Air pollution on highways and motorways perturbs carbon and nitrogen levels in roadside ecosystems

References

• Joshi PC, Chauhan A. Performance of locally grown rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) exposed to air pollutants in a rapidly growing industrial area of district Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. Life Sci J. 2008;5:41–45.
   Google Scholar
• Wei B, Yang L. A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchem J. 2010;94:99–107. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.09.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Union of Concerned Scientists. Cars, trucks, buses and air pollution; 2016. [cited 2019 22 February]. Available from: http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/vehicles-air-pollution-and-human-health/cars-trucks-air-pollution#.V9EF1Y9OLIU.
   Google Scholar
• Wang T, Xie S. Assessment of traffic-related air pollution in the urban streets before and during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games traffic control period. Atm Environ. 2009;43:5682–5690. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grantz D, Garner J, Johnson D. Ecological effects of particulate matter. Environ Int. 2003;29:213–239. doi: 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00181-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalid N, Masood A, Noman A, et al. Study of the responses of two biomonitor plant species (Datura alba & Ricinus communis) to roadside air pollution. Chemosphere. 2019;235:832–841. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyeleke PO, Abiodun OA, Salako RA, et al. Assessment of some heavy metals in the surrounding soils of an automobile battery factory in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr J Environ Sci Technol. 2016;10:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Jayaratne E, Ling X, Morawska L. Ions in motor vehicle exhaust and their dispersion near busy roads. Atm Environ. 2010;44:3644–3650. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalid N, Hussain M, Young HS, et al. Effects of road proximity on heavy metal concentrations in soils and common roadside plants in Southern California. Environ Sci Poll Res. 2018;25:35257–35265. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-3218-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalid N, Noman A, Aqeel M, et al. Phytoremediation potential of Xanthium strumarium for heavy metals contaminated soils at roadsides. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2019;16:2091–2100. doi: 10.1007/s13762-018-1825-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotholz E, Mandelik Y. Roadside habitats: effects on diversity and composition of plant, arthropod, and small mammal communities. Biodiver Conserv. 2013;22:1017–1031. doi: 10.1007/s10531-013-0465-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barış Özel H, Ucun Özel H, Varol T. Using Leaves of Oriental Plane (Platanus orientalis L.) to Determine the Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution Caused by Vehicles. Polish J Environ Stud. 2015;24(6):2569–2575. doi: 10.15244/pjoes/59072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell J, Honour SL, Power SA. Effects of vehicle exhaust emissions on urban wild plant species. Environ Pollut. 2011;159:1984–1990. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heintzman RL, Titus JE, Zhu W. Effects of roadside deposition on growth and pollutant accumulation by willow (Salix miyabeana). Water Air Soil Poll. 2015;226:11. doi: 10.1007/s11270-014-2270-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal M, Shafiq M, Zaidi S, et al. Effect of automobile pollution on chlorophyll content of roadside urban trees. Global J Environ Sci Manage. 2015;1:283–296.
   Google Scholar
• Khalid N, Noman A, Sanaullah T, et al. Vehicle pollution toxicity induced changes in physiology, defence system and biochemical characteristics of Calotropis procera L. Chem Ecol. 2018;34:565–581. doi: 10.1080/02757540.2018.1452917
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen T-M, Kuschner WG, Gokhale J, et al. Outdoor air pollution: nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide health effects. Am J Med Sci. 2007;333:249–256. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31803b900f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim K-H, Kabir E, Kabir S. A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter. Environ Int. 2015;74:136–143. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laumbach R, Meng Q, Kipen H. What can individuals do to reduce personal health risks from air pollution? J Thoracic Dis. 2015;7:96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogbonna PC, Okezie N. Heavy metal level and macronutrient contents of roadside soil and vegetation in Umuahia, Nigeria. Terr Aquat Environ Toxicol. 2011;5:35–39.
   Google Scholar
• Meunier CL, Gundale MJ, Sánchez IS, et al. Impact of nitrogen deposition on forest and lake food webs in nitrogen-limited environments. Global Change Biol. 2016;22:164–179. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noxite. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) pollution: BMI UK & Ireland; 2017. [cited 2019 22 February]. Available from: http://www.icopal-noxite.co.uk/nox-problem/nox-pollution.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Wagh N, Shukla PV, Tambe SB, et al. Biological monitoring of roadside plants exposed to vehicular pollution in Jalgaon city. J Environ Biol. 2006;37:419–421.
   Google Scholar
• Noman A, Sanaullah T, Khalid N, et al. Crosstalk Between Plant miRNA and Heavy Metal Toxicity. In: Sablok Gaurav, editor. Plant metallomics and functional omics. Sydney, Australia: Springer; 2019. p. 145–168.
   Google Scholar
• Bignal KL, Ashmore MR, Headley AD. Effects of air pollution from road transport on growth and physiology of six transplanted bryophyte species. Environ Pollut. 2008;156:332–340. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse N, Walter MT, Osmond D, et al. Roadside soils show low plant available zinc and copper concentrations. Environ Pollut. 2016;209:30–37. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truscott A-M, Palmer S, McGowan G, et al. Vegetation composition of roadside verges in Scotland: the effects of nitrogen deposition, disturbance and management. Environ Pollut. 2005;136:109–118. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudell B, Wass U, Hörstedt P, et al. Efficiency of automotive cabin air filters to reduce acute health effects of diesel exhaust in human subjects. Occupational and environmental medicine. 1999;56:222–231. doi: 10.1136/oem.56.4.222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmgren F, Wåhlin P, Kildesø J, et al. Characterisation of particle emissions from the driving car fleet and the contribution to ambient and indoor particle concentrations. Phys Chem Earth. 2003;28:327–334. doi: 10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00053-6
   Google Scholar
• Burr M, Karani G, Davies B, et al. Effects on respiratory health of a reduction in air pollution from vehicle exhaust emissions. Occup Environ Med. 2004;61:212–218. doi: 10.1136/oem.2002.003244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz J. Daily deaths are associated with combustion particles rather than SO2 in Philadelphia. Occup Environ Med. 2000;57:692–697. doi: 10.1136/oem.57.10.692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soll-Johanning H, Bach E, Olsen JH, et al. Cancer incidence in urban bus drivers and tramway employees: a retrospective cohort study. Occup Environ Med. 1998;55:594–598. doi: 10.1136/oem.55.9.594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldridge DJ, Wilson BR. Carbon storage in soil and vegetation in paired roadside sites in the box woodlands of eastern Australia. Aus For. 2002;65:268–272. doi: 10.1080/00049158.2002.10674879
   Google Scholar
• Piepenschneider M, De Moor S, Hensgen F, et al. Element concentrations in urban grass cuttings from roadside verges in the face of energy recovery. Environ Sci Poll Res. 2015;22:7808–7820. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3881-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao P, Hutyra LR, Raciti SM, et al. Field and remotely sensed measures of soil and vegetation carbon and nitrogen across an urbanization gradient in the Boston metropolitan area. Urban Ecosys. 2013;16:593–616. doi: 10.1007/s11252-013-0291-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deressa A. Effects of soil moisture and temperature on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in grassland soils fertilized with improved cattle slurry manure with and without manure additive. J Environ Hum. 2015;2:2373–2332. doi: 10.15764/EH.2015.01001
   Google Scholar
• Hong F. Influence of temperature and moisture on nitrogen cycling in soils from experimentally heated and control plots at the Harvard Forest, MA 2014 [cited 2019 22 February]. Available from: http://www.mbl.edu/ses/files/2015/04/Fangyuan-Hong.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cape J, Tang Y, Van Dijk N, et al. Concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide at roadside verges, and their contribution to nitrogen deposition. Environ Pollut. 2004;132:469–478. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar