From ethnographic knowledge to anthropological intelligence: An anthropologist in the office of strategic services in Second World War Africa

References

• Allen, Susan Heuck. 2011. Classical Spies: American Archaeologists with the OSS in World War II Greece. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• American Anthropological Association. 2012. Principles of Professional Responsibility. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association. Accessed June 23, 2016. http://ethics.aaanet.org/category/statement/.
   Google Scholar
• Apter, Andrew. 1991. “Herskovits’s Heritage: Rethinking Syncretism in the African Diaspora.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 1 (3): 235–260. doi:10.1353/dsp.1991.0021.
   Google Scholar
• Association for the Study of African American Life and History. 1943. “Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association, Held in Washington, D. C., October 30-November 1, 1942.” Journal of Negro History 28 (1): 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, Lee D. 2010. Anthropology and the Racial Politics of Culture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Behar, Ruth, and Deborah A. Gordon, eds. 1995. Women Writing Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, Anthony Cave, ed. 1976. The Secret War Report of the OSS. New York: Berkeley Pub.
   Google Scholar
• Bunting, Brian. 1964. The Rise of the South African Reich. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Chavkin, J. S. 2009. “British Intelligence and the Zionist, South African, and Australian Intelligence Communities During and After the Second World War.” Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Clemmer, Richard O. 2009. “Band, Not-Band, or Ethnie: Who Were the White Knife People (Tosawihi)?: Resolution of a ‘Mereological’ Dilemma.” Ethnohistory 56 (3): 395–421. doi:10.1215/00141801-2009-002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford, James, and George E. Marcus, eds. 1986. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Darnell, Regna. 1998. And Along Came Boas: Continuity and Revolution in Americanist Anthropology. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Darnell, Regna. 2001. Invisible Genealogies: A History of Americanist Anthropology. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Edelman, Marc. 1997. “Anthropologist, Secret Agent, Witch-Hunt Victim, Entrepreneur: An Interview with Jack Harris (’40).” AnthroWatch 5 (2): 8–14.
   Google Scholar
• Fedorowich, Kent. 2005. “German Espionage and British Counter-Intelligence in South Africa and Mozambique, 1939-1944.” The Historical Journal 48 (1): 209–230. doi:10.1017/S0018246X04004273. doi: 10.1017/S0018246X04004273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, Gelya. 2001. “Melville J. Herskovits on the African and Jewish Diasporas: Race, Culture and Modern Anthropology.” Identities 8 (2): 173–209. doi:10.1080/1070289X.2001.9962690. doi: 10.1080/1070289X.2001.9962690
   Google Scholar
• Furlong, Patrick J. 1991. Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Furlong, Patrick J. 2005. “Allies at War? Britain and the ‘Southern African Front’ in the Second World War.” South African Historical Journal 54 (1): 16–29. doi:10.1080/02582470509464896.
   Google Scholar
• Gershenhorn, Jerry. 2004. Melville J. Herskovits and the Racial Politics of Knowledge. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gilkeson, John S., Jr. 2010. Anthropologists and the Rediscovery of America, 1886-1965. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gruber, Jacob W. 1970. “Ethnographic Salvage and the Shaping of Anthropology.” American Anthropologist 72 (6): 1289–1299. doi:10.1525/aa.1970.72.6.02a00040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagemann, Albrecht. 1992. “Very Special Relations: The ‘Third Reich’ and the Union of South Africa, 1933–1939.” South African Historical Journal 27: 127–147. doi:10.1080/02582479208671741.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, J. S. 1935. “Off to Ethiopia.” The New Republic 84 (1091): 331–332.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, J. S. 1938. “Western Shoshoni.” American Anthropologist 40 (3): 407–410. doi:10.1525/aa.1938.40.3.02a00040.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, J. S. 1940a. “The White Knife Shoshoni of Nevada.” In Acculturation in Seven American Indian Tribes, edited by Ralph Linton, 39–116. New York: D. Appleton-Century.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, J. S. 1940b. “The Position of Women in a Nigerian Society.” Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 2 (5): 141–148. doi:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1940.tb00076.x.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, J. S. 1942a. “Human Relationship to the Land in Southern Nigeria.” Rural Sociology 7 (1): 89–92.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, J. S. 1942b. “Some Aspects of Slavery in Southeastern Nigeria.” Journal of Negro History 27 (1): 37–54. doi: 10.2307/2715088
   Google Scholar
• Harris, J. S. 1943. “Papers on the Economic Aspect of Life among the Ozuitem Ibo.” Africa 14 (1): 12–23. doi:10.2307/1156695.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, J. S. 1944. “Some Aspects of the Economics of Sixteen Ibo Individuals.” Africa 14 (6): 302–335. doi:10.2307/1156556.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, J. S. 1947. “Anthropology During the War VIII: South and British Central Africa.” American Anthropologist 49 (3): 530–532. doi:10.1525/aa.1947.49.3.02a00260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, Marvin. 1968. The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, C. J. 1991. War at Sea: South African Maritime Operations During World War II. Rivonia: Ashanti.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, A. J. 2013. Farewell My Country. Santa Barbara, CA: Murder Mystery Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, Faye V., ed. 1991. Decolonizing Anthropology: Moving Further Toward an Anthropology for Liberation. Washington, DC: Association of Black Anthropologists, American Anthropological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, E. D. R. 2007. “On Secret Service for the Duce: Umberto Campini in Portuguese East Africa, 1941-1943.” The English Historical Review 122 (499): 1318–1349. doi:10.1093/ehr/cem347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herskovits, Melville J. 1927. “When is a Jew a Jew?” Modern Quarterly 4 (2): 109–117.
   Google Scholar
• Herskovits, Melville J. 1938. Acculturation: The Study of Culture Contact. New York: J.J. Augustin.
   Google Scholar
• Herskovits, Melville J. 1941. The Myth of the Negro Past. New York: Harper and Brothers.
   Google Scholar
• Hyatt, Marshall. 1990. Franz Boas, Social Activist: The Dynamics of Ethnicity. New York: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, Walter A. 1986. “Melville Herskovits and the Search for Afro-American Culture.” In Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others: Essays on Culture and Personality, edited by George W. Stocking, Jr., 95–126. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, Ashley. 2006. The British Empire and the Second World War. London: Hambledon Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, Barry M. 1989. Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942-1945. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lawler, Nancy Ellen. 2002. Soldiers, Airmen, Spies, and Whisperers: The Gold Coast in World War II. Athens: Ohio University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, Jeremy. 1978. Harry Lawrence. Cape Town: D. Philip.
   Google Scholar
• Madden, David K. 1999. “A Radical Ethnographer at Work in the Columbia Anthropology Department, 1936-37.” History of Anthropology Newsletter 26 (2): 3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Mandler, Peter. 2009a. “One World, Many Cultures: Margaret Mead and the Limits to Cold War Anthropology.” History Workshop Journal 68 (1): 149–172. doi:10.1093/hwj/dbp008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandler, Peter. 2009b. “Margaret Mead Amongst the Natives of Great Britain.” Past & Present 204: 195–233. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtp022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx, Christoph. 2008. Oxwagon Sentinel: Radical Afrikaner Nationalism and the History of the Ossewabrandwag. Translated by Sheila Gordon-Schröder. Berlin: Lit.
   Google Scholar
• McMillan, Robert Lee. 1986. “The Study of Anthropology, 1931 to 1937, at Columbia University and the University of Chicago.” Unpublished Ph.D. diss., York University, Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, Robert F. 1991. Anthropology at Columbia: A Reminiscence.” Dialectical Anthropology 16 (1): 65–81. doi:10.1007/BF00247770.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, Thomas C. 2001. A Social History of Anthropology in the United States. Oxford: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Pels, Peter. 1997. “The Anthropology of Colonialism: Culture, History, and the Emergence of Western Governmentality.” Annual Review of Anthropology 26: 163–183. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pels, Peter. 2008. “What Has Anthropology Learned from the Anthropology of Colonialism?” Social Anthropology 16 (3): 280–299. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8676.2008.00046.x.
   Google Scholar
• Price, David H. 2004. “Anthropologists as Spies.” In Anthropologists in the Public Sphere: Speaking Out on War, Peace, and American Power, edited by Roberto J. González, 62–70. Austin: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Price, David H. 2008. Anthropological Intelligence: The Deployment and Neglect of American Anthropology in the Second World War. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Price, Richard, and Sally Price. 2003. The Root of Roots: Or, How Afro-American Anthropology got its Start. Chicago, IL: Prickly Paradigm Press.
   Google Scholar
• Redfield, Robert, Ralph Linton, and Melville J. Herskovits. 1936. “Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation.” American Anthropologist 38 (1): 149–152. doi:10.1525/aa.1936.38.1.02a00330.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, Michael, and A. E. G. Trollip. 1947. The South African Opposition, 1939-1945: An Essay in Contemporary History. London: Longmans, Green.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, David. 1991. “That Event, This Memory: Notes on the Anthropology of African Diasporas in the New World.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 1 (3): 261–284. doi:10.1353/dsp.1991.0023.
   Google Scholar
• Shear, Keith. 2013. “Colonel Coetzee’s War: Loyalty, Subversion and the South African Police, 1939-1945.” South African Historical Journal 65 (2): 222–248. doi:10.1080/02582473.2012.726252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocking, George W., Jr., ed. 1974. The Shaping of American Anthropology, 1883-1911: A Franz Boas Reader. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, David Hurst, Lorann S. A. Pendleton, and Stephen C. Cappannari. 1986. “Western Shoshone.” In Handbook of American Indians: Vol. 11, Great Basin, edited by Warren L. D’Azevedo, 262–283. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, L. C. F., H. R. Gordon-Cumming, and J. E. Betzler. 1961. War in the Southern Oceans, 1939-45. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of State. 1943. Register of the Department of State: October 1, 1942. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• van der Schyff, P. F. 1991. “Verset Teen ‘Empire-Oorlog’.” In Die Ossewa-Brandwag: Vuurtjie in die Droë Gras, edited by P. F. van der Schyff, J. J. Badenhorst, P. De Klerk, L. M. Fourie, and P. J. J. Prinsloo, 183–291. Potchefstroom: Geskiedenisdepartement, Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoër Onderwys.
   Google Scholar
• Van Rensburg, Hans. 1956. Their Paths Crossed Mine: Memoirs of the Commandant-General of the Ossewa-Brandwag. Johannesburg: Central News Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Visser, George Cloete. 1976. OB: Traitors or Patriots? Johannesburg: Macmillan South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Susan. 2016. Spies in the Congo: America’s Atomic Mission in World War II. New York: Public Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Yelvington, Kevin A. 2000. “Herskovits’ Jewishness.” History of Anthropology Newsletter 27 (3): 3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Yelvington, Kevin A. 2006. “The Invention of Africa in Latin America and the Caribbean: Political Discourse and Anthropological Praxis, 1920-1940.” In Afro-Atlantic Dialogues: Anthropology in the Diaspora, edited by Kevin A. Yelvington, 35–82. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yelvington, Kevin A. 2008. “A Life In and Out of Anthropology: An Interview with Jack Sargent Harris.” Critique of Anthropology 28 (4): 446–476. doi:10.1177/0308275X08099092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yelvington, Kevin A. 2011. “Constituting Paradigms in the Study of the African Diaspora, 1900-1950.” The Black Scholar 41 (1): 64–76. doi:10.5816/blackscholar.41.1.0064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar