Effect of treated swimming pool water on the levels of trihalomethanes in swimmer's urine

References

• LeBel , GL , Benoit , FM and Williams , DT . 1997 . A one-year survey of halogenated disinfection by-products in the distribution system of treatment plants using three different disinfection processes . Chemosphere , 34 : 2301 – 2317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , DT , LeBel , GL and Benoit , FM . 1997 . Disinfection by-products in Canadian drinking water . Chemosphere , 34 : 299 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin , D , Chung , Y , Choi , Y , Kim , J , Rark , Y and Kum , HJ . 1999 . Assessment of disinfection by-products in drinking water in Korea . J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 9 : 192 – 199 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dodds , L , King , W , Woolcott , C and Pole , J . 1999 . Trihalomethanes in public water supplies and adverse birth outcomes . Epidemiology , 3 : 233 – 237 .
   Google Scholar
• Weisel , CP , Kim , H , Haltmeier , P and Klotz , J . 1999 . Exposure estimates to disinfection by-products of chlorinated drinking water . Environ. Health. Perspect. , 107 : 103 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuijsen , MJ , Toledano , MB and Elliott , PJ . 2000 . Uptake of chlorination by-products; a review and discussion of its implications for exposure assessment in epidemiological studies . J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 10 : 586 – 599 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fantuzzi , G , Righi , E , Predieri , G , Ceppelli , G , Gobba , F and Aggazzotti , G . 2001 . Occupational exposure to trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools . Sci. Total Environ. , 264 : 257 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuivinen , J and Johnsson , H . 1999 . Determination of trihalomethanes and some chlorinated solvents in drinking water by headspace technique with capillary column gas-chromatography . Water Res. , 33 : 1201 – 1208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada , E , Ozaki , T and Kimura , M . 1998 . Determination and behaviour of humic substances as precursors of trihalomethane in environmental water . Anal. Sci. , 14 : 327 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSchuytner , BC , Greer , KA , Miller , KM , Orchowski , M and Sangster , RL . 2000 . Think before you drink: The occurrence of organic by-products in the disinfection . Dartmouth Undegrad. J. Sci. , 1 : 35 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Meek , EM , Beauchamp , R , Long , G , Moir , D , Turner , L and Walker , M . 2002 . Chloroform: Exposure astimation, hazard characterization, and exposure-response analysis . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part B , 5 : 283 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levesque , B , Ayotte , P , Tardif , R , Ferron , L , Gingras , S , Schlouch , E , Gingras , G , Levallois , P and Dewailly , E . 2002 . Cancer risk associated with household exposure to chloroform . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A , 65 : 489 – 502 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggazzotti , G , Fantuzzi , G , Righi , E and Predieri , G . 1995 . Environmental and biological monitoring of chloroform in indoor swimming pools . J. Chromatogr. A , 710 : 181 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1998 . Health Issues: Chlorinated Swimming Pools . Healthy Buildings International, Inc , : 1 – 6 . http://www.hbiamerica.com
   Google Scholar
• Palacios , M , Pampillon , JF and Rodrogez , ME . 2001 . Organohalogenated compounds levels in chlorinated drinking waters and current compliance with quality standards throughout the European union . Water Res. , 34 : 1002 – 1016 .
   Google Scholar
• Corley , RA , Gordon , SM and Wallace , LA . 2000 . Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of the temperature-dependent dermal absorption of chloroform by humans following bath water exposures . Toxicol. Sci. , 53 : 13 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemiański , M . Środowiskowe zagrożenia zdrowia . Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN , 249 – 255 . Warszawa 2001;
   Google Scholar
• Golfinopoulos , SK . 2000 . Volatile halogenated organics in swimming pools . Toxicol. Environ. Chem. , 76 : 219 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Aggazzotti , G , Predieri , G , Fantuzzi , G and Benedetti , A . 1987 . Headspace gas chromatographic analysis for determining low levels of chloroform in human plasma . J. Chromatogr. A , 416 : 125 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggazzotti , G , Fantuzzi , G , Righi , E and Predieri , G . 1998 . Blood and breath analyses as biological indicators of exposure to trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools . Sci. Total Environ. , 217 : 155 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , SM , Wallace , L , Callahgan , P , Kenny , D and Brinkman , M . 1998 . Effect of water temperature on dermal exposure to chloroform . Environ. Health Perspect. , 106 : 337 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Silva , ML , Charest-Tardif , G , Krishnan , K and Tardif , R . 2000 . Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interactions between orally administrered trihalomethanes in the rat . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A , 60 : 343 – 353 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rook , JJ . 1976 . Formation of haloforms during chlorination of natural waters . J. Soc. Water Treat. Exam. , 23 : 234 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Chu , H and Nieuwenhuijsen , MJ . 2002 . Distribution and determinants of trihalomethane concentrations in indoor swimming pools . Occup. Environ. Med. , 59 : 243 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cammann , K and Hubner , K . 1995 . Trihalomethane concentration in swimmers’ and bath attendants’ and urine after swimming or working in indoor swimming pools . Arch. Environ. Health , 50 : 61 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polkowska , Ż , Górecki , T and Namieśnik , J . 1999 . Determination of volatile organohalogen compounds in human urine . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 14 : 240 – 245 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polkowska , Ż , Górecki , T and Namieśnik , J . 2001 . Determination of nonmetabolized organohalogen solvents in human urine by thin-layer headspace analysis . Am. Clin. Lab. , 20 : 38 – 43 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polkowska , Ż , Kozłowska , K , Górecki , T and Namieśnik , J . 2003 . Relationship between volatile organohalogen compounds in drinking water and human urine in Poland . Chemosphere , 53 : 899 – 909 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polkowska , Ż , Kozłowska , K , Górecki , T and Namieśnik , J . 2004 . The effect of chlorinated drinking water consumption on the levels of volatile organohalogen compounds in urine . Am. Lab. , 6 : 29 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Kozłowska , K , Polkowska , Ż , Przyjazny , A and Namieśnik , J . 2003 . Analytical procedures used in examining human urine samples . Pol. J. Environ. Stud. , 5 : 503 – 521 .
   Google Scholar
• Koivusalo , M , Pukkala , E , Vartiainen , T , Jaakkola , JJK and Hakulinen , T . 1998 . Drinking water chlorination and cancer – a historical cohort . Cancer Causes Control , 8 : 192 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Aggazotti , G , Fantuzzi , G , Tartoni , P and Predieri , G . 1990 . Plasma chloroform concentrations in swimmers using indoor swimming pools . Environ. Health , 45 : 175 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Aggazotti , G , Fantuzzi , G , Righi , E , Tartoni , P , Cassinadri , T and Predieri , G . 1993 . Chloroform in alveolar air of individuals attending indoor swimming pools . Arch. Environ. Health , 48 : 250 – 254 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aiking , H , Van Ackert , MB , Scholten , RJPM , Reenstra , JF and Valkenburg , HA . 1994 . Swimming pool chlorination: A health hazard? . Toxicol. Lett. , 72 : 375 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levesque , B , Ayotte , P , LaBlanc , A , Dewailly , E , Prud Homme , D , Lavoie , R , Allaire , S and Lavallois , P . 1994 . Evaluation of dermal and respiratory chloroform exposure in humans . Environ. Health Perspect. , 102 : 1082 – 1087 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levesque , B , Ayotte , P , Tardif , R , Charest-Tardif , G , Dewailly , E , Prud’Homme , D , Gingras , G , Allaire , S and Lavoie , R . 2000 . Evaluation of the health risk associated with exposure to chloroform in indoor swimming pools . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A , 61 : 225 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstrom , AB , Pleil , JD and Beerkoff , DC . 1997 . Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposure during competitive swimming training . Environ. Health Perspect , 105 : 636 – 642 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisel , CP and Shepard , TA . 1994 . “ Chloroform exposure and the body burden associated with swimming in chlorinated pools ” . In Water Contamination and Health , Edited by: Wang , RGM . 135 – 148 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar