Some indirect methods of estimating canopy structure

References

• Anderson , M.C. 1971 . “ Radiation and crop structure ” . In Plant Photosynthesis Production, Manual of Methods , Edited by: Sestak , Z. , Catsky , J. and Jarvis , P.G. 412 – 466 . The Hague : Junk .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , M.C. 1981 . The geometry of leaf distribution in some South‐eastern Australian forests . Agric. Meteorol. , 25 : 195 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Baldocchi , D.D. , Hutchison , B.A. , Matt , D.R. and McMillen , R.T. 1985 . Canopy radiative transfer models for spherical and known leaf inclination angle distributions: a test in an oak‐hickory forest . J. Appl. Ecol. , 22 : 539 – 555 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonhomme , R. and Chartier , P. 1972 . The interpretation and automatic measurement of hemispherical photographs to obtain sunlit foliage area and gap frequency . Isr. J. Agric. Res. , 22 : 53 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , G.S. 1986 . Extinction coefficients for radiation in plant canopies calculated using an ellipsoidal inclination angle distribution . Agric. For. Meteorol. , 36 : 317 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles‐Edwards , D.A. and Thornley , J.H.M. 1973 . Light interception by an isolated plant: A simple model . Ann. Bot. , 37 : 919 – 928 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deWit , C.T. 1965 . Photosynthesis of leaf canopies , Agric. Res. Rep. No. 663 57 Wageningen, , The Netherlands : Center for Agriculture Publication and Documentation .
   Google Scholar
• Goel , N.S. and Strebel , D.E. 1984 . Simple beta distribution representation of leaf orientation in vegetation canopies . Agron. J. , 76 : 800 – 802 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis , P.G. and Leverenz , J.W. 1983 . “ Productivity of temperate, evergreen, and deciduous forests ” . In Ecosystem Processes Mineral cycling, productivity, and man's influence , Physiological plant ecology: new series Edited by: Land , O.L. , Nobel , P.S. , Osmond , C.B. and Ziegler , H. Volume 12D , New York, New York, , USA : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Kopec , D.M. , Norman , J.M. , Shearman , R.C. and Peterson , M.P. 1987 . An indirect method for estimating turfgrass leaf area index . Crop Sci. , 27 : 1298 – 1301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laisk , A. 1969 . Fotointeticheskaya productivnost rastitelnom pokrova , (Photosynthetic activity of a plant stand) Edited by: Tartu , I.P.A. 174 – 185 . Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR . (English Summary)
   Google Scholar
• Lang , A.R.G. 1973 . Leaf orientation of a cotton plant . Agric. Meterol. , 11 : 37 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Lang , A.R.G. , Yueqin , Xiang and Norman , J.M. 1985 . Crop structure and the penetration of direct sunlight . Agric. For. Meteorol. , 35 : 83 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , A.R.G. 1986 . Leaf area and average leaf angle from transmission of direct sunlight . Aust. J. Bot. , 34 : 349 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , A.R.G. and Yueqin , Xiang . 1986 . Estimation of leaf area index from transmission of direct sunlight in discontinuous canopies . Agric. For. Meteorol , 37 : 229 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , A.R.G. 1987 . Simplified estimate of leaf area index from transmittance of the sun's beam . Agric. For. Meteorol , 41 : 179 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• List , R.J. 1958 . Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, , 6th rev. ed. , 527 The Smithsonian Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Matthews , R.B. , Saffell , R.A. and Campbell , G.S. 1987 . An instrument to measure light distribution in row crops . Agric. For. Meteorol. , 39 : 177 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J.B. 1967 . A formula for average foliage density . Aust. J. Bot. , 15 : 141 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann , H.H. and Den Hartog , G. 1989 . Leaf area measurements based on hemispheric photographs and leaf‐litter collection in a deciduous forest during autumn leaf‐fall . Agric. For. Meteorol. , 45 : 325 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilson , T. 1971 . A theoretical analysis of the frequency of gaps in plant stands . Agric. Meteorol. , 8 : 25 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Norman , J.M. , Perry , S.G. , Fraser , A.B. and Mach , W. Remote sensing of canopy structure . Am. Meteorol. Soc. Proc. 14th Conf. on Agric. and For. Meteorol. and 4th Conf. on Biometeorol. April 2–6 1979 , Minneapolis, MN. pp. 184 – 185 . Am. Meteorol. Soc. . Boston
   Google Scholar
• Norman , J.M. and Jarvis , P.G. 1975 . Photosynthesis in Sitka Spruce (Picea Sitchensis). V. Radiation penetration theory and a test case . J. Appl. Ecol. , 12 : 839 – 878 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman , J.M. and Welles , J.M. 1983 . Radiative transfer in an array of canopies . Agron J. , 75 : 481 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman , J.M. Crop canopy photosynthesis and conductance from leaf measurements . Workshop prepared for LI‐COR, Inc. Lincoln, NE.
   Google Scholar
• Norman , J.M. and Campbell , G.S. 1989 . “ Canopy structure ” . In Plant Physiological Ecology: Field methods and instrumentation , Edited by: Pearcy , R.W. , Ehleringer , J. , Mooney , H.A. and Rundel , P.W. 301 – 325 . London and New York : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Oker‐Blom , P. and Kellomaki , S. 1983 . Effect of grouping on the within‐stand and within‐crown light regime: comparison of random and grouping canopy models . Agric. Meteorol. , 28 : 143 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Pierce , L.L. and Running , S.W . 1988 . Rapid estimation of coniferous forest leaf area index using a portable integrating radiometer . Ecology , 69 (6) : 1762 – 1767 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , S.G. , Fraser , A.B. , Thomson , D.W. and Norman , J.M. 1988 . Indirect sensing of plant canopy structure with simple radiation measurements . Agric. For. Meteorol. , 42 : 255 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , J. 1981 . The Radiation Regime and Architecture of Plant Stands , 391 The Hague : Junk .
   Google Scholar
• Takenaka , A. 1987 . Analysis of light transmissivity of forest canopies with a telephoto method . Agric. For. Meteorol , 40 : 359 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Roest , P.B. and Kopinga , J. 1989 . The applicability of measurements of light transmission underneath tree canopies for determining the vitality of trees—a preliminary investigation , “De Dorshchkamp” Instituut Voor Bosbouw En Groenbeneer, Report No. 561 Wageningen, , The Netherlands
   Google Scholar
• Walker , G.K. , Blackshaw , R.E. and Dekker , J . 1988 . Leaf area and competition for light between plant species using direct transmission . Weed Technology , 2 : 159 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren Wilson , J. 1959 . Analysis of the spatial distribution of foliage by two‐dimensional point analysis . New Phytol. , 58 : 92 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Warren Wilson , J. and Reeve , J.E. 1960 . Inclined point quadrats . New Phytol. , 59 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar