Temporal Trends in Stream Habitat on Managed Forestlands in Coastal Southeast Alaska

REFERENCES

• ADNR (Alaska Department of Natural Resources). 2013a. Forest practices effectiveness monitoring. ADNR, Division of Forestry, Briefing Report, Juneau.
   Google Scholar
• ADNR (Alaska Department of Natural Resources). 2013b. Alaska Forest Resources and Practices Act. ADNR, Division of Forestry, Juneau.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Chokhachy, R., B. B. Roper, E. K. Archer, and S. Miller. 2011. Quantifying the extent of and factors associated with the temporal variability of physical stream habitat in headwater streams in the interior Columbia River basin. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 140:399–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anlauf, K. J., W. Gaeuman, and A. W. Jones. 2011a. Detection of regional trends in salmonid habitat in coastal streams, Oregon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 140:52–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anlauf, K. J., D. W. Jensen, K. M. Burnett, E. A. Steel, K. Christiansen, J. C. Firman, B. E. Feist, and D. P. Larsen. 2011b. Explaining spatial variability in stream habitats using both natural and management-influenced landscape predictors. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21:704–714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahuguna, D., S. J. Mitchell, and Y. Miquelajauregui. 2010. Windthrow and recruitment of large woody debris in riparian stands. Forest Ecology and Management 259:2048–2055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, D., M. Maechler, B. Bolker, and S. Walker. 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software [online serial] 67(1).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, S. B., and S. C. Ralph. 2001. Strengthening the use of aquatic habitat indicators in Clean Water Act programs. Fisheries 26(6):14–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beechie, T. J., and T. H. Sibley. 1997. Relationships between channel characteristics, woody debris, and fish habitat in northwestern Washington streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126:217–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benda, L., D. Miller, J. Sias, D. Martin, R. Bilby, C. Veldhuisen, and T. Dunne. 2003a. Wood recruitment processes and wood budgeting. Pages 49–74 in S. V. Gregory, K. L. Boyer, and A. M. Gurnell, editors. The ecology and management of wood in world rivers. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 37, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Benda, L., C. Veldhuisen, and J. Black. 2003b. Debris flows as agents of morphological heterogeneity at low-order confluences, Olympic Mountains, Washington. GSA Bulletin 115:1110–1121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilby, R. E., and P. A. Bisson. 1998. Function and distribution of large woody debris. Pages 324–346 in R. J. Naiman and R. E. Bilby, editors. River ecology and management: lessons from the Pacific coastal ecoregion. Springer, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Bilby, R. E., and J. W. Ward. 1989. Changes in characteristics and function of woody debris with increasing size of streams in western Washington. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118:368–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson, P. A., R. E. Bilby, M. D. Bryant, C. A. Dolloff, G. B. Grette, R. A. House, M. L. Murphy, K. V. Koski, and J. R. Sedell. 1987. Large woody debris in forested streams in the Pacific Northwest: past, present, and future. Pages 143–190 in E. O. Salo and T. W. Cundy, editors. Streamside management: forestry and fishery interactions. University of Washington, Seattle.
   Google Scholar
• Bisson, P. A., J. A. Nielson, R. A. Palmason, and L. E. Grove. 1982. A system of naming habitat types in small streams, with examples of habitat utilization by salmonids during low stream flow. Pages 62–73 in N. B. Armantrout, editor. Acquisition and utilization of aquatic habitat inventory information. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, M. D. 1983. The role of beaver dams as Coho Salmon habitat in Southeast Alaska streams. Pages 183–192 in J. M. Walton and D. B. Houston, editors. Proceedings of the Olympic Wild Fish Conference. Peninsula College, Port Angeles, Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Buffington, J. M., and D. R. Montgomery. 1999. Effects of hydraulic roughness on surface textures of gravel-bed rivers. Water Resources Research 35:3507–3521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnham, K. P., and D. R. Anderson. 2002. Model selection and multimodal inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, 2nd edition. Springer, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Cucchi, V., C. Meredieu, A. Stokes, S. Berthier, D. Bert, M. Najar, A. Denis, and R. Lastennet. 2004. Root anchorage of inner and edge trees in stands of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) growing in different podzolic soil conditions. Trees: Structure and Function 18:460–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everest, F. E., R. L. Beschta, K. V. Scrivener, J. R. Sedell, and C. J. Cederholm. 1987. Fine sediment and salmon production: a paradox. University of Washington Institute of Forest Resources Contribution 57:98–142.
   Google Scholar
• Everest, F. H. 2005. Setting the stage for the development of a science-based Tongass land management plan. Landscape and Urban Planning 72:13–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farr, W. A. 1984. Site index and height growth curves for unmanaged even-aged stands of western hemlock and Sitka spruce in Southeast Alaska. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon.
   Google Scholar
• Gomi, T., R. C. Sidle, M. D. Bryant, and R. D. Woodsmith. 2001. The characteristics of woody debris and sediment distribution in headwater streams, southeastern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31:1386–1399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrelson, C. C., C. L. Rawlins, and J. P. Potyondy. 1994. Stream channel reference sites: an illustrated guide to field technique. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-245.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, A. S. 1989. Wind in the forests of Southeast Alaska and guides for reducing damage. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-255.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, N. T., S. A. Bird, D. L. Hogan, and E. A. MacIsaac. 2011. Mechanisms and source distances for the input of large woody debris to forested streams in British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41:2231–2246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondolf, G. M., and M. G. Wolman. 1993. The sizes of salmonid spawning gravels. Water Resources Research 29:2275–2285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, M., A. Hansen, M. Taper, and E. Kissinger. 2001. Abiotic controls on long-term windthrow disturbance and temperate rain forest dynamics in Southeast Alaska. Ecology 82:2749–2768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreutzweiser, D. P., P. K. Sibley, J. S. Richardson, and A. M. Gordon. 2012. Introduction and a theoretical basis for using disturbance by forest management activities to sustain aquatic ecosystems. Freshwater Science 31:224–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanigan, S. H., S. N. Gordon, P. Eldred, M. Isley, S. Wilcox, C. Moyer, and H. Andersen. 2012. Northwest Forest Plan—the first 15 years (1994–2008): watershed condition status and trend. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-856.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, D. P., P. R. Kaufmann, T. M. Kincaid, and N. S. Urquhart. 2004. Detecting persistent change in the habitat of salmon-bearing streams in the Pacific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:283–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisle, T. E. 1986. Effects of woody debris on anadromous salmonid habitat, Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6:538–550.
   Google Scholar
• Lisle, T. E. 1987. Using “residual depth” to monitor pool depths independently of discharge. U.S. Forest Service Research Paper PSW-394.
   Google Scholar
• Maas-Hebner, K. G. C., R. H. Schreck, J. A. Yeakley, and N. Molina. 2016. Addressing diffuse threats and developing rigorous adaptive management plans. Fisheries 41:276–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCracken, J. G., and A. D. Lebovitz. 2005. Selection of in-stream wood structures by beaver in the Bear River, southwest Washington. Northwestern Naturalist 86:49–58.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, D. J. 2001. The influence of geomorphic factors and geographic region on large woody debris loading and fish habitat in Alaska coastal streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21:429–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, D. J., and L. E. Benda. 2001. Patterns of instream wood recruitment and transport at the watershed scale. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:940–958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, D. J., and R. A. Grotefendt. 2007. Stand mortality in buffer strips and the supply of woody debris to streams in Southeast Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37:36–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, S. A., S. N. Gordon, P. Eldred, R. M. Beloin, S. Wilcox, M. Raggon, H. Andersen, and A. Muldoon. In press. Northwest Forest Plan—the first 20 years (1994–2013): watershed condition status and trend. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, S. J. 2013. Wind as a natural disturbance agent in forests: a synthesis. Forestry 86:147–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, S. J., T. Hailemariam, and Y. Kulis. 2001. Empirical modeling of cutblock edge windthrow risk on Vancouver Island, Canada, using stand level information. Forest Ecology and Management 154:117–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, D. R., and J. M. Buffington. 1997. Channel-reach morphology in mountain drainage basins. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109:596–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, D. R., J. M. Buffington, R. D. Smith, K. M. Schmidt, and G. Pess. 1995. Pool spacing in forest channels. Water Resources Research 31:1097–1105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, M. K. 1977. Factors contributing to blowdown in streamside leave strips on Vancouver Island. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Land Management Report 3, Victoria.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, M. L., J. Heifetz, J. F. Thedinga, S. W. Johnson, and K. V. Koski. 1989. Habitat utilization by juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) in the glacial Taku River, Southeast Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46:1677–1685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, M. L., and K. V. Koski. 1989. Input and depletion of woody debris in Alaska streams and implications for streamside management. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9:427–436.
   Google Scholar
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1996. Local climatological data: annual summary with comparative data, Annette, Alaska. National Climate Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina.
   Google Scholar
• Northwest Forest Plan. 1994. Standards and guidelines for management of habitat for late-successional and old-growth forest related species within the range of the northern spotted owl. Attachment A to the Record of Decision for Amendments to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management Planning Documents within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl. Available: http://reo.gov/library/reports/newsandga.pdf. (June 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Nowacki, G., M. Shephard, P. Krosse, W. Pawuk, G. Fisher, J. Baichtal, D. Brew, E. Kissinger, and T. Brock. 2001. Ecological subsections of Southeast Alaska and neighboring areas of Canada. U.S. Forest Service, Alaska Region, Technical Publication R10-TP-75, Juneau.
   Google Scholar
• Paustian, S. J., A. Anderson, D. Blanchet, S. Brady, M. Cropley, J. Edgington, J. Frysell, G. Johnejack, D. Kelliher, M. Kuehn, S. Maki, R. Olsen, J. Seesz, and M. Wolanek. 1992. A channel type user’s guide for the Tongass National Forest, Southeast Alaska. U.S. Forest Service, Alaska Region, Technical Publication R10-TP-26, Juneau.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, S. J. 1999. Landslide inventory and sediment-response study for monitored Sealaska streams. Report prepared for Sealaska Corporation, Juneau, Alaska.
   Google Scholar
• Pielech, R., J. Anioł-Kwiatkowska, and E. Szczęśniak. 2015. Landscape-scale factors driving plant species composition in mountain streamside and spring riparian forests. Forest Ecology and Management 347:217–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollock, M. M., G. R. Pess, T. J. Beechie, and D. R. Montgomery. 2004. The importance of beaver ponds to Coho Salmon production in the Stillaguamish River basin, Washington, USA. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24:749–760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2016. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. Available: https://www.R-project.org/. ( June 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Reid, L. M., and S. Hilton. 1998. Buffering the buffer. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-168:71–80.
   Google Scholar
• RSTC (Riparian Science Technical Committee). 2007. Analysis of the current science behind riparian issues. RSTC report to the Minnesota Forest Resources Council, St. Paul, Minnesota.
   Google Scholar
• Robison, E. G., and R. L. Beschta. 1990. Characteristics of coarse woody debris for several coastal streams of Southeast Alaska, USA. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47:1684–1693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollerson, T. P., C. M. Peters, and W. J. Beese. 2009. Variable retention windthrow monitoring project: 2001–2009. Western Forest Products, Final Report, Campbell River, British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, J. S., and L. Huato. 2003. Relationship between large woody debris characteristics and pool formation in small coastal British Columbia streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23:928–938.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruel, J.-C., D. Pin, and K. Cooper. 2001. Windthrow in riparian buffer strips: effect of wind exposure, thinning and strip width. Forest Ecology and Management 143:105–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuett-Hames, D., A. Roorbach, and R. H. Conrad. 2012. Results of the westside type-N buffer characteristics, integrity and function study. Washington State Forest Practices Adaptive Management Program, Cooperative Monitoring, Evaluation, and Research Committee, CMER 12-1201, Olympia.
   Google Scholar
• Stathers, R. J., T. P. Rollerson, and S. J. Mitchell. 1994. Windthrow handbook for British Columbia forests. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Working Paper 9401, Victoria.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki, N. D., and W. C. McComb. 1998. Habitat classification models for beaver (Castor canadensis) in the streams of the central Oregon coast range. Northwest Science 72:102–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschaplinski, P. J. 2010. State of stream channels, fish habitats, and adjacent riparian areas: resource stewardship monitoring to evaluate the effectiveness of riparian management, 2005–2008. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Mines, and Lands, Forest and Range Evaluation Program, FREP Report 27, Victoria.
   Google Scholar
• Urban, S. T., V. J. Lieffer, and S. E. MacDonald. 1994. Release in radial growth in the trunk and structural roots of white spruce as measured by dendrochronology. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24:1550–1556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, T., B. J. Irwin, J. R. Bence, and D. B. Hayes. 2013. Detecting temporal trends in freshwater fisheries surveys: statistical power and the important linkages between management questions and monitoring objectives. Fisheries 38:309–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolman, M. G. 1954. A method of sampling coarse riverbed material. Transactions of the American Geophysicists Union 35:951–956.
   Google Scholar
• Woodsmith, R. D., J. R. Noel, and M. L. Dilger. 2005. An approach to effectiveness monitoring of floodplain channel aquatic habitat: channel condition assessment. Landscape and Urban Planning 30:177–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuur, A. F., E. N. Ieno, N. J. Walker, A. A. Saveliev, and G. M. Smith. 2009. Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R. Springer, New York.
   Google Scholar