Syncretism in the Mediterranean: Universalism, Cultural Relativism and the Issue of the Mediterranean as a Cultural Area

References

• Albera , D. 1999 . “The Mediterranean as an Anthropological Laboratory” . Anales de la Fundacion Joaquín Costa , 16 : 215 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Albera , D. , Blok , A. and Bromberger , C. , eds. 2001 . L’Anthropologie de la Méditerranée [Anthropology of the Mediterranean] , Paris : Maisonneuve et Larose .
   Google Scholar
• Albert‐Llorca , M. and González Alcantud , J. A. , eds. 2003 . Moros y Cristianos: Representaciones del Otro en las Fiestas del Mediterráneo Occidental , Toulouse : Presses Universitaires de Toulouse Le Mirail .
   Google Scholar
• Assmann , A. and Harth , D. 1991 . Mnemosyne: Formen und Funktionen der Kulturellen Erinnerung , Frankfurt am Main : Fischer .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , F. C. 1983 . The Tactical Uses of Passion , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baumann , R. E. 1995 . The Moors and Christians’ of Válor: Folklore and Conflict in the Alpujarra (Andalusia) , Tulane University . Doctoral thesis
   Google Scholar
• Benedict , R. 1934 . Patterns of Culture , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Blok , A. 2001 . Honour and Violence , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boas , F. 1940 . Race, Language, and Culture , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1971 . “Genèse et structure du champ réligieux” . Revue Française de Sociologie , 12 : 295 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1977 . Outline of a Theory of Practice , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1994 . Raisons Pratiques: Sur la Théorie de l’Action , Paris : Seuil .
   Google Scholar
• Braun , K. 2000 . ¡Toro! Spanien und der Stier , Berlin : Wagenbach .
   Google Scholar
• Braudel , F. 1972 . The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II , Edited by: Reynolds , S. New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Carrasco Urgoiti , M. S. 1976 . “Christians and Moors in Spain: history, religion, theatre” . Cultures , 3 : 87 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Carrasco Urgoiti , M. S. 1996 . El Moro Retador y el Moro Amigo: Estudios Sobre Fiestas y Comedias de Moros y Cristianos , Granada : Universidad de Granada .
   Google Scholar
• Cornell , V. J. 1998 . Realm of the Saint. Power and Authority in Moroccan Sufism , Austin : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Christian , W. A. Jr . 1972 . Person and God in a Spanish Valley , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Christian , W. A. Jr . 1981a . Religious Apparitions in Late Medieval and Renaissance Spain , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Christian , W. A. Jr . 1981b . Local Religion in Sixteenth‐Century Spain , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Christian , W. A. Jr . 1996 . Visionaries: The Spanish Republic and the Reign of Christ , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crain , M. 1992 . “Pilgrims, ‘yuppies’, and media men: the transformation of an Andalusian pilgrimage” . In Revitalizing European Rituals , Edited by: Boissevain , J. 95 – 112 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Crain , M. 1997 . “The remaking of an Andalusian pilgrimage tradition: debates regarding visual (re)presentation and the meanings of ‘locality’ in a global era” . In Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology , Edited by: Gupta , A. and Fergusen , J. 291 – 311 . Durham : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crain , M. 1999 . “New North African immigration to Spain” . Middle East Report , 29 ( 2 ) : 23 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Crapanzano , V. 1973 . The Hamadsha. A Study in Moroccan Ethnopsychiatry , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crapanzano , V. 1981 . Tuhami. Portrait of a Moroccan , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crapanzano , V. and Garrison , V. , eds. 1977 . Case Studies in Spirit Possession , Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Cruces Roldán , C. , ed. 1996 . El Flamenco: Identidades Sociales, Ritual y Patrimonio Cultural , Jeréz de la Frontera : Centro Andaluz de Flamenco .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , J. 1977 . People of the Mediterranean: An Essay in Comparative Social Anthropology , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• de Contreras , A. 1989 . The Adventures of Captain Alonso de Contreras. A 17th Century Journey , Edited by: Dallas , P. New York : Paragon House .
   Google Scholar
• Deleuze , G. 1988 . Foucalt , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Deleuze , G. 1993 . The Fold. Leibniz and the Baroque , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dietz , G. and González Barea , E. M. 1999 . “Eine transnationale Bildungselite der Zukunft? Die Ausbildung marokkanischer Studierender an einer spanischen Universität” . Der Überblick , 35 ( 4 ) : 26 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Dimassi , A. 1974 . “La négritude—actualité et perspectives” . In Symposium Leo Frobenius , Edited by: Deutsche UNESCO‐Kommission . 133 – 150 . Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach .
   Google Scholar
• Dow , J. and Lixfeld , H. 1986 . German Volkskunde , Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dreyfus , H. L. and Rabinow , P. 1982 . Michel Foucault, Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics , Chicago : Chicago University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Driessen , H. 1985 . “Mock battles between Moors and Christians. Playing the confrontation of crescent with cross in Spain’s south” . Ethnologia Europaea , XV : 105 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Dumézil , G. 1977 . Les Dieux Souverains des Indo‐européens , Paris : Gallimard .
   Google Scholar
• Ehl , S. 1995 . “Ein Afrikaner erobert die Mainmetropole. Leo Frobenius in Frankfurt” . In Lebenslust und Fremdenfurcht. Etnologie im Dritten Reich , Edited by: Hauschild , T. 121 – 140 . Frankfurt am Main : Suhrkamp .
   Google Scholar
• Eickelman , D. F. 1976 . Moroccan Islam. Tradition and Society in a Pilgrimage Center , Austin : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eickelman , D. F. 1985 . Knowledge and Power in Morocco. The Education of a Twentieth‐Century Notable , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eickelman , D. F. and Piscatori , J. 1995 . El Legado Andalusí , Granada : El Legado Adalusí .
   Google Scholar
• Eickelman , D. F. and Piscatori , J. 1996 . Muslim Politics , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eribon , D. 1987 . Entrentiens avec Georges Dumézil , Paris : Gallimard .
   Google Scholar
• Eribon , D. 1991 . Michel Foucault , Edited by: Wing , B. Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Executive Board, American Anthropological Association . 1947 . “Statement on Human Rights” . American Anthropologist , 49 ( 4 ) : 539 – 543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabian , J. 1983 . Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fernández , J. W. 2004 . “Contemporary carnival (carnaval) in Asturias: visual figuration as a ‘ritual’ of parodic release and democratic revitalization” . In The Dynamics of Changing Rituals. The Transformation of Religious Rituals within their Social and Cultural Context , Edited by: Kreinath , J. , Hartung , C. and Deschner , A. New York : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Finkelstein , I. and Silberman , N. A. 2006 . David and Solomon: Archeology’s New Vision of the Origins of Western Civilization , New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frobenius , L. 1933 . Kulturgeschichte Afrikas. Prolegomena zu Einer Historischen Gestaltlehre , Zürich : Phaidon .
   Google Scholar
• Geertz , C. 1968 . Islam Observed , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Geertz , C. 1984 . “Distinguished lecture: anti anti‐relativism” . American Anthropologist , 86 ( 2 ) : 263 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gellner , E. 1969 . Saints of the Atlas , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gellner , E. 1981 . Muslim Society , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gellner , E. , ed. 1985 . Islamic Dilemmas: Reformers, Nationalists and Industrialization: The Southern Shore of the Mediterranean , Berlin : Mouton Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Gilmore , D. 1975 . “Carnaval en Fuenmayor: class conflict and social cohesion in an Andalusian town” . Journal of Anthropological Research , 13 : 331 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Ginzburg , C. 1991 . Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches’ Sabbath , Edited by: Rosenthal , R. New York : Pantheon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , H. 1994 . “Djerba and Tripoli. A comparative analysis of two Jewish communities in the Maghrib” . Journal of Mediterranean Studies , IV : 278 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Hammoudi , A. 1993 . The Victim and its Masks. An Essay on Sacrifice and Masquerade in the Maghreb , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hammoudi , A. 1997 . Master and Disciple. The Cultural Foundations of Moroccan Authoritarianism , Chicago : Chicago University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hauschild , T. 1997 . “Christians, Jews, and the Other in German Anthropology” . American Anthropologist , 1997 ( 4 ) : 746 – 753 .
   Google Scholar
• Hauschild , T. 2002 . Magie und Macht in Italien , Gifkendorf : Merlin .
   Google Scholar
• Hauschild , T. 2004 . “Die Produktion des Heiligen” . Neue Rundschau , 115 ( 1 ) : 85 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Heinrichs , H.‐J. 1999 . Leo Frobenius: Anthropologue, Explorateur, Aventurier; le Monde Éxtranger, c’est Moi , Edited by: Emery , C. and Emery , M.‐P. Paris : Harmattan .
   Google Scholar
• Hertz , R. 1913 . Saint Besse: Etude d’un Culte Alpestre , Paris : Ernest Leroux .
   Google Scholar
• Hertz , R. 1960 . Death and the Right Hand , Edited by: Needham , R. and Needham , C. Aberdeen : Cohen & West .
   Google Scholar
• Herzfeld , M. 1987 . Anthropology Through the Looking‐glass: Critical Ethnography in the Margins of Europe , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Herzfeld , M. 1993 . Social Production of Indifference: Exploring the Symbolic Roots of Western Bureaucracy , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hirschberg , H. Z. 1981 . A History of the Jews of North Africa , Leiden : E. J. Brill .
   Google Scholar
• Hoenerbach , W. 1975 . “ Beiträge zur Sprach‐ und Kulturgeschichte des Orients ” . In Studien zum “Mauren und Christen”—Festspiel in Andalusien , Vol. 24 , Walldorf‐Hessen : Verlag für Orientkunde H. Vorndran .
   Google Scholar
• Horden , P. and Purcell , N. 2000 . The Corrupting Sea. A Study of Mediterranean History , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Horkheimer , M. and Adorno , T. W. 1972 . Dialectic of Enlightenment , Edited by: Cumming , J. Herder and Herder .
   Google Scholar
• Huntington , S. P. 1996 . The Clash of Civilizations , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Huntington , S. P. 2004 . Who Aare We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Irmscher , J. , ed. 1980 . Der Byzantinische Bilderstreit: Sozialökonomische Voraussetzungen, Ideologische Grundlagen, Geschichtliche Wirkungen , Leipzig : Koehler & Amelang .
   Google Scholar
• Kepel , G. 2003 . La Revanche de Dieu: Chrétiens, Juifs et Musulmans à la Reconquête du Monde , Paris : Seuil .
   Google Scholar
• King , R. , de Mas , P. and Mansvelt Beck , J. , eds. 2001 . Geography, Environment and Development in the Mediterranean , Brighton : Sussex Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kohl , K.‐H. 2003 . Die Macht der Dinge: Geschichte und Theorie Sakraler Objekte , München : Beck .
   Google Scholar
• Kohl , K.‐H. 2004 . “Erfundene Vergangenheit” . In Religionen im Kulturellen Diskurs , Edited by: Luchesi , B. and von Stuckrad , K. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Kottmann , S. L. 2005 . Moros y Cristianos in Südspanien. Fiesta zwischen Spiel und Ernst , Vol. X , Hamburg : LIT . Series EUROMED
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , F. W. 1993 . The Red Fez: Art and Spirit Possession in Africa , Edited by: Green , M. London : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , F. W. 2000 . “Praktiken der Regeneration. Baumgärten und agrarische Riten in Afrika” . In Historische Anthropologie. Kultur—Gesellschaft—Alltag , Edited by: Kramer , F. , Lüdtke , A. and Sauer , E. 410 – 422 . Köln : Böhlau . Heft 3
   Google Scholar
• Kriss , R. and Kriss‐Heinrich , H. 1962 . “ Volksglaube im Bereich des Islam ” . In Amulette, Zauberformeln und Beschwörungen , Wiesbaden : Otto Harrassowitz . Band II
   Google Scholar
• Lang , B. 2002 . The Hebrew God: Portrait of an Ancient Deity , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lange , W. 1975 . Und Forbenius Sprach… , Frankfurt am Main : privately published .
   Google Scholar
• Lapidus , I. M. 1987 . “Die Institutionalisierung der frühislamischen Gesellschaften” . In Max Webers Sicht des Islams: Interpretation und Kritik , Edited by: Schluchter , W. 125 – 141 . Frankfurt am Main : Suhrkamp .
   Google Scholar
• Larkin , B. and Meyer , B. 2005 . “Pentecostalism, Islam and Culture: New Religious Movements in West Africa” . In Themes in West Africa’s History Edited by: Akyeampong , E. 286 – 312 . Athens : Ohio University Press, .
   Google Scholar
• Larkin , B. 2002 . “Indian Films and Nigerian Lovers: Media and the Creation of Parallel Modernities in West Africa,” . In in The Anthropology of Globalization. A Reader , Edited by: Inda , J. X. and Rosaldo , R. 406 – 440 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Latour , B. 1999 . Pandora’s Hope: An Essay on the Reality of Science Studies , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lévi‐Strauss , C. 1966 . The Savage Mind , London : Weidenfels & Nicolson .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , B. 2002 . What Went Wrong?: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Liungman , W. 1945 . Traditionswanderungen Rhein‐Jenissei: Eine Untersuchung über das Winter‐ und Todaustragen und Einige Hierher Gehörige Bräuche , Helsinki : Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia .
   Google Scholar
• Malinowski , B. 1922 . Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagos of Melanesian New Guinea , London : G. Routledge & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Mauss , M. 1954 . The Gift. Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies , Edited by: Cunnison , I. Cohen & West : London .
   Google Scholar
• McNeill , W. H. 1995 . Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mintz , J. R. 1997 . Carnival Song and Society: Gossip, Sexuality and Creativity in Andalusia , Oxford : Berg .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , T. 1990 . Passional Culture: Emotion, Religion, and Society in Southern Spain , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Munson , H. J. 1993 . Religion and Power in Morocco , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moreno Navarro , I. 1982 . La Semana Santa en Sevilla: Conformación, Mixtificación y Significaciones , Seville : Universidad de Sevilla .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , M. D. 1993 . “The politics of tumult in Andalusian ritual” . PoLAR, Political and Legal Anthropology Review , 16 ( 2 ) : 175 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Neuhauss , R. 1999 . “Unterm Halbmond: Die Mauren und Christen von Alcoy” . In Fiestas. Spanien im Festrausch , Edited by: Neuhaus , R. 87 – 99 . Kassel : Jenior .
   Google Scholar
• Peristiany , J. G. and Pitt‐Rivers , J. , eds. 1992 . Honour and Grace in Anthropology , Vol. 76 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology
   Google Scholar
• Pinto, Paulo , G. 2004 . “The Limits of the Public: Sufism and the Religious Debate in Syria” . In Public Islam and the Common Good , Edited by: Eickelman , D. F. and Salvatore , A. 181 – 205 . Leiden : Brill .
   Google Scholar
• Reysoo , F. 1991 . Pèlegrinage au Maroc , Paris : Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme .
   Google Scholar
• Rudolph , W. 1968 . Der Kulturelle Relativismus: Kritische Analyse Einer Grundsatzfragen‐Diskussion in der Amerikanischen Ethnologie , Berlin : Duncker & Humbolt .
   Google Scholar
• Schrauf , R. W. 1997 . “La comparsa y el concurso: Andalusian carnival on stage” . Antropological Quarterly , 71 ( 2 ) : 74 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz , D. E. 2006 . “Promises of (Im)mediate Salvation: Islam, Broadcast Media, and the Remaking of Religious Experience in Mali” . American Ethnologist , : 210 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Sontag , S. 2 May 1999 . “Why are we in Kosovo?” . In The New York Times Magazine 2 May ,
   Google Scholar
• Soo , S. E. M. 1974 . “Opening address” . In Symposium Leo Frobenius , Edited by: Deutsche UNESCO‐Kommission . 11 – 17 . Pullach : Verlag Dokumentation .
   Google Scholar
• Spengler , O. and Atkinson , C. F. 1962 . The Decline of the West , Edited by: abridged , Helps A. Knopf New York .
   Google Scholar
• Stallaert , C. 1998 . “El movimiento neomusulmán y el intento de (re)construcción de una identidad andaluza/ andalusí” . In Religión y Cultura , Edited by: Rodríguez Becerra , S. Vol. 1 , 189 – 197 . Sevilla : Fundación Machado .
   Google Scholar
• Streck , B. 1989 . “Kultur als Mysterium. Zum Trauma der deutschen Völkerkunde” . In Kultursoziologie—Symptom des Zeitgesites? , Edited by: Berking , H. and Faber , R. Würzburg : Königshausen und Neumann .
   Google Scholar
• Téllez , J. J. 2001 . Moros en la Costa , Madrid : Debate .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , V. W. 1969 . The Ritual Process. Structure and Anti‐structure , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Velasco , H. M. 2000 . “Tiempos modernos para fiestas tradicionales” . In Fiesta, Tradición y Cambio , Edited by: Javier García Castaño , F. 97 – 128 . Armilla : Proyecto Sur de Ediciones .
   Google Scholar
• von Heine‐Geldern , R. 1956 . “Der Ursprung der alten Hochkulturen und die Theorien Toynbees” . In Diogenes 13 1956
   Google Scholar
• von Heine‐Geldern , R. 1966 . “A note on relations between the art styles of the Maori and ancient China” . In Two Studies of Art in the Pacific Area , Berger : Horn . Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik Bd. 15
   Google Scholar
• Warburg , A. 1995 . Images from the Region of the Pueblo Indians of North America , Edited by: Steinberg , M. P. London : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Warburg , A. 1998 . Mnemosyne: Aby Warburg’s Atlas of Memory , Tel Aviv : Genia Schreiber University Art Gallery .
   Google Scholar
• Washabaugh , W. 1996 . Flamenco: Passion, Politics and Popular Culture , Oxford : Berg .
   Google Scholar
• Washburn , W. E. 1987 . “Cultural relativism, human rights, and the AAA” . American Anthropologist , 89 ( 4 ) : 939 – 943 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welte , F. 1990 . Der Gnawa‐Kult: Trancespiele, Geisterbeschwörung und Besessenheit in Marokko , Frankfurt am Main : Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Welz , G. 1996 . Inszenierungen Kultureller Vielfalt: Frankfurt am Main und New York City , Berlin : Akademie Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Westermarck , E. 1926 . Ritual and Belief in Morocco , New York : University Books .
   Google Scholar
• Wittgenstein , L. 1979 . Remarks on Frazer’s ‘Golden Bough’ , (rev. and ed. , Edited by: Rhees , R. and Miles , A. C. Retford : Brynmill .
   Google Scholar
• Zillinger , M. 2008, forthcoming . Marokkanische Heiligenkulte im Spiegel der Ethnologie , Münster, Berlin : LIT .
   Google Scholar
• Zizek , S. 2000 . The Fragile Absolute, or: Why is the Christian Legacy Worth Fighting For? , London : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Zoido Naranjo , A. 2001 . Los Hijos de Platón: Sobre Santos y Cofradías de Andalucía y Marruecos , Madrid : Ediciones Signatura .
   Google Scholar