Social Relationships of African American and Hispanic Older Assisted Living Residents: Exploring the Role of Race and Ethnicity

REFERENCES

• Akamigbo , A. B. and Wolinsky , F. D. 2007 . New evidence of racial differences in access and their effects on the use of nursing homes among older adults . Medical Care , 45 : 672 – 679 . doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3180455677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelelli , J. , Grabowski , D. C. and Mor , V. 2006 . Effect of educational level and minority status on nursing home choice after hospital discharge . American Journal of Public Health , 96 : 1249 – 1253 . doi: 10.2105/ajph.2005.062224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball , M. M. , Lepore , M. L. , Perkins , M. M. , Hollingsworth , C. and Sweatman , M. 2009 . They are the reason I come to work”: The meaning of resident-staff relationships in assisted living . Journal of Aging Studies , 23 : 37 – 47 . doi: 10.1016/ j.jaging.2007.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball , M. M. , Perkins , M. M. , Hollingsworth , C. , Whittington , F. J. and King , S. V. 2009 . Pathways to assisted living . Journal of Applied Gerontology , 28 : 81 – 108 . doi: 10.1177/0733464808323451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball , M. M. , Perkins , M. M. , Whittington , F. J. , Hollingsworth , C. , King , S. V. and Combs , B. L. 2005 . Communities of care : Assisted living for African American elders , Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bear , M. 1990 . Social network characteristics and the duration of primary relationships after entry into long-term care . Journal of Gerontology , 45 : S156 – S162 . doi: 10.1093/geronj/45.4.S156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burge , S. and Street , D. 2010 . Advantage and choice: Social relationships and staff assistance in assisted living . The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 65B : 358 – 369 . doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbp118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton , E. J. , Mitchell , L. and Stride , C. B. 2011 . Good places for ageing in place: Development of objective built environment measures for investigating links with older people's wellbeing . BMC Public Health , 11 : 839 doi: 10.1186/1471- 2458-11-839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor , M. H. 1991 . Family and community: Changing roles in an aging society . The Gerontologist , 31 : 337 – 346 . doi: 10.1093/geront/31.3.337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor , M. H. and Little , V. 1985 . “ Aging and social care ” . In Handbook of aging and the social sciences (2nd ed. , Edited by: Binstock , R. H. and Shanas , E. 748 – 781 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , B. D. 2002 . Family, peer, and staff social support in nursing home patients: Contributions to psychological well-being . Journal of Applied Gerontology , 21 : 275 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpiac-Claver , M. L. and Levy-Storms , L. 2007 . In a manner of speaking: Communication between nurse aides and older adults in long-term care settings . Heath Communication , 22 : 59 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. 2000 . “ Selectivity theory: Social activity in life-span context ” . In Families in later life: connections and transitions , Edited by: Walker , A. J. , Manoogian-O’Dell , M. , McGraw , L. A. and White , D. L. G. 265 – 275 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Pine Forge Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. and Charles , S. T. 1998 . Emotion in the second half of life . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 7 : 144 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. , Fung , H. H. and Charles , S. T. 2003 . Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life . Motivation and Emotion , 27 : 103 – 123 . doi: 10.1023/a:1024569803230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. , Pasupathi , M. , Mayr , U. and Nesselroade , J. R. 2000 . Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 : 644 – 655 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao , S. Y. , Houser , R. F. , Tennstedt , S. , Jacques , P. and Dwyer , J. T. 2007 . Food and nutrition care indicators: Experts’ views on quality indicators for food and nutrition services in assisted-living facilities for older adults . Journal of the American Dietetic Association , 107 : 1590 – 1598 . doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles , S. T. and Carstensen , L. L. 2010 . Social and emotional aging . Annual Review of Psychology , 61 : 383 – 409 . doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz , K. 2006 . Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Creswell , J. W. 2007 . Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.) , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Cutchin , M. P. , Owen , S. V. and Chang , P. -F. J. 2003 . Becoming “at home” in assisted living residences: Exploring place integration processes . The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 58 : S234 – S233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckert , J. K. , Carder , P. C. , Morgan , L. A. , Frankowski , A. C. and Roth , E. 2009 . Inside assisted living: The search for home , Baltimore , MD : Johs Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ejaz , F. , Rentsch , J. , Noelker , L. and Castora-Binkley , M. 2011 . Racism reported by direct care workers in long-term care settings . Race and Social Problems , 3 : 92 – 98 . doi: 10.1007/s12552-011-9045-3
   Google Scholar
• Gaugler , J. E. and Kane , R. L. 2007 . Families and assisted Living . The Gerontologist , 47 ( Special Issue III ) : 83 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorek , B. , Martin , J. , White , N. , Peters , D. and Hummel , F. 2002 . Culturally competent care for Latino elders in long-term care settings . Geriatric Nursing , 23 : 272 – 275 . doi: 10.1067/mgn.2002.128792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawes , C. , Rose , M. and Phillips , C. 1999 . A national study of assisted living for the frail elderly: Results of a national survey of facilities , Beachwood , OH : Myers Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Heikkila , K. , Sarvimaki , A. and Ekman , S. L. 2007 . Culturally congruent care for older people: Finnish care in Sweden . Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences , 21 : 354 – 361 . doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00480.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez , M. and Newcomer , R. 2007 . Assisted living and special populations: What do we know about differences in use and potential access barriers? . The Gerontologist , 47 ( suppl 1 ) : 110 – 117 . doi: 10.1093/geront/47.Supplement_1.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , D. L. , Sloane , P. D. , Zimmerman , S. , Eckert , J. K. , Walsh , J. F. , Buie , V. C. and …Koch , G. G. 2002 . Distribution of African Americans in residential care/assisted living and nursing homes: More evidence of racial disparity? . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 1272 – 1277 . doi: 10.2105/ajph.92.8.1272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde , J. , Perez , R. and Reed , P. S. 2008 . “ The old road is rapidly aging: A social model for cognitively or physically impaired elders in assisted living's future ” . In The assisted living residence: A vision for the future , Edited by: Golant , S. M. and Hyde , J. 46 – 85 . Baltimore , MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jette , C. C. B. and Remien , R. 1988 . Hispanic geriatric residents in a long-term care setting . Journal of Applied Gerontology , 7 : 350 – 366 . doi: 10.1177/ 073346488800700306
   Google Scholar
• Kemp , C. L. , Ball , M. M. , Hollingsworth , C. and Perkins , M. M. 2012 . Strangers and friends: Residents’ social careers in assisted living . The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 67 : 491 – 450 . doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbs043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp , C. L. , Ball , M. M. , Perkins , M. M. , Hollingsworth , C. and Lepore , M. J. 2009 . I get along with most of them”: Direct care workers’ relationships with residents’ families in assisted living . The Gerontologist , 49 : 224 – 235 . doi: 10.1093/geront/gnp025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konetzka , R. T. and Werner , R. M. 2009 . Disparities in long-term care: Building equity into market-based reforms . Medical Care Research and Review , 66 : 491 – 521 . doi: 10.1177/1077558709331813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magilvy , J. K. , Congdon , J. G. , Martinez , R. J. , Davis , R. and Averill , J. 2000 . Caring for our own: Health care experiences of rural hispanic elders . Journal of Aging Studies , 14 : 171 – 190 . doi: 10.1016/s0890–4065(00)80010–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood , A. , Chaudhury , H. , Kobayashi , K. and Valente , M. 2008 . The housing and community characteristics of South Asian immigrant older adults in Greater Vancouver, British Columbia: A comparision between older adults in ethno-specific seniors’ housing and community-dwelling older adults . Journal of Architectural and Planning Research , 25 : 54 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee , K. J. , Harrison , G. and Lee , K. 1999 . Activity, friendships and wellbeing in residential settings for older people . Aging & Mental Health , 3 : 143 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes de Leon , C. and Glass , T. A. 2004 . “ The role of social and personal resources in ethnic disparities in late-life health ” . In Critical perspectives on racial and ethnic differences in health in late life (pp. 353–405) , Edited by: Anderson , N. B. , Bulatao , R. A. and Cohen , B. Washington , DC : National Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mendes de Leon , C. , Glass , T. A. and Berkman , L. F. 2003 . Social engagement and disability in a community population of older adults: The New Haven EPESE . American Journal of Epidemiology , 157 : 633 – 642 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messeri , P. , Silverstein , M. and Litwak , E. 1993 . Choosing optimal support groups: A review and reformulation . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 34 : 122 – 137 . doi: 10.2307/2137239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles , M. and Huberman , A. 1994 . Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.) , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , J. M. and Kemp , B. J. 2000 . Quality of life in assisted living homes: A multidimensional analysis . The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 55 : P117 – P127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica , R. and Johnson-Lamarche , H. 2005 . State residential care and assisted living policy: 2004 , Research Triangle Park , NC : RTI International .
   Google Scholar
• Mor , V. , Zinn , J. , Angelelli , J. , Teno , J. M. and Miller , S. C. 2004 . Driven to tiers: Socioeconomic and racial disparities in the quality of nursing home care . Milbank Quarterly , 82 : 227 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Assisted Living . 2011 . Assisted living state regulatory review 2011 Washington , DC: Author
   Google Scholar
• Otto , J. S. 1987 . Cracker: The history of Southeastern ethic, economic, and racial epithet . Names , 35 : 28 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Park-Lee , E. , Caffrey , C. , Sengupta , M. , Moss , A. , Rosenoff , E. and Harris-Kojetin , L. 2011 . Residential care facilities: A key sector in the spectrum of long-term care providers in the United States NCHS data brief no. 8 , Hyattsville , MD : National Center for Health Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Park , N. S. 2009 . The relationship of social engagement to psychological well-being of residents in assisted living facilities . Journal of Applied Gerontology , 28 : 461 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , N. S. , Zimmerman , S. , Kinslow , K. , Shin , H. J. and Roff , L. L. 2012 . Social engagement in assisted living and implications for practice . Journal of Applied Gerontology , 31 : 215 – 238 . doi: 10.1177/0733464810384480
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton , M. Q. 2002 . Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.) . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Penning , M. J. 1995 . Health, social support, and the utilization of health services among older adults . The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 50 : S330 – S339 . doi: 10.1093/geronb/50B.5.S330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer , E. 1975 . A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients . Journal of American Geriatrics Society , 23 : 433 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richeson , J. A. and Shelton , J. N. 2007 . Negotiating interracial interactions: Costs, consequences, and possibilities . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 16 : 316 – 320 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467–8721.2007.00528.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runci , S. J. , Eppingstall , B. J. and O’Connor , D. W. 2012 . A comparison of verbal communication and psychiatric medication use by Greek and Italian residents with dementia in Australian ethno-specific and mainstream aged care facilities . International Psychogeriatrics , 24 : 733 – 741 . doi:10.1017/S1041610211002134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saenz , R. 2010 . Latinos in the United States 2010 Retrieved from http://www.prb.org/pdf10/latinos-update2010.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Salmon , J. , Hyer , K. , Hedgecock , D. , Zayac , H. and Engh , B. 2004 . Florida assisted living research study: Facilities, residents, staff, training and liability insurance , Tampa , FL : University of South Florida Policy Exchange Center .
   Google Scholar
• Street , D. , Burge , S. and Quadagno , J. 2009 . The effect of licensure type on the policies, practices, and resident composition of Florida assisted living facilities . Gerontologist , 49 : 211 – 223 . doi: 10.1093/geront/gnp022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Street , D. , Burge , S. , Quadagno , J. and Barrett , A. 2007 . The salience of social relationships for resident well-being in assisted living . The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 62 : S129 – S134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaka , J. , Thompson , S. and Palacios , R. 2006 . The relation of social isolation, loneliness, and social support to disease outcomes among the elderly . Journal of Aging and Health , 18 : 359 – 384 . doi: 10.1177/0898264305280993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toosi , N. R. , Babbitt , L. G. , Ambady , N. and Sommers , S. R. 2012 . Dyadic interracial interactions: A meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 138 : 1 – 27 . doi: 10.1037/ a0025767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trawalter , S. , Richeson , J. A. and Shelton , J. N. 2009 . Predicting behavior during interracial interactions: A stress and coping approach . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 13 : 243 – 268 . doi: 10.1177/1088868309345850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau . 2011 . State & county quick facts Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/12057.html
   Google Scholar
• Westbrook , M. T. and Legge , V. 1992 . Ethno-specific and mainstream nursing homes: A survey of residents from non-English speaking backgrounds . Australasian Journal on Ageing , 11 : 13 – 20 . doi: 10.1111/j.1741-6612.1992.tb00531.x
   Google Scholar
• Williams , K. N. and Warren , C. A. B. 2009 . Communication in assisted living . Journal of Aging Studies , 23 : 24 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windriver , W. 1993 . Social interaction: Unit-based activities for impaired elders . Journal of Gerontological Nursing , 19 : 15 – 21 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zayac , H. M. and Salmon , J. R. 2007 . Hillsborough County aging services needs assessment , Tampa , FL : Cener for Housing and Long-Term Care .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , S. , Sloane , P. D. and Eckert , J. K. 2001 . Assisted living: Needs, practice, and policies in residential care for the elderly , Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar