Occasional Paper 15, Rome.
   Google Scholar
• Debach, P. D. 1964. Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and Hall, London.
   Google Scholar
• Dieterman, D. J., W. C. Thorn, and C. S. Anderson. 2004. Application of a bioenergetics model for Brown Trout to evaluate growth in southeast Minnesota streams. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Dwyer, W. P., and R. H. Kramer. 1975. The influence of temperature on scope for activity in Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 104:552–554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmonson, W. T. 1959. The Rotifera. Pages 420–494 in G. C. Whipple and H. B. Ward, editors. Freshwater Biology, 2nd edition. Wiley, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Eilers, J. M., H. A. Truemper, L. S. Jackson, B. J. Eilers, and D. W. Loomis. 2011. Eradication of an invasive cyprinid (Gila bicolor) to achieve water quality goals in Diamond Lake, Oregon (USA). Lake and Reservoir Management 27:194–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, B. K., J. A. Stanford, D. Goodman, C. P. Stafford, D. L. Gustafson, D. A. Beauchamp, D. W. Chess, J. A. Craft, M. A. Deleray, and B. S. Hansen. 2011. Long-term effects of a trophic cascade in a large lake ecosystem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108:1070–1075.
   Google Scholar
• Ewel, J. J., and F. E. Putz. 2004. A place for alien species in ecosystem restoration. Frontiers of Ecology and Environment 2:354–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, M. A., J. F. Turnbull, W. E. Yeomans, and C. W. Bean. 2010. Prospects for management strategies of invasive crayfish populations with an emphasis on biological control. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20:211–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galbraith, M. G. 1967. Size-selective predation on Daphnia by Rainbow Trout and Yellow Perch. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 96:1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardunio, E. I., C. A. Myrick, R. A. Ridenour, R. M. Keith, and C. J. Amadio. 2011. Invasion of illegally introduced Burbot to the upper Colorado River basin, USA. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 27:36–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy, C. S., T. E. McMahon, C. J. Smith, B. S. Cox, W. A. Fedenberg, and D. W. Garfield. 2011. Diet overlap of top-level predators in recent sympatry: Bull Trout and nonnative Lake Trout. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 2:183–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddix, T., and P. Budy. 2005. Factors that limit growth and abundance of Rainbow Trout across ecologically distinct areas of Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Utah–Wyoming. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25:1082–1094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafen, K., and P. Budy. 2015. Agnostic behavior among three stocked trout species. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 35:551–556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambright, K. D. 1991. Experimental analysis of prey selection by Largemouth Bass: role of predator mouth width and prey body depth. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120:500–508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, P. C., T. B. Johnson, D. E. Schindler, and J. F. Kitchell. 1997. Bioenergetics model 3.0 for Windows. University of Wisconsin, Sea Grant Institute, Technical Report WISCU-T-97-001, Madison.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, J., and P. W. Birdsey. 2008. Scofield research proposal. Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources, Southeastern Regional Office, Price.
   Google Scholar
• Hartman, K. J., and M. K. Cox. 2008. Refinement and testing of a Brook Trout bioenergetics model. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137:357–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman, K. J., and R. S. Hayward. 2007. Bioenergetics. Pages 515–560 in C. S. Guy and M. L. Brown, editors. Analysis and interpretation of freshwater fisheries data. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Hartman, K. J., and J. F. Kitchell. 2008. Bioenergetics modeling: progress since the 1992 symposium. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137:216–223.
   Google Scholar
• Hartman, K. J., and F. J. Margraf. 1993. Evidence of predatory control of Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) recruitment in Lake Erie, USA. Journal of Fish Biology 43:109–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havel, J. E., C. E. Lee, and J. VanderZanden. 2005. Do reservoirs facilitate invasions into landscapes? BioScience 55:518–525.
   Google Scholar
• Hepworth, D. K., C. B. Chamberlain, and M. J. Ottenbacher. 1999. Comparative sport fish performance of Bonneville Cutthroat Trout in three small put-grow-and-take reservoirs. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19:774–785.
   Google Scholar
• Hepworth, R. D., J. Warner, M. J. Ottenbacher, and M. J. Hadley. 2009. Panguitch Lake: an evaluation of the sport fishery management plan. Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City.
   Google Scholar
• Heredia, N. A. 2014. Trophic status, energetic demands, and factors affecting Lahontan Cutthroat Trout distribution in Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Master’s thesis. Utah State University, Logan
   Google Scholar
• Hoddle, M. S. 2004. Restoring balance: using exotic species to control invasive exotic species. Conservation Biology 18:38–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubert, W. A., D. Gipson, R. A. McDowell, and A. C. Stewart. 1994. Diet of Eagle Lake Rainbow Trout in Lake DeSmet, Wyoming. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14:457–459.
   Google Scholar
• Hudy, M., and C. R. Berry Jr. 1983. Performance of three strains of Rainbow Trout in a Utah reservoir. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 3:136–141.
   Google Scholar
• Irwin, B. J., D. R. Devries, and R. A. Wright. 2003. Evaluating the potential for predatory control of Gizzard Shad by Largemouth Bass in small impoundments: a bioenergetics approach. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132:913–924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, L. S., D. H. Jackson, and D. W. Loomis. 2004. Analysis of Tui Chub data collected at Diamond Lake by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1992–2003. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Roseburg.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. M., and J. P. Goettle. 1999. Food web changes over fourteen years following introduction of Rainbow Smelt into a Colorado reservoir. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19:629–642.
   Google Scholar
• Juanes, F., J. A. Buckel, and F. S. Scharf. 2002. Feeding ecology of piscivorous fishes. Pages 267–283 in P. J. B. Hart and J. D. Reynolds, editors. Handbook of fish biology and fisheries, first edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Juncos, R., D. A. Beauchamp, and P. H. Vigliano. 2013. Modeling prey consumption by native and nonnative piscivorous fishes: implications for competition and impacts on shared prey in an ultraoligotrophic lake in Patagonia. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 142:268–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juncos, R., D. Milano, P. J. Macchi, M. F. Alonso, and P. H. Vigliano. 2011. Response of Rainbow Trout to different food web structures in northern Patagonia: implications for growth, bioenergetics, and invasiveness. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 140:415–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchell, J. F., and L. B. Crowder. 1986. Predator–prey interactions in Lake Michigan: model predictions and recent dynamics. Environmental Biology of Fishes 16:205–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchell, J. F., D. E. Schindler, R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, and P. N. Reinthal. 1997. The Nile Perch in Lake Victoria: interactions between predation and fisheries. Ecological Applications 7:653–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler, C. C., J. J. Ney, and W. E. Kelso. 1986. Filling the void: development of a pelagic fishery and its consequences to littoral fishes in a Virginia mainstem reservoir. Pages 166–177 in G. E. Hall and M. J. Van Den Avyle, editors. Reservoir fisheries management: strategies for the 80s. American Fisheries Society, Southern Division, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Kruse, C. G., and W. A. Hubert. 1997. Proposed standard weight (Ws) equations for interior Cutthroat Trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17:784–790.
   Google Scholar
• Lentsch, L. D., C. W. Thompson, and R. L. Spateholts. 2001. Overview of a large-scale chemical treatment success story: Strawberry Valley, Utah. Pages 63–79 in R. L. Cailteux, L. DeMong, B. J. Finlayson, W. Horton, W. McClay, R. A. Schnick, and C. Thompson, editors. Rotenone in fisheries: are the rewards worth the risks? American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Lester, N. P., P. E. Bailey, and W. A. Hubert. 2009. Coldwater fish in small standing waters. Pages 85–96 in S. A. Bonar, W. A. Hubert, and D. W. Willis, editors. Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Luecke, C., T. C. Edwards, M. W. Wengert, S. Brayton, and R. Schneidervin. 1994. Simulated changes in Lake Trout yield, trophies, and forage consumption under various slot limits. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14:14–21.
   Google Scholar
• Madenjian, C. P., D. V. O’Connor, S. M. Chernyak, R. R. Rediske, and J. P. O’Keefe. 2004. Evaluation of a Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) bioenergetics model. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:627–635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnhagen, C., and E. Heibo. 2001. Gape size allometry in pike reflects variation between lakes in prey availability and relative body depth. Functional Ecology 15:754–762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, P. J., P. E. Bigelow, M. A. Deleray, W. A. Fredenberg, B. S. Hansen, N. J. Horner, S. K. Lehr, R. W. Schneidervin, S. A. Tolentino, and A. E. Viola. 2009. Western Lake Trout woes. Fisheries 34:424–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon, T. E., A. V. Zale, and D. J. Orth. 1996. Aquatic habitat measurements. Pages 83–120 in B. R. Murphy and D. W. Willis, editors. Fisheries techniques. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Merritt, R. W., and K. W. Cummins, editors. 1996. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. Kendall and Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa.
   Google Scholar
• Mesa, M. G., L. K. Weiland, H. E. Christiansen, S. T. Sauter, and D. A. Beauchamp. 2013. Development and evaluation of a bioenergetics model for Bull Trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 142:41–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaletz, P. H. 2014. Temperature, plankton and conspecific density influence dynamics of age-0 Gizzard Shad: implications for a gape-limited piscivore. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 23:322–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milewski, C. L., and M. L. Brown. 1994. Proposed standard weight (Ws) equation and length-categorization standards for stream-dwelling Brown Trout (Salmo trutta). Journal of Freshwater Ecology 9:111–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, A. L. 2010. Diet, growth, and age analysis of tiger trout from ten lakes in eastern Washington. Master’s thesis. Eastern Washington University, Cheney.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, B. R., D. W. Willis, and T. A. Springer. 1991. The relative weight index in fisheries management: status and needs. Fisheries 16(2):30–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musseau, C., C. Boulenger, A. J. Crivelli, I. Lebel, M. Pascal, S. Boulêtreau, and F. Santoul. 2015. Native European Eels as a potential biological control for invasive crayfish. Freshwater Biology 60:636–645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neilson, B. R., and L. Lentsch. 1988. Bonneville Cutthroat Trout in Bear Lake: status and management. Pages 128–133 in R. E. Gresswell, editor. Status and management of interior stocks of Cutthroat Trout. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 4, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Neuhold, J. M. 1957. Age and growth of the Utah Chub, Gila atraria (Girard), in Panguitch Lake and Navajo Lake, Utah, from scales and opercular bones. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 85:217–233.
   Google Scholar
• Ney, J. J. 1990. Trophic economics in fisheries: assessment of demand-supply relationships between predators and prey. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 2:55–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ney, J. J. 1993. Bioenergetics modeling today: growing pains on the cutting edge. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122:736–748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble, R. L. 1981. Management of forage fishes in impoundments of the southern United States. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 110:738–750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, H. F. 1959. Biology of the Utah Chub, Gila atraria, of Scofield Reservoir, Utah. Master’s thesis. Utah State University, Logan.
   Google Scholar
• Paakkonen, J. P. J., O. Tikkanen, and J. Karjalainen. 2003. Development and validation of a bioenergetics model for juvenile and adult Burbot. Journal of Fish Biology 63:956–969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, J. H., and J. F. Kitchell. 2001. Climate regimes and water temperature changes in the Columbia River: bioenergetic implications for predators of juvenile salmon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58:1831–1841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, K. L., and C. G. Kruse. 2007. Condition. Pages 423–472 in C. S. Guy and M. L. Brown, editors. Analysis and interpretation of freshwater fisheries data. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Raborn, S. W., L. E. Miranda, and M. T. Driscoll. 2007. Prey supply and predator demand in a reservoir of the southeastern United States. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 136:12–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rand, P. S., D. J. Stewart, P. W. Seelbach, M. L. Jones, and L. R. Wedge. 1993. Modeling steelhead population energetics in Lakes Michigan and Ontario. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122:977–1001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reissig, M., C. Trochine, C. Quelimalinos, E. Balseiro, and B. Modenutti. 2006. Impact of fish introduction on planktonic food webs in lakes of the Patagonian Plateau. Biological Conservation 132:437–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, J. A., and P. A. Cochran. 1984. Independent evaluation of a bioenergetics model for Largemouth Bass. Ecology 65:732–739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romare, P., and L. A. Hansson. 2003. A behavioral cascade: top-predator induced behavioral shifts in planktivorous fish and zooplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 48:1956–1964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, B. M., J. C. Tetzlaff, M. L. Alexander, and J. F. Kitchell. 2007. Reciprocal relationships between exotic rusty crayfish, macrophytes, and Lepomis species in northern Wisconsin lakes. Ecosystems 10:7586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolf, V. H. W. 2012. Seasonal shifts in predator body size diversity and trophic interactions in size-structured predator–prey systems. Journal of Animal Ecology 81:524–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruzycki, J. R., W. A. Wurtsbaugh, and C. Luecke. 2001. Salmonine consumption and competition for endemic prey fishes in Bear Lake, Utah–Idaho. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:1175–1189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute. 2009. SAS web report studio 4.2: users guide. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, G., B. Cooke, K. McColl, R. Shine, and T. Peacock. 2010. Modern approaches for the biological control of vertebrate pests: an Australian perspective. Biological Control 52:288–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharf, F. S., F. J. Juanes, and R. A. Rountree. 2000. Predator size–prey size relationships of marine fish predators: interspecific variation and effects of ontogeny and body size on trophic-niche breadth. Marine Ecology Progress Series 208:229–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoen, E. R., D. A. Beauchamp, and N. C. Overman. 2012. Quantifying latent impacts of an introduced piscivore: pulsed predatory inertia of Lake Trout and decline of kokanee. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 141:1191–1206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigler, W. F., and J. W. Sigler. 1996. Fishes of Utah: a natural history. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
   Google Scholar
• Simberloff, D. 2009. We can eliminate invasions or live with them: successful management projects. Biological Invasions 11:149–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpkins, D. G., and W. A. Hubert. 1996. Proposed revision of the standard weight equation for Rainbow Trout. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 11:319–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skov, T., T. Buchaca, S. L. Amsinck, F. Landkildehus, B. V. Odgaard, J. Azevedo, V. Goncalves, P. M. Raposeiro, T. J. Anderson, and E. Jeppesen. 2010. Using invertebrate remains and pigments in the sediment to infer changes in trophic structure after fish introduction in Lake Fogo: a crater lake in the Azores. Hydrobiologia 654:13–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, R. A., D. R. Devries, and J. M. Dettmers. 1995. Food-web regulation by a planktivore: exploring the generality of the trophic cascade hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52:2518–2526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, R. A., and M. L. Murphy. 1976. Changes in the proximate composition of crayfish with size, sex, and life stage. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33:2450–2458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, D. J., J. F. Kitchell, and L. B. Crowder. 1981. Forage fishes and their salmonid predators in Lake Michigan. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 110:751–763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, D. J., D. Weininger, D. V. Rottiers, and T. A. Edsall. 1983. An energetics model for Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush: application to the Lake Michigan population. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40:681–698.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swales, S. 2006. A review of factors affecting the distribution and abundance of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) in lake and reservoir systems. Lake and Reservoir Management 22:167–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, W. W., and S. D. Gerking. 1980. Population dynamics of Daphnia pulex and utilization by the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri). Hydrobiologia 71:277–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetzlaff, J. C., B. M. Roth, B. C. Weidel, and J. F. Kitchell. 2010. Predation by native sunfishes (Centrarchidae) on the invasive crayfish Orconectes rusticus in four northern Wisconsin lakes. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 20:133–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tronstad, L. 2008. Ecosystem consequences of declining Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in Yellowstone Lake and spawning streams. Doctoral dissertation. University of Wyoming, Laramie.
   Google Scholar
• Truemper, H. A., and T. E. Lauer. 2005. Gape limitation and piscine prey size-selection by Yellow Perch in the extreme southern area of Lake Michigan, with emphasis on two exotic prey items. Journal of Fish Biology 66:135–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyus, H. M., and J. F. Saunders. 2000. Nonnative fish control and endangered fish recovery: lessons from the Colorado River. Fisheries 25(9):17–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utah Department of Environmental Quality. 2010. Scofield Reservoir TMDL. Utah Division of Water Quality, Salt Lake City.
   Google Scholar
• Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. 2015. Stocking reports. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Available: https://dwrapps.utah.gov/fishstocking/Fish?y=2015. (December 2015).
   Google Scholar
• USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 2013a. Biological control. USDA, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 2013b. Weeds and biological control agents.USDA, Technical Advisory Group for Biological Control Agents of Weeds, Riverdale, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Vatland, S., P. Budy, and G. P. Thiede. 2008. A bioenergetics approach to modeling Striped Bass and Threadfin Shad predator–prey dynamics in Lake Powell, Utah–Arizona. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137:262–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, E. J. 1996. History and fluctuating asymmetry of Utah salmonid broodstocks. Progressive Fish-Culturist 58:92–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzel, R. G. 1990. Reservoir ecosystems: conclusions and speculations. Pages 227–238 in K. W. Thorton, B. I. Kimmel, and F. E. Payne, editors. Reservoir limnology: ecological perspectives. Wiley, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Wetzel, R. G. 2001. Limnology: lake and river ecosystems, 3rd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
   Google Scholar
• Whitledge, G. W., P. G. Bajer, and R. S. Hayward. 2010. Laboratory evaluation of two bioenergetic models for Brown Trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139:929–936.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitledge, G. W., R. S. Hayward, D. B. Noltie, and N. Wang. 1998. Testing bioenergetics models under feeding regimes that elicit compensatory growth. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127:740–746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, M., and A. Fitter. 1996. The varying success of invaders. Ecology 77:1661–1668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winters, L. K. 2014. An evaluation of the food web dynamics and predator prey interactions in Scofield Reservoir. Master’s thesis. Utah State University, Logan.
   Google Scholar
• Winters, L. K., and P. Budy. 2015. Exploring crowded trophic niche space in a novel reservoir fish assemblage: how many predators is too many? Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 144:1117–1128.
   Google Scholar
• Zelasko, K. A., K. R. Bestgen, and C. White. 2010. Survival rates and movement of hatchery-reared Razorback Suckers in the upper Colorado River basin, Utah and Colorado. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139:1478–1499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar