Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human milk from Tabriz, Iran

References

• Abelsohn , A , Gibson , BL , Sanborn , MD and Weir , E . 2002 . Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: Persistent organic pollutants . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 166 : 1549 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albers , JMC , Kreis , IA , Liem , AKD and Van Zoonen , P . 1996 . Factors that influence levels of contamination of human milk with poly-chlorinated organic compounds . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 302 : 85 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez , L , Randi , A , Alvarez , P , Piroli , G , Chamson-Reig , A and Lux-Lantos , V . 2000 . Reproductive effects of hexachlorobenzene in female rats . Journal of Applied Toxicology , 20 : 81 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , RE . 2001 . Global hexachlorobenzene emissions . Chemosphere , 43 : 167 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates , MN , Thomson , B and Garrett , N . 2002 . Reduction in organochlorine levels in the milk of New Zealand women . Archives of Environmental Health , 57 : 591 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidkhori, 1996. Extraction and measure PCBs by method SPE-GC-ECD. MSc thesis, Shahid Bahonar Kerman University, Faculty of Chemistry
   Google Scholar
• Burgaz , S , Afkham , BL and Karakaya , AE . 1995 . Organochlorine pesticide contaminants in human adipose tissue collected in Tebriz (Iran) . Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 54 : 546 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butte , NF , Lopez-Alarcon , MG and Garza , C . 2002 . Nutrient adequacy of exclusive breastfeeding for the team infant during the first six month of life , France : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Chao , HR , Wang , SL , Lin , TC and Chung , XH . 2006 . Levels of organochlorin pesticides in human milk from central Taiwan . Chemosphere , 62 : 1774 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheek , AO , Kow , K , Chen , J and McLachlan , JA . 1999 . Potential mechanisms of thyroid disruption in human interaction of organochlorine compounds with thyroid receptor, transthyretin, and thyroid-binding globulin . Environmental Health Perspectives , 107 : 273 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cok , I , Bilgili , A , Ozdemir , M , Ozbek , H , Bilgili , N and Burgaz , S . 1997 . Organochlorine pesticide residues in human breast milk from agricultural regions of Turkey, 1995–1996 . Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 59 : 577 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cok , I , Karakaya , AE , Afkham , BL and Burgaz , S . 1999 . Organochlorine pesticide contaminants in human milk samples collected in Tabriz (Iran) . Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 63 : 444 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colborn , T , vom Saal , FS and Soto , AM . 1993 . Developmental effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans . Environmental Health Perspectives , 101 : 378 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covaci , A , Hura , C and Schepens , P . 2001 . Determination of selected persistent organochlorine pollutants in human milk using solid-phase disk extraction and narrow bore capillary GC/MS . Chromatographia , 54 : 247 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czaja , K , Ludwicki , JK , Goralczyk , K and Strucinski , P . 1999 . Effect of changes in excretion of POC with human breast milk on related exposure of breast-fed infants . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 36 : 498 – 503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebadi , AG and Shokrzadeh , M . 2006 . A survey and measurement of residues of lindane (organochlorine pesticides) in four species of the most consumed fish in the Caspian Sea (Iran) . Toxicology and Industrial Health , 22 : 53 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erdogrul , O , Covaci , A , Kutul , N and Schepens , P . 2004 . Levels of organohalogenated persistent pollutant in human milk from Kaharamanmaras region, Turkey . Environment International , 30 : 659 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmaili-Sari , A , Dahmarde Behrooz , R and Bahramifar , N . Determination of Poly chlorinated biphenyls in rivers Haraz, Talar and Babolrood in south Caspian Sea in year 2006 . Second National Conference Environmental . Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
   Google Scholar
• Gladen , BC , Monaghan , SC , Lukyanova , EM , Hulchiy , OP , Shkyryak-Nuzhnyk , ZA , Sericano , JL and Little , RE . 1999 . Organochlorine in breast milk from two cities in Ukraine . Environmental Health Perspectives , 107 : 459 – 62 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris , CA , Woolridge , MW and Hay , AWM . 2001 . Factors affecting the transfer of organochlorine pesticide residues to breast milk . Chemosphere , 43 : 243 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashemy-Tonkabony , SE and Fateminoss , F . 1977 . Chlorinated pesticide residues in milk of Iranian nursing mothers . Journal of Dairy Science , 60 : 1858 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashemy-Tonkabony , SE and Soleimani-Amiri , MJ . 1978 . Chlorinated pesticide residues in body fat of people in Iran . Environmental Research , 16 : 419 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heidari , H . 2003 . Farmer field schools (FFS) slash pesticide use and exposure in Islamic Republic of Iran . Agro-Chemicals Report 3–1 ,
   Google Scholar
• Hooper , K , Petreas , MX , She , J , Visita , P , Winkler , J , McKinney , M Mok , M . 1997 . Analysis of breast milk to assess exposure to chlorinated contaminants in Kazakstan: PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in southern Kazakstan . Environmental Health Perspectives , 105 : 1250 – 4 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaraczewska , K , Lulek , J , Covaci , A , Voorspoels , S , Kaluba-Skotarczak , A , Drews , K and Schepens , P . 2006 . Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human umbilical cord serum, maternal serum and milk from Wielkopolska region, Poland . The Science of the Total Environment , 372 : 20 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrell , JF , Gocmen , A , Akyol , D and Brant , R . 2002 . Hexachlorobenzene exposure and the proportion of male births in Turkey 1935–1990 . Reproductive Toxicology , 16 : 65 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen , RH , Becher , G , Polder , A and Skaare , JU . 1994 . Congener-specific determination of PCBs and OCPs in human milk from Norwegian mothers living in Oslo . Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health , 42 : 157 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajiwara , N , Ueno , D , Monirith , I , Tanabe , S , Pourkazemi , M and Aubrey , DG . 2003 . Contamination by organochlorine compounds in sturgeons from Caspian Sea during 2001 and 2002 . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 46 : 741 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanja , LW , Skaare , JU , Ojwang , SBO and Maitai , CK . 1992 . A comparison of organochlorine pesticide residues in maternal adipose tissue, maternal blood, cord blood and human milk from mother/infant pairs . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 22 : 21 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelce , WR . 1995 . Persistent DDT metabolite p,p′-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist . Nature , 375 : 581 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konishi , Y , Kuwabara , K and Hori , S . 2001 . Continuous surveillance of organochlorinecompounds in human breast milk from 1972 to 1998 in Osaka, Japan . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 40 : 571 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunisue , T , Someya , M , Kayama , F , Jin , Y and Tanabe , S . 2004a . Persistent organochlorines in human breast milk collected from primiparae in Dalian and Shenyang, China . Environmental Pollution , 131 : 381 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunisue , T , Someya , M , Monirith , I , Watanabe , M , Tana , TS and Tanabe , S . 2004b . Occurrence of PCBs, organochlorine insecticides, tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol in human breast milk collected from Cambodia . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 46 : 405 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunisue , T , Someya , M , Watanabe , M , Toyota , T , Kuroda , Y , Nagayama , J and Tanabe , S . 2004c . Contamination by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human breast milk collected from primiparae in Ehime prefecture . Environmental Science , 17 : 37 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Leoni , V and D’Arca , SU . 1976 . Experimental data and critical review of the occurrence of heachlorobenzene in the Italian environment . The Science of the Total Environment , 5 : 253 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Longnecker , MP and Rogan , WJ . 2001 . Persistent organic pollutants in children . Pediatric Research , 50 : 322 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonnerdal , B . 2000 . Breast milk: A truly functional food . Nutrition , 16 : 509 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzei, C.M. 1986. Hexachlorobenzene: Uses and occurrences. In Hexachlorobenzene. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Lyon, France, eds. C.R. Morris, J.R.P. Cabral, IARC Scientific Publication No 77, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 13–22.
   Google Scholar
• Minh , NH , Someya , M , Minha , TB , Kunisue , T , Iwataa , H , Watanabea , M , Tanabe , S , Vietb , PH and Tuyenc , BC . 2004 . Persistent organochlorine residues in human breast milk from Hanoi and Hochiminh city, Vietnam: Contamination, accumulation kinetics and risk assessment for infants . Environmental Pollution , 129 : 431 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naso , B , Perrone , D , Ferrante , MC , Zaccaroni , A and Lucisano , A . 2003 . Persistent organochlorine pollution in liver of bird of different tropic levels from coastal areas of Campanina, Italy . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 45 : 407 – 14 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Newsome , WH and Davies , D . 1995 . PCB and organochlorine pesticides in Canadian human milk – 1992 . Chemosphere , 30 : 2143 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oostdam , JV , Gilman , A , Dewailly , E , Usher , P , Wheatley , B and Kuhnlein , H . 1999 . Human health implication of environmental contaminants in Arctic Canada: A review . The Science of the Total Environment , 230 : 1 – 82 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pronczuk , J , Moy , G and Vallenas , C . 2004 . Breast milk: An optimal food . Environmental Health Perspectives , 112 : 722 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinsey , PM , Donohue , DC and Ahokas , JT . 1995 . Persistent of organochlorines in breast milk of women in Victoria, Australia . Food and Chemical Toxicology , 33 : 49 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogan , WJ , Gladen , BC , Mcminney , JD , Carreras , N , Hardy , P , Thullen , J , Tingelstad , J and Tully , M . 1986 . Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDE) in human milk: Effect on maternal factors and previous lactation . American Journal of Public Health , 76 : 172 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schade , G and Heinzow , B . 1998 . Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk of mothers living in northern Germany: Current extent of contamination, time trend from 1986 to 1997 and factors that influence the levels of contamination . The Science of the Total Environment , 215 : 31 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoula , R , Hajslova , J , Bencko , V , Poustka , J , Holadova , K and Vizek , V . 1996 . Occurrence of persistent organochlorine contaminants in human milk collected in several regions of Czech Republic . Chemosphere , 33 : 1485 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim , MR and McNeil , JJ . 1992 . Monitoring chemical exposure using breast milk: A methodological review . American Journal of Epidemiology , 136 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaare , JU , Tuveng , JM and Sande , HA . 1988 . Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in maternal adipose tissue, blood, milk and cord blood from mothers and their infants living in Norway . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 17 : 55 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D . 1999 . Worldwide trends in DDT levels in human breast milk . International Journal of Epidemiology , 28 : 179 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliman , AS , Wang , X , DiGiovanni , J , Eissa , S , Morad , M , Vulimiri , S , Mahgoub , KG , Johnston , DA , Do , KA and Seifeldin , IB . 2003 . Serum organochlorine levels and history of lactation in Egypt . Environmental Research , 92 : 110 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian , A , Ohtake , M , Kunisue , T and Tanabe , S . 2007 . High levels of organochlorine in mother milk from Chennai (Madras) city, India . Chemosphere , 68 : 928 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudaryanto , A , Kunisue , T , Kajiwara , N , Iwata , H , Adibroto , T , Hartono , P and Tanabe , S . 2006 . Specific accumulation of organochlorines in human breast milk from Indonesia: Levels, distribution, accumulation kinetics and infant health risk . Environmental Pollution , 139 : 107 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudaryanto , A , Kunisue , T , Tanabe , S , Niida , M and Hashim , H . 2005 . Persistent organochlorine compounds in human breast milk from mothers living in Penang and Kedah, Malaysia . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 49 : 429 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szokolay , A , Rosival , L , Uhnàk , J and Madaric , A . 1977 . Dynamics of benzene hexachloride (BHC) isomers and other chlorinated pesticides in the food chain and in human fat . Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 1 : 349 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szyrwinska , K and Lulek , J . 2006 . Exposure to specific polychlorinated biphenyls and some chlorinated pesticides via breast milk in Poland . Chemosphere , 66 : 1895 – 903 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tobin, P. 1986. Known and potential sources of hexachlorobenzene. In Hexachlorobenzene. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Lyon, France, eds. C.R. Morris, J.R.P. Cabral, IARC Scientific Publication No 77, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 13–22.
   Google Scholar
• Tsydenova , O , Sudaryanto , A , Kajiwara , N , Kunisue , T , Batoev , VB and Tanabe , S . 2006 . Organohalogen compounds in human breast milk from Republic of Buryatia, Russia . Environmental Pollution , 136 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Uauy , R and Peirano , P . 1999 . Breast is best: Human milk is the optimal food for brain development . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 70 : 433 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallack , HW , Bakker , DJ , Brandt , I , Brostrom-Lunden , E , Brower , A , Bull , KR Gough , C . 1998 . Controlling persistent organic pollution – what next? . Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology , 6 : 143 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos , JG , Dybing , E , Greim , HA , Ladefoged , A , Lambre , C , Tarazona , JV , Brandt , I and Vethaak , AD . 2000 . Health effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on wildlife, with special reference to the European situation . Critical Reviews in Toxicology , 30 : 71 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waliszewski , SM , Aguirre , AA , Infanzon , RM , Silva , CS and Siliceo , J . 2001 . Organochlorine pesticide levels in maternal adipose tissue, maternal blood serum, umbilical blood serum and milk from inhabitants of Veracruz, Mexico . Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 40 : 432 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , CH . 2001 . Organic pollutants – An Ecotoxicological Perspective , London : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Walkowiak , J , Wiener , J , Fastabend , A , Heinzow , B , Kramer , U , Schmidt , E , Steingruber , H , Wundram , S and Winneke , G . 2001 . Environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and quality of the home environment: Effects on psychodevelopment in early childhood . Lancet , 358 : 1602 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willett , KL , Ulrich , EM and Hites , RA . 1998 . Differential toxicity and environmental fates of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers . Environmental Science & Technology , 32 : 2197 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar