Low concentration of HgCl₂ drives rat hepatocytes to autophagy/apoptosis/necroptosis in a time-dependent manner

References

• Alvarez, A., J. Lacalle, M.L. Canavate, D. Alonso-Alconada, I. Lara-Celador, F.J. Alvarez, and I. Hilario. 2010. “Cell Death. A Comprehensive Approximation. Necrosis.” In Microscopy: Science, Technology, Application and Education, Vol. 3, edited by A. Mendez-Vilas and J. Diaz, 1017–1024. Badajoz, Spain: Formatex.
   Google Scholar
• Ashkenazi, A., and V.M. Dixit. 1998. “Death Receptors: Signaling and Modulation.” Science 281: 1305–1308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Ozer, E., A. Rosenspire, M. McCabe, R. Worth, A. Kindzelskii, N. Warra, and H. Petty. 2000. “Mercuric Chloride Damages Cellular DNA by Non-apoptotic Mechanism.” Mutation Research 470: 19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi, M.E., and A. Manfredi. 2004. “Chromatin and Cell Death.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1677: 181–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt, M.R., M. Byrd, and W.T. Klimecki. 2010. “Autophagy is a Biological Target of Arsenic.” InArsenic in Geosphere and Human Diseases, edited by J.S. Jean, J. Bundschuh, and P. Bhattacharya, 291–292. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boya, P., R.A. González-Polo, D. Poncet, K. Andreau, T. Roumier, J.L. Perfettini, and G. Kroemer. 2003. “Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization is a Critical Step of Lysosome-Initiated Apoptosis Induced by Hydroxychloroquine.” Oncogene 22: 3927–3936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buege, J.A., and S.D. Aust. 1978. “Microsomal Lipid Peroxidation.” Methods in Enzymology 52: 302–310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cauwels, A., B. Janssen, A. Waeytens, C. Cuvelier, and P. Brouckaert. 2003. “Caspase Inhibition Causes Hyperacute Tumor Necrosis Factor-Induced Shock via Oxidative Stress and Phospholipase A2.” Nature Immunology 4: 387–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, F.K., J. Shisler, J.G. Bixby, M. Felices, L. Zheng, M. Appel, J. Orenstein, B. Moss, and M.J. Lenardo. 2003. “A Role for Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-2 and Receptor-Interacting Protein in Programmed Necrosis and Antiviral Responses.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 278: 51613–51621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra, J., A. Samali, and S. Orrenius. 2000. “Triggering and Modulation of Apoptosis by Oxidative Stress.” Free Radical Biology & Medicine 29: 323–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chargui, A., S. Zerki, G. Jacquillet, I. Rubera, M. Ilie, A. Belaid, C. Duranton, et al. 2011. “Cadmium-Induced Autophagy in Rat Kidney: An Early Biomarker of Subtoxic Exposure.” Toxicology Sciences 121: 31–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, S., P. Nandi, S. Mukherjee, A. Chattopadhyay, and S. Bhattacharya. 2013. “Regulation of Autophagy in Rat Hepatocytes Treated In Vitro with Low Concentration of Mercury.” Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 95: 504–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, S., A. Ray, S. Mukherjee, S. Agarwal, R. Kundu, and S. Bhattacharya. 2012. “Low Concentration of Mercury Induces Autophagic Cell Death in Rat Hepatocytes.” Toxicology and Industrial Health. doi:10.1177/0748233712462442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, G., and D.V. Goeddel. 2002. “TNF-R1 Signaling: A Beautiful Pathway.” Science 296: 1634–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, Y.S., S. Challa, D. Moquin, R. Genga, T.D. Ray, M. Guildford, and F.K. Chan. 2009. “Phosphorylation-Driven Assembly of the RIP-RIP3 Complex Regulates Programmed Necrosis and Virus-Induced Inflammation.” Cell 137: 1112–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christofferson, D.E., and J. Yuan. 2010. “Necroptosis as an Alternative Form of Programmed Cell Death.” Current Opinion in Cell Biology 22: 263–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopher, C.T., and M.Y. Derek. 2011. “Necroptosis, Necrostatins and Tissue Injury.” Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 15: 1797–1806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel, S.P., and M.K. Marshall. 1999. “Evaluation of the Liver: Laboratory Tests.” In Schiff's Diseases of the Liver, 8th ed., edited by E.R. Schiff, W.C. Maddrey, and M.F. Sorrel, 205–239. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, M.A., M.C. Croteau, C.S. Millar, V.L. Trudeau, and D.R. Lean. 2011. “Fate and Developmental Effects of Dietary Uptake of Methylmercury in Silurana tropicalis Tadpoles.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 74: 364–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edinger, A.L., and C.B. Thompson. 2004. “Death by Design: Apoptosis, Necrosis and Autophagy.” Current Opinion in Cell Biology 16: 663–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galluzzi, L., O. Kepp, and G. Kroemer. 2009. “RIP Kinases Initiate Programmed Necrosis.” Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 1: 8–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannini, E.G., R. Testa, and V. Savarino. 2005. “Liver Enzyme Alteration: A Guide for Clinicians.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 172: 367–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golstein, P., and G. Kroemer. 2006. “Cell Death by Necrosis: Towards a Molecular Definition.” Trends in Biochemical Sciences 32: 37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habig, W.J., M.J. Pabst, and W.B. Jacoby. 1974. “Glutathione-S-Transferase, the First Enzymatic Step in Mercapturic Acid Formation.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 249: 7130–7139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, D., N. Hanawa, B. Saberi, and N. Kaplowitz. 2006. “Mechanisms of Liver Injury. III. Role of Glutathione Redox Status in Liver Injury.” American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 291: 1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, S., L. Wang, L. Miao, T. Wang, F. Du, L. Zhao, and X. Wang. 2009. “Receptor Interacting Protein Kinase-3 Determines Cellular Necrotic Response to TNF-Alpha.” Cell 137: 1100–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holler, N., R. Zaru, O. Micheau, M. Thome, A. Attinger, S. Valitutti, J.L. Bodmer, P. Schneider, B. Seed, and J. Tschopp. 2000. “Fas Triggers an Alternative, Caspase-8-Independent Cell Death Pathway Using the Kinase RIP as Effector Molecule.” Nature Immunology 1: 489–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiener, P.A., P.M. Davis, G.C. Starling, C. Mehlin, S.J. Klebanoff, J.A. Ledbetter, and W.C. Liles. 1997. “Differential Induction of Apoptosis by Fas–Fas Ligand Interactions in Human Monocytes and Macrophages.” Journal of Experimental Medicine 185: 1511–1516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiffin, R., U. Bandyopadhyay, and A.M. Cuervo. 2005. “Oxidative Stress and Autophagy.” Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 8: 152–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroemer, G., and S.J. Martin. 2005. “Caspase-Independent Cell Death.” Nature Medicine 11: 725–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurose, I., H. Higuchi, S. Miura, H. Saito, N. Watanabe, R. Hokari, M. Hirokawa, et al. 1997. “Oxidative Stress Mediated Apoptosis of Hepatocytes Exposed to Acute Ethanol Intoxication.” Hepatology 25: 368–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle, M.E., S. Micaadei, D. Nakae, and J.L. Farber. 1987. “Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Protect Cultured Hepatocytes from the Cytotoxicity of Acetaminophen.” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 149: 889–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laemmli, U.K. 1970. “Cleavage of Structural Proteins During the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4.” Nature 227: 680–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhi, H., M.E. Guicciardi, and G.J. Gores. 2011. “Hepatocyte Death: A Clear and Present Danger.” Physiological Reviews 90: 1165–1194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehlen, P., and D.E. Bredesen. 2011. “Dependence Receptors: From Basic Research to Drug Development.” Science Signaling 4(157): mr2. doi:1126/scisignal.2001521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micheau, O., and J. Tschopp. 2003. “Induction of TNF Receptor I-Mediated Apoptosis via Two Sequential Signaling Complexes.” Cell 114: 181–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocarski, E.S., J.W. Upton, and W.J. Kaiser. 2010. “Viral Infection and the Evolution of Caspase 8-Regulated Apoptotic and Necrotic Death Pathways.” Nature Reviews Immunology 12: 79–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosmann, T. 1983. “Rapid Colorimetric Assay for Cellular Growth and Survival: Application to Proliferation and Cytotoxicity Assays.” Journal of Immunological Methods 65: 55–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muzio, M., A.M. Chinnaiyan, F.C. Kischkel, K. O’Rourke, A. Shevchenko, J. Ni, C. Scaffidi, et al. 1996. “FLICE, a Novel FADD Homologous ICE/CED-3-Like Protease, Is Recruited to the CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) Death-Inducing Signaling Complex.” Cell 85: 817–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muzio, M., B.R. Stockwell, H.R. Stennicke, G.S. Salvesen, and V.M. Dixit. 1998. “An Induced Proximity Model for Caspase-8 Activation.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 273: 2926–2930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni, M., X. Li., J.B.T. Rocha, M. Farina, and M. Aschner. 2012. “Glia and Methylmercury Neurotoxicity.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 75: 1091–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray, A. 2012. Apoptosis in Liver, the Way It Executes. Saarbrucken: Lambert Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Ray, A., S. Roy, S. Agarwal, and S. Bhattacharya. 2008. “As2O3 Toxicity in Rat Hepatocytes: Manifestation of Caspase Mediated Apoptosis.” Toxicology and Industrial Health 24: 643–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, S., and S. Bhattacharya. 2006. “Arsenic-Induced Histopathology and Synthesis of Stress Proteins in Liver and Kidney of Channa punctatus.” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 65: 218–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambrook, J., E.F. Fritsch, and T. Manniatis. 1989. Molecular Cloning – A Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scaffidi, P.T.M., and M.E. Bianchi. 2002. “Release of Chromatin Protein HMGB1 by Necrotic Cells Triggers Inflammation.” Nature 481: 191–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedlak, J., and R.H. Lindsay. 1968. “Estimation of Total, Protein-Bound, and Non-protein Sulfhydryl Groups in Tissue with Ellman's Reagent.” Analytical Biochemistry 25: 192–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimano, K., M. Satake, A. Okaya, J. Kitanaka, N. Kitanaka, and M. Takemura. 2003. “Hepatic Oval Cell Have the Side Population Phenotype Defined by Expression of ATP Binding Cassette Transporter ABCG2/BCRP1.” American Journal of Pathology 163: 3–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, X., J. Lee, T. Navas, D.T. Baldwin, T.A. Stewart, and V.M. Dixit. 1999. “RIP3, a Novel Apoptosis-Inducing Kinase.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 274: 16871–16875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet, L.I., and J.T. Zelikoff. 2001. “Toxicology and Immunotoxicology of Mercury: A Comparative Review in Fish and Humans.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 4: 161–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapa, B.R., and W. Anuj. 2007. “Liver Function Tests and Their Interpretation.” Indian Journal of Pediatrics 74: 663–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberry, N.A., and Y. Lazebnik. 1998. “Caspases: Enemies Within.” Science 281: 1312–1316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trichonas, G., Y. Murakami, A. Thanos, Y. Morizane, M. Kayama, C.M. Debouck, T. Hisatomi, J.W. Miller, and D.J. Vawas. 2010. “Receptor Interacting Protein Kinases Mediate Retinal Detachment-Induced PhotoReceptor Necrosis and Compensate for Inhibition of Apoptosis.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America7: 21695–21700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson, C.A., C.E. Green, S.E. LeValley, and R.J. Stephens. 1982. “Characterization of Isolated Fe-Loaded Rat Hepatocytes Prepared by Collagenase Perfusion.” In Vitro 18: 945–951.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vinaya Kumar, S., and S. Bhattacharya. 2000. “In Vitro Toxicity of Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic to Platelet Aggregation: Influence of Adenylate Cyclase and Phosphodiesterase Activity.” In Vitro & Molecular Toxicology 13: 137–144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshimori, T., and T. Noda. 2008. “Toward Unraveling Membrane Biogenesis in Mammalian Autophagy.” Current Opinion in Cell Biology 20: 401–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, R.R., S.S. Zhao, M.X. Zou, P. Zhang, B.X. Zhang, X.H. Dai1, N. Li, H.B. Liu, H. Wang, and X.G. Fan. 2011. “HMGB1 Cytoplasmic Translocation in Patients with Acute Liver Failure.” BMC Gastroenterology 11: 21–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar