The Toxicology of Silica Nanoparticles: A Review

References

• Ahamed, M. 2013. “Silica Nanoparticles-Induced Cytotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Cultured A431 and A549 Cells.” Human & Experimental Toxicology 32 (2): 186–195. doi:10.1177/0960327112459206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, J., M. Ahamed, M. J. Akhtar, S. A. Alrokayan, M. A. Siddiqui, J. Musarrat, and A. A. Al-Khedhairy. 2012. “Apoptosis Induction by Silica Nanoparticles Mediated Through Reactive Oxygen Species in Human Liver Cell Line HepG2.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 259 (2): 160–168. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhtar, M. J., M. Ahamed, S. Kumar, H. Siddiqui, G, Patil, M. Ashquin, and I. Ahmad. 2010. “Nanotoxicity of Pure Silica Mediated through Oxidant Generation rather than Glutathione Depletion in Human Lung Epithelial Cells.” Toxicology 276 (2): 95–102. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2010.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariano, P., P. Zamburlin, A. Gilardino, R. Mortera, B. Onida, M. Tomatis, M. Ghiazza, B. Fubini, and D. Lovisolo. 2011. “Interaction of Spherical Silica Nanoparticles with Neuronal Cells: Size-Dependent Toxicity and Perturbation of Calcium Homeostasis.” Small 7 (6): 766–774. doi:10.1002/smll.201002287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkalina, N., C. Jones, J. Kashir, S. Coote, X. Huang, R. Morrison, H. Townley, and K. Coward. 2014. “Effects of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles upon the Function of Mammalian Sperm in Vitro.” Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 10 (4): 859–870. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2013.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, J. M., A. A. Romoser, D. E. Figueroa, C. S. West, and C. M. Sayes. 2013. “Comparative Cytological Responses of Lung Epithelial and Pleural Mesothelial Cells Following in Vitro Exposure to Nanoscale SiO2.” Toxicology in Vitro 27 (1): 24–33. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandenberger, C., N. L. Rowley, D. N. Jackson-Humbles, Q. Zhang, L. A. Bramble, R. P. Lewandowski, J. G. Wagner, et al. 2013. “Engineered Silica Nanoparticles Act as Adjuvants to Enhance Allergic Airway Disease in Mice.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 10: 26. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-10-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, D. M., N. Kanase, B. Gaiser, H. Johnston, and V. Stone. 2014. “Inflammation and Gene Expression in the Rat Lung after Instillation of Silica Nanoparticles: Effect of Size, Dispersion Medium and Particle Surface Charge.” Toxicology Letters 224 (1): 147–156. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Z., H. Meng, G. Xing, H. Yuan, F. Zhao, R. Liu, X. Chang, et al. 2008. “Age-Related Differences in Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Responses to SiO2 Nanoparticle Inhalation: Nanotoxicity Has Susceptible Population.” Environmental Science & Technology 42 (23): 8985–8992. doi:10.1021/es800975u
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., W. Zhouhua, Z. Jie, F. Xinlu, L. Jinqiang, Q. Yuwen, and H. Zhiying. 2015. “Renal Interstitial Fibrosis Induced by High-Dose Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles via the NF-Κb Signaling Pathway.” International Journal of Nanomedicine 10: 1–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, W. S., M. Choi, B. S. Han, M. Cho, J. Oh, K. Park, S. J. Kim, S. H. Kim, and J. Jeong. 2007. “Inflammatory Mediators Induced by Intratracheal Instillation of Ultrafine Amorphous Silica Particles.” Toxicology Letters 175 (1): 24–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, M., W. S. Cho, B. S. Han, M. Cho, S. Y. Kim, J. Y. Yi, B. Ahn, S. H. Kim, and J. Jeong. 2008. “Transient Pulmonary Fibrogenic Effect Induced by Intratracheal Instillation of Ultrafine Amorphous Silica in A/J Mice.” Toxicology Letters 182 (1–3): 97–101. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.08.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H. S., Y. J. Kim, M. Song, M. K. Song, and J. C. Ryu. 2011. “Genotoxicity of Nano-Silica in Mammalian Cell Lines.” Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences 3 (1): 7–13.
   Google Scholar
• Coccini, T., S. Barni, L. Manzo, and E. Roda. 2013. “Apoptosis Induction and Histological Changes in Rat Kidney Following Cd-Doped Silica Nanoparticle Exposure: Evidence of Persisting Effects.” Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 23 (8): 566–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coccini, T., E. Roda, S. Barni, C. Signorini, and L. Manzo. 2012. “Long-Lasting Oxidative Pulmonary Insult in Rat after Intratracheal Instillation of Silica Nanoparticles Doped with Cadmium.” Toxicology 302 (2–3): 203–211. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbalan, J. J., C. Medina, A. Jacoby, T. Malinski, and M. W. Radomski. 2012. “Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles Aggregate Human Platelets: Potential Implications for Vascular Homeostasis." International Journal of Nanomedicine 7: 631–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corradi, S., L. Gonzalez, L. C. Thomassen, D. Bilaničová, R. K. Birkedal, G. Pojana, A. Marcomini, K. A. Jensen, L. Leyns, and M. Kirsch-Volders. 2012. “Influence of Serum on in situ Proliferation and Genotoxicity in A549 Human Lung Cells Exposed to Nanomaterials.” Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 745 (1): 21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekkers, S., P. Krystek, R. J. B. Peters, D. P. K. Lankveld, B. G. H. Bokkers, P. H. van Hoeven-Arentzen, H. Bouwmeester, and A. G. Oomen. 2011. “Presence and Risks of Nanosilica in Food Products.” Nanotoxicology 5 (3): 393–405. doi:10.3109/17435390.2010.519836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs, T. R., M. E. Crosby, T. Hu, S. Kumar, A. Sullivan, K. Sarlo, B. Reeder, M. Lynch, M. Wagner, and T. Mills. 2012. “Silica Nanoparticles Administered at the Maximum Tolerated Dose Induce Genotoxic Effects through an Inflammatory Reaction while Gold Nanoparticles do not.” Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 745 (1): 38–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, Z., D. Zhao, L. Jing, G. Cui, M. Jin, Y. Li, X. Liu, et al. 2013. “Cardiovascular Toxicity of Different Sizes Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles in Rats after Intratracheal Instillation.” Cardiovascular Toxicology 13 (3): 194–207. doi:10.1007/s12012-013-9198-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan, J., Y. Yu, Y. Li, Y. Li, H. Liu, L. Jing, M. Yang, J. Wang, C. Li, and Z. Sun. 2016. “Low-Dose Exposure of Silica Nanoparticles Induces Cardiac Dysfunction via Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammation and Cardiac Contraction in Zebrafish Embryos.” Nanotoxicology 10 (5): 575–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan, J., Y. Yu, Y. Li, Y. Yu, Y. Li, X. Zhou, P. Huang, and Z. Sun. 2013. “Toxic Effect of Silica Nanoparticles on Endothelial Cells through DNA Damage Response via Chk1-Dependent G2/M Checkpoint.” PloS One 8 (4): e62087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan, J., Y. Yu, Y. Yu, Y. Li, P. Huang, X. Zhou, S. Peng, and Z. Sun. 2014. “Silica Nanoparticles Enhance Autophagic Activity, Disturb Endothelial Cell Homeostasis and Impair Angiogenesis.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 11 (1): 50. doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0050-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducray, A. D., A. Felser, J. Zielinski, A. Bittner, J. V. Bürgi, J. M. Nuoffer, M. Frenz, and M. Mevissen. 2017. “Effects of Silica Nanoparticle Exposure on Mitochondrial Function During Neuronal Differentiation.” Journal of Nanobiotechnology 15 (1): 49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englert, N. 2004. “Fine Particles and Human Health-A Review of Epidemiological Studies.” Toxicology Letters 149 (1–3): 235–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eom, H. J., and J. Choi. 2009. “Oxidative Stress of Silica Nanoparticles in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell, Beas-2B.” Toxicology in Vitro 23 (7): 1326–1332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedeli, C., F. Selvestrel, R. Tavano, D. Segat, F. Mancin, and E. Papini. 2013. “Catastrophic Inflammatory Death of Monocytes and Macrophages by Overtaking of a Critical Dose of Endocytosed Synthetic Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles/Serum Protein Complexes.” Nanomedicine 8 (7): 1101–1126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferenc, M., N. Katir, K. Miłowska, M. Bousmina, J. P. Majoral, M. Bryszewska, and A. E. Kadib. 2015. “Haemolytic Activity and Cellular Toxicity of SBA-15-Type Silicas: Elucidating the Role of the Mesostructure, Surface Functionality and Linker Length.” Journal of Materials Chemistry B 3 (13): 2714–2724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong, C., G. Tao, L. Yang, J. Liu, H. He, and Z. Zhuang. 2012. “The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity and DNA Damage in Hacat Cells.” Molecular Biology Reports 39 (4): 4915–4925. doi:10.1007/s11033-011-1287-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, L., L. C. Thomassen, G. Plas, V. Rabolli, D. Napierska, I. Decordier, M. Roelants, P. H. Hoet, C. E. Kirschhock, and J. A. Martens. 2010. “Exploring the Aneugenic and Clastogenic Potential in the Nanosize Range: A549 Human Lung Carcinoma Cells and Amorphous Monodisperse Silica Nanoparticles as Models.” Nanotoxicology 4 (4): 382–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guichard, Y., M. A. Maire, S. Sébillaud, C. Fontana, C. Langlais, J. C. Micillino, C. Darne, J. Roszak, M. Stępnik, and V. Fessard. 2015. “Genotoxicity of Synthetic Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles in Rats Following Short‐Term Exposure, Part 2: Intratracheal Instillation and Intravenous Injection.” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 56 (2): 228–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hengstler, J. G., and F. Oesch. 2001. “Ames Test.” In Encyclopedia of Genetics, edited by Jefferey H. Miller, 51–54. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirai, T., T. Yoshikawa, H. Nabeshi, T. Yoshida, S. Tochigi, K. I. Ichihashi, M. Uji, T. Akase, K. Nagano, and Y. Abe. 2012. “Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles Size-Dependently Aggravate Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions Following an Intradermal Injection.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 9 (1): 3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isoda, K., E. Tetsuka, Y. Shimizu, K. Saitoh, I. Ishida, and M. Tezuka. 2013. “Liver Injury Induced by Thirty- and Fifty-Nanometer-Diameter Silica Nanoparticles.” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36 (3): 370–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izak-Nau, E., K. Kenesei, K. Murali, M. Voetz, S. Eiden, V. F. Puntes, A. Duschl, and E. Madarasz. 2014. “Interaction of Differently Functionalized Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles with Neural Stem- and Tissue-Type Cells.” Nanotoxicology 8 (Suppl 1): 138–148. doi:10.3109/17435390.2013.864427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper, J. Y., L. Feiden, M. I. Hermanns, C. Bantz, M. Maskos, R. E. Unger, and C. Kirkpatrick. 2015. “Pulmonary Surfactant Augments Cytotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles: Studies on an in Vitro Air–Blood Barrier Model.” Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (1): 517–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. W., E. K. Ahn, B. K. Jee, H. K. Yoon, K. H. Lee, and Y. Lim. 2009. “Nanoparticulate-Induced Toxicity and Related Mechanism in Vitro and in Vivo.” Journal of Nanoparticle Research 11 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1007/s11051-008-9447-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. H., C. S. Kim, R. M. C. Ignacio, D. H. Kim, M. E.Sajo., E. H. Maeng, X. F. Qi, S. E. Park, Y. R. Kim, and M. K. Kim. 2014. “Immunotoxicity of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles with Different Sizes and Electrostatic Charge.” International Journal of Nanomedicine 9 (Suppl 2): 183–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. J., and S. I. Yang. 2011. “Neurotoxic Effects by Silica TM Nanoparticle is Independent of Differentiation of SH-SY5Y Cells.” Molecular & Cellular Toxicology 7 (4): 381–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch, F., A. M. Möller, M. Frenz, U. Pieles, K. Kuehni-Boghenbor, and M. Mevissen. 2014. “An in Vitro Toxicity Evaluation of Gold-, PLLA- and PCL-Coated Silica Nanoparticles in Neuronal Cells for Nanoparticle-Assisted Laser-Tissue Soldering.” Toxicology in Vitro 28 (5): 990–998. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, S. T., M. Roursgaard, K. A. Jensen, and G. D. Nielsen. 2010. “Nano Titanium Dioxide Particles Promote Allergic Sensitization and Lung Inflammation in Mice.” Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 106 (2): 114–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBlanc, A. J., J. L. Cumpston, B. T. Chen, D. Frazer, V. Castranova, and T. R. Nurkiewicz. 2009. “Nanoparticle Inhalation Impairs Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Subepicardial Arterioles.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 72 (24): 1576–1584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBlanc, A. J., A. M. Moseley, B. T. Chen, D. Frazer, V. Castranova, and T. R. Nurkiewicz. 2010. “Nanoparticle Inhalation Impairs Coronary Microvascular Reactivity via a Local Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Mechanism.” Cardiovascular Toxicology 10 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1080/15287390903232467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclerc, L., J. P. Klein, V. Forest, D. Boudard, M. Martini, J. Pourchez, M. G. Blanchin, and M. Cottier. 2015. “Testicular Biodistribution of Silica-Gold Nanoparticles after Intramuscular Injection in Mice.” Biomedical Microdevices 17 (4): 66. doi:10.1007/s10544-015-9968-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S., M. S. Kim, D. Lee, T. K. Kwon, D. Khang, H. S. Yun, and S. H. Kim. 2013. “The Comparative Immunotoxicity of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Colloidal Silica Nanoparticles in Mice.” International Journal of Nanomedicine 8: 147–158. doi:10.2147/IJN.S39534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S., H. S. Yun, and S. H. Kim. 2011. “The Comparative Effects of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Colloidal Silica on Inflammation and Apoptosis.” Biomaterials 32 (35): 9434–9443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehman, S. E., A. S. Morris, P. S. Mueller, A. K. Salem, V. H. Grassian, and S. C. Larsen. 2016. “Silica Nanoparticle-Generated ROS as a Predictor of Cellular Toxicity: Mechanistic Insights and Safety by Design.” Environmental Science: Nano 3 (1): 56–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., L. Sun, M. Jin, Z. Du, X. Liu, C. Guo, Y. Li, P. Huang, and Z. Sun. 2011. “Size-Dependent Cytotoxicity of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles in Human Hepatoma HepG2 Cells.” Toxicology in Vitro 25 (7):1343–1352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg, H. K., G. C. M. Falck, S. Suhonen, M. Vippola, E. Vanhala, J. Catalán, K. Savolainen, and H. Norppa. 2009. “Genotoxicity of Nanomaterials: DNA Damage and Micronuclei Induced by Carbon Nanotubes and Graphite Nanofibres in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells in Vitro.” Toxicology Letters 186 (3):166–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y. S., and C. L. Haynes. 2010. “Impacts of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Size, Pore Ordering, and Pore Integrity on Hemolytic Activity.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 132 (13): 4834–4842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, W., Y. W. Huang, X. D. Zhou, and Y. Ma. 2006. “In Vitro Toxicity of Silica Nanoparticles in Human Lung Cancer Cells.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 217 (3): 252–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, T., L. Li, C. Fu, H. Liu, D. Chen, and F. Tang. 2012. “Pathological Mechanisms of Liver Injury Caused by Continuous Intraperitoneal Injection of Silica Nanoparticles.” Biomaterials 33 (7): 2399–2407. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, X., Y. Tian, Q. Zhao, T. Jin, S. Xiao, and X. Fan. 2010. “Integrated Metabonomics Analysis of the Size-Response Relationship of Silica Nanoparticles-Induced Toxicity in Mice.” Nanotechnology 22 (5): 055101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoudian, Z. G., M. Sohrabi, H. Lahoutian, M. J. Assari, and Z. Alizadeh. 2017. “Histological Alterations and Apoptosis in Rat Liver Following Silver Nanoparticle Intraorally Administration.” Entomology and Applied Science Letters 3 (5): 27–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard, A., and E. Michelson. 2006. The Nanotechnology Consumer Products Inventory. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. http://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi/
   Google Scholar
• Morishita, Y., Y. Yoshioka, H. Satoh, N. Nojiri, K. Nagano, Y. Abe, H. Kamada, S. I. Tsunoda, H. Nabeshi, and T. Yoshikawa. 2012. “Distribution and Histologic Effects of Intravenously Administered Amorphous Nanosilica Particles in the Testes of Mice.” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 420 (2): 297–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mu, Q., N. S. Hondow, Ł. Krzemiński, A. P. Brown, L. J. Jeuken, and M. N. Routledge. 2012. “Mechanism of Cellular Uptake of Genotoxic Silica Nanoparticles.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 9 (1): 29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabeshi, H., T. Yoshikawa, K. Matsuyama, Y. Nakazato, K. Matsuo, A. Arimori, M. Isobe, S. Tochigi, S. Kondoh, and T. Hirai. 2011. “Systemic Distribution, Nuclear Entry and Cytotoxicity of Amorphous Nanosilica Following Topical Application.” Biomaterials 32 (11): 2713–2724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabeshi, H., T. Yoshikawa, K. Matsuyama, Y. Nakazato, S. Tochigi, S. Kondoh, T. Hirai, T. Akase, K. Nagano, and Y. Abe. 2011. “Amorphous Nanosilica Induce Endocytosis-Dependent ROS Generation and DNA Damage in Human Keratinocytes.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 8 (1): 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nel, A., T. Xia, L. Mädler, and N. Li. 2006. “Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nanolevel.” Science 311 (5761): 622–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemmar, A., S. Albarwani, S. Beegam, P. Yuvaraju, J. Yasin, S. Attoub, and B. H. Ali. 2014. “Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles Impair Vascular Homeostasis and Induce Systemic Inflammation.” International Journal of Nanomedicine 9: 2779–2789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemmar, A., P. Yuvaraju, S. Beegam, J. Yasin, R. Al Dhaheri, M. A. Fahim, and B. H. Ali. 2015. “In Vitro Platelet Aggregation and Oxidative Stress Caused by Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles.” International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 7 (1): 27–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishimori, H., M. Kondoh, K. Isoda, S. I. Tsunoda, Y. Tsutsumi, and K. Yagi. 2009a. “Histological Analysis of 70-nm Silica Particles-Induced Chronic Toxicity in Mice.” European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 72 (3): 626–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimori, H., M. Kondoh, K. Isoda, S. I. Tsunoda, Y. Tsutsumi, and K. Yagi. 2009b. “Silica Nanoparticles as Hepatotoxicants.” European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 72 (3): 496–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster, G., A. Maynard, K. Donaldson, V. Castranova, J. Fitzpatrick, K. Ausman, J. Carter, B. Karn, W. Kreyling, and D. Lai. 2005. “Principles for Characterizing the Potential Human Health Effects from Exposure to Nanomaterials: Elements of a Screening Strategy.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2 (1): 8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paget, V., J. A. Sergent, and S. Chevillard. 2011. “Nano-Silicon Dioxide Toxicological Characterization on Two Human Kidney Cell Lines.” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 304: 012080. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/304/1/012080
   Google Scholar
• Park, Y. H., H. C. Bae, Y. Jang, S. H. Jeong, H. N. Lee, W. I. Ryu, M. G. Yoo, Y. R. Kim, M. K. Kim, and J. K. Lee. 2013. “Effect of the Size and Surface Charge of Silica Nanoparticles on Cutaneous Toxicity.” Molecular & Cellular Toxicology 9 (1): 67–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Y. H., J. N. Kim, S. H. Jeong, J. E. Choi, S. H. Lee, B. H. Choi, J. P. Lee, K. H. Sohn, K. L. Park, and M. K. Kim. 2010. “Assessment of Dermal Toxicity of Nanosilica Using Cultured Keratinocytes, a Human Skin Equivalent Model and an in Vivo Model.” Toxicology 267 (1): 178–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H. J., J. H. Sohn, Y. J. Kim, Y. H. Park, H. Han, K. H. Park, K. Lee, H. Choi, K. Um, and I. H. Choi. 2015. “Acute Exposure to Silica Nanoparticles Aggravate Airway Inflammation: Different Effects According to Surface Characteristics.” Experimental & Molecular Medicine 47 (7): e173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, M. V., H. W. Verharen, E. Zwart, L. G. Hernandez, J. V. Benthem, A. Elsaesser, C. Barnes, G. McKerr, C. V. Howard, and A. Salvati. 2011. “Genotoxicity Evaluation Of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles of Different Sizes Using the Micronucleus and the Plasmid Lacz Gene Mutation Assay.” Nanotoxicology 5 (2): 168–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parveen, A., S. Rizvi, A. Gupta, R. Singh, I. Ahmad, F. Mahdi, A. A. Mahdi, R. Singh, I. Ahmad, and F. Mahdi. 2012. “NMR-Based Metabonomics Study of Sub-Acute Hepatotoxicity Induced by Silica Nanoparticles in Rats After Intranasal Exposure.” Cellular and Molecular Biology 58 (1): 196–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passagne, I., M. Morille, M. Rousset, I. Pujalté, and B. L’azou. 2012. “Implication of Oxidative Stress in Size-Dependent Toxicity of Silica Nanoparticles in Kidney Cells.” Toxicology 299 (2): 112–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, R., E. Kramer, A. G. Oomen, Z. E. H. Rivera, G. Oegema, P. C. Tromp, R. Fokkink, A. Rietveld, Han. J. Marvin, and S. Weigel. 2012. “Presence of Nano-Sized Silica During in Vitro Digestion of Foods Containing Silica as a Food Additive.” ACS Nano 6 (3): 2441–2451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourhamzeh, M., Z. G. Mahmoudian, M. Saidijam, M. J. Asari, and Z. Alizadeh. 2016. “The Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on the Biochemical Parameters of Liver Function in Serum, and the Expression of Caspase-3 in the Liver Tissues of Male Rats.” Avicenna Journal of Medical Biochemistry 4 (2): e35557.
   Google Scholar
• Poyton, R. O., K. A. Ball, and P. R. Castello. 2009. “Mitochondrial Generation of Free Radicals and Hypoxic Signaling.” Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 20 (7): 332–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radomski, M. W., R. M. Palmer, and S. Moncada. 1987. “The Anti-Aggregating Properties of Vascular Endothelium: Interactions Between Prostacyclin and Nitric Oxide.” British Journal of Pharmacology 92 (3): 639–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radomski, M. W., R. M. Palmer, and S. Moncada. 1990. “An L-Arginine/Nitric Oxide Pathway Present in Human Platelets Regulates Aggregation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87 (13): 5193–5197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray, P. C., H. Yu, and P. P. Fu. 2009. “Toxicity and Environmental Risks of Nanomaterials: Challenges and Future Needs.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C 27 (1): 1–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu, H. J., N. W. Seong, B. J. So, H. S. Seo, J. H. Kim, J. S. Hong, M. K. Park, M. S. Kim, Y. R. Kim, and K. B. Cho. 2014. “Evaluation of Silica Nanoparticle Toxicity after Topical Exposure for 90 Days.” International Journal of Nanomedicine 9 (Suppl 2): 127–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rzigalinski, B. A., and J. S. Strobl. 2009. “Cadmium-Containing Nanoparticles: Perspectives on Pharmacology and Toxicology of Quantum Dots.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 238 (3): 280–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto, Y., D. Nakae, N. Fukumori, K. Tayama, A. Maekawa, K. Imai, A. Hirose, T. Nishimura, N. Ohashi, and A. Ogata. 2009. “Induction of Mesothelioma by a Single Intrascrotal Administration of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube in Intact Male Fischer 344 Rats.” The Journal of Toxicological Sciences 34 (1): 65–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergent, J. A., V. Paget, and S. Chevillard. 2012. “Toxicity and Genotoxicity of Nano-SiO2 on Human Epithelial Intestinal HT-29 Cell Line.” Annals of Occupational Hygiene 56 (5): 622–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbazi, M. A., M. Hamidi, E. M. Mäkilä, H. Zhang, P. V. Almeida, M. Kaasalainen, J. J. Salonen, J. T. Hirvonen, and H. A. Santos. 2013. “The Mechanisms of Surface Chemistry Effects of Mesoporous Silicon Nanoparticles on Immunotoxicity and Biocompatibility.” Biomaterials 34 (31): 7776–7789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla, R. K., A. Kumar, D. Gurbani, A. K. Pandey, S. Singh, and A. Dhawan. 2013. “TiO2 Nanoparticles Induce Oxidative DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Human Liver Cells.” Nanotoxicology 7 (1): 48–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarantini, A., S. Huet, G. Jarry, R. Lanceleur, M. Poul, A. Tavares, N. Vital, H. Louro, M. J. Silva, and V. Fessard. 2015. “Genotoxicity of Synthetic Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles in Rats Following Short‐Term Exposure. Part 1: Oral Route.” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 56 (2): 218–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavares, A. M., H. Louro, S. Antunes, S. Quarré, S. Simar, P. J. D. Temmerman, E. Verleysen, J. Mast, K. A. Jensen, and H. Norppa. 2014. “Genotoxicity Evaluation of Nanosized Titanium Dioxide, Synthetic Amorphous Silica and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Human Lymphocytes.” Toxicology in Vitro 28 (1): 60–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uboldi, C., G. Giudetti, F. Broggi, D. Gilliland, J. Ponti, and F. Rossi. 2012. “Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles do not Induce Cytotoxicity, Cell Transformation or Genotoxicity in Balb/3T3 Mouse Fibroblasts.” Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 745 (1): 11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Zande, M., R. J. Vandebriel, M. J. Groot, E. Kramer, Z. E. H. Rivera, K. Rasmussen, J. S. Ossenkoppele, P. Tromp, E. R. Gremmer, and R. J. B. Peters. 2014. “Sub-Chronic Toxicity Study in Rats Orally Exposed to Nanostructured Silica.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 11 (1): 8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivero‐Escoto, J. L., I. I. Slowing, B. G. Trewyn, and V. S. Y. Lin. 2010. “Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Intracellular Controlled Drug Delivery.” Small 6 (18): 1952–1967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, F., F. Gao, M. Lan, H. Yuan, Y. Huang, and J. Liu. 2009. “Oxidative Stress Contributes to Silica Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells.” Toxicology in Vitro 23 (5): 808–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, F., C. Jiao, J. Liu, H. Yuan, M. Lan, and F. Gao. 2011. “Oxidative Mechanisms Contribute to Nanosize Silicon Dioxide-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells.” Toxicology in Vitro 25 (8): 1548–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J. J., B. J. Sanderson, and H. Wang. 2007. “Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Ultrafine Crystalline SiO2 Particulate in Cultured Human Lymphoblastoid Cells.” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 48 (2): 151–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler, H. C., M. Suter, and H. Naegeli. 2016. “Critical Review of the Safety Assessment of Nano-Structured Silica Additives in Food.” Journal of Nanobiotechnology 14 (1): 44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J., C. Wang, J. Sun, and Y. Xue. 2011. “Neurotoxicity of Silica Nanoparticles: Brain Localization and Dopaminergic Neurons Damage Pathways.” ACS Nano 5 (6): 4476–4489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, H., and J. Wu. 2016. “Silica Nanoparticles Induce Alpha-Synuclein Induction and Aggregation in PC12-Cells.” Chemico-Biological Interactions 258: 197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., N. Wang, Y. Yu, Y. Li, Y. B. Li, Y. B. Yu, X. Q. Zhou, and Z. W. Sun. 2014. “Exposure to Silica Nanoparticles Causes Reversible Damage of the Spermatogenic Process in Mice.” PloS One 9 (7): e101572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, X., C. He, J. Li, H. Chen, Q. Ma, X. Sui, S. Tian, M. Ying, Q. Zhang, and Y. Luo. 2014. “Uptake of Silica Nanoparticles: Neurotoxicity and Alzheimer-Like Pathology in Human SK-N-SH and Mouse Neuro2a Neuroblastoma Cells.” Toxicology Letters 229 (1): 240–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, H., C. Liu, D. Yang, H. Zhang, and Z. Xi. 2009. “Comparative Study of Cytotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity Induced by Four Typical Nanomaterials: the Role of Particle Size, Shape and Composition.” Journal of Applied Toxicology 29 (1): 69–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y. X., Z. M. Song, B. Cheng, K. Xiang, X. X. Chen, J. H. Liu, A. Cao, Y. Wang, Y. Liu, and H. Wang. 2014. “Evaluation of the Toxicity of Food Additive Silica Nanoparticles on Gastrointestinal Cells.” Journal of Applied Toxicology 34 (4): 424–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, Y., J. Liu, M. Chen, L. Sun, and M. Lan. 2010. “In Vitro Toxicity of Silica Nanoparticles in Myocardial Cells.” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 29 (2): 131–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye, Y., J. Liu, J. Xu, L. Sun, M. Chen, and M. Lan. 2010. “Nano-SiO2 Induces Apoptosis via Activation of P53 and Bax Mediated by Oxidative Stress in Human Hepatic Cell Line.” Toxicology in Vitro 24 (3): 751–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida, T., Y. Yoshioka, M. Fujimura, K. Yamashita, K. Higashisaka, Y. Morishita, H. Kayamuro, H. Nabeshi, K. Nagano, and Y. Abe. 2011. “Promotion of Allergic Immune Responses by Intranasally-Administrated Nanosilica Particles in Mice.” Nanoscale Research Letters 6 (1): 195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., J. Duan, Y. Li, Y. Yu, M. Jin, C. Li, Y. Wang, and Z. Sun. 2015. “Combined Toxicity of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles and Methylmercury to Human Lung Epithelial Cells.” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 112: 144–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., J. Duan, Y. Yu, Y. Li, X. Liu, X. Zhou, K. F. Ho, L. Tian, and Z. Sun. 2014. “Silica Nanoparticles Induce Autophagy and Autophagic Cell Death in HepG2 Cells Triggered by Reactive Oxygen Species.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 270: 176–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., Y. Li, W. Wang, M. Jin, Z. Du, Y. Li, J. Duan, Y. Yu, and Z. Sun. 2013. “Acute Toxicity of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles in Intravenously Exposed ICR Mice.” PloS One 8 (4): e61346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, T., A. Malugin, and H. Ghandehari. 2011. “Impact of Silica Nanoparticle Design on Cellular Toxicity and Hemolytic Activity.” ACS Nano 5 (7): 5717–5728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar