Investigation of Structural Changes of Alkaline-extracted Wood Using X-ray Microtomography and X-ray Diffraction: A Comparison of Microwave versus Conventional Method of Extraction

References

• Thovert , J. , Salles , J. and Adler , P. 1993 . Computerized characterization of the geometry of real porous media: Their discretization, analysis and interpretation . J. Microscopy , 170 : 65 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Perret , J. , Prasher , S. O. , Kantzas , A. and Langford , C. 1999 . Three-dimensional quantification of macrospore networks in undisturbed soil cores . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J , 63 : 1530 – 1543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildenschild , D. , Hopsman , J. W. , Vaz , C. M.P. , Rivers , M. L. and Rikard , D. 2002 . Using X-ray computed tomography in hydrology: Systems, resolutions, and limitations . J. Hydrol , 267 : 285 – 297 . et al.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muler , B. , Beckmann , F. , Huser , M. , Maspero , F. and Szekely , G.
   Google Scholar
• Salvo , L. , Clotenes , P. , Maire , E. , Zabler , S. and Blandin , J. J. 2003 . X-ray microtomography, an attractive characterization technique in material science . Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys Res , 200 : 273 – 286 . et al. B
   Google Scholar
• Harker , F. R. and Hallet , I. C. 1992 . Physiological changes associated with development of mealiness of apple fruit during cool storage . J. Hortic. Sci , 27 : 1291 – 1294 .
   Google Scholar
• Barcelon , E. G. , Tojo , S. and Watanabe , K. 1999 . X-ray computed tomography for internal quality evaluation of peaches . J. Agri. Eng. Res , 73 : 323 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Mendoza , F. , Verboven , P. , Mebatsion , H. K. , Kerckhofs , G. and Wevers , M. B. 2007 . Three-dimensional pore space quantification of apple using X-ray computed microtomography . Planta , 226 : 559 – 570 . et al.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromm , H. , Sautter , I. , Matthies , D. , Kremer , J. and Schumacher , P. 2001 . Xylem water content and wood density in spruce and oak trees detected by high resolution computed tomography . Plant Phisiol , 127 : 416 – 425 . et al.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuppy , W. H. , Maisano , J. A. , Colbert , M. W. , Rudall , P. J. and Rowe , T. B. 2003 . Three-dimensional analysis of plant structure using high resolution X-ray computed tomography . Trends Plant Sci , 8 : 2 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steppe , K. , Cnudde , V. , Girard , C. , Lemeur , R. and Cnudde , J. P. 2004 . Use of X-ray computed microtomography for non-invasive determination for wood anatomical characteristics . J. Structural Biol , 148 : 11 – 21 . et al.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo , S. , Evans , R. , Chen , F. and Lagerstrom , R. 2009 . X-ray phase-contrast micro-tomography and image analysis of wood microstructure . J. Phys: Conf. Series , 186 ( 1 ) : 012105
   Google Scholar
• Jain , T. , Jain , V. , Pandey , R. , Vyas , A. and Shukla , S. S. 2009 . Microwave assisted extraction for phytoconstituents-An overview . Asian J. Res. Chem , 2 ( 1 ) : 19 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Thostenson , E. T. and Chou , T.-W. 1999 . Microwave processing: Fundamentals and applications . Comp. Part A , 30 : 1055 – 1071 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchiya , P. , Intankul , P. and Krairish , M. 2003 . Enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic wastes by microwave pre treatment under atmospheric pressure . J. Wood Chem. Technol , 23 : 217 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhu , S. D. , Wu , Y. X. , Yu , Z. N. , Liao , J. T. and Zhang , Y. 2005 . Pretreatment by microwave/alkali of rice straw and its enzymatic hydrolysis . Process Biochem , 40 ( 9 ) : 3082 – 3086 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , A. , Palm , M. , Zacchi , G. and Dahlman , O. 2003 . Isolation and characterization of water soluble hemicelluloses from flax shives . Carbohydr. Res , 338 : 1869 – 1876 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist , J. , Teleman , A. , Junel , L. , Zacchi , G. and Dalhman , O. 2002 . Isolation and characterization of glactoglucomannan from spruce (Picea abies) . Carbohydr. Polym , 48 : 29 – 39 . et al.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palm , M. and Zacchi , G. 2003 . Extraction of hemicellulosic oligosaccharides from spruce using microwave oven or steam treatment . Biomacromol , 4 : 617 – 623 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benko , Z. , Andersson , A. , Szengyel , Z. , Gasper , M. and Reczey , K. 2007 . Heat extraction of corn fiber hemicelluloses . Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol , 137-140 : 253 – 265 . et al.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burnov , A. U. and Mazza , G. 2010 . Extraction and characterization of hemicelluloses from flax shives by different methods . Carbohydr. Polym , 79 : 17 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida , T. , Tsubaki , S. , Teramoto , Y. and Azuma , J. 2010 . optimization of microwave assisted extraction of carbohydrates from industrial wastes of corn starch production using response surface methodology . Bioresource Technol , 101 : 7820 – 7826 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thovert , J. , Salles , J. and Adler , P. 1993 . Computerized characterization of the geometry of real porous media: Their discretization, analysis and interpretation . J. Microscopy , 170 : 65 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Perret , J. , Prasher , S. O. , Kantzas , A. and Langford , C. 1999 . Three-dimensional quantification of macrospore networks in undisturbed soil cores . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J , 63 : 1530 – 1543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foner , H. A. and Adan , N. 1983 . The characterization of papers by X-ray diffraction . J. Forensic Sci. Soc , 23 ( 4 ) : 313 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Jiang , Z. H. , Yang , Z. , So , C. L. and Hse , C. Y. 2007 . Rapid prediction of wood crystallinity in Pinus Elliotti plantation wood by near-infrared spectroscopy . J. Wood Sci , 53 : 449 – 453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cave , I. D. 1997 . Theory of X-ray measurement of microfibril angle . Wood Sci. Technol , 31 : 143 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar , A. and Sain , M. 2005 . Processing of cellulose nanofibe reinforced composites . J. Reinforced Plastics Comp , 24 ( 12 ) : 1259 – 1268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borysiak , S. and Doczekalska , B. 2005 . X-ray diffraction study of the pine wood treated with NaOH . Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe , 13 ( 5 ) : 87 – 89 .
   Google Scholar