Rhetoric goes to war: The doctrine of ancient and medieval military manuals

Works cited

• Primary Sources (Military Manuals)
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , L. W. and Handford , S. A. , eds. 1927 . “ Aeneas (or Aineias) Tacticus ” . In On Siegecraft , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1948 . Aeneas Tacticus, Asclepiodotus, Onasander , Edited by: The Illinois Greek Club . 1 – 225 . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1967 . Poliorcétique , Edited by: Dain , Alphonse and Bon , Anne‐Marie . Paris : Société d'Edition “Les Belles Lettres” .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1990 . How to Survive Under Siege , Edited by: Whitehead , David . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Giamboni , Bono . 1815 . Di Vegezio Flavio dell'Arte della Guerra Libri IV Volgarizzamento di Bono Giamboni Edited by: Fontani , Francesco . Florence
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein , Diane . 1971 . “The Scottish Prose Version of Vegetius’ De re militari” . Studies in Scottish Literature , 8 : 174 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• de Pizan , Christine . 1932 . The Book of Fayttes of Armes and of Chyvalrye (Le Livre des Faits d'Armes et de Chevalerie) , Edited by: Caxton , William and Byles , A. T. P. London : Early English Text Society .
   Google Scholar
• Dyboski , R. and Arend , Z. M. , eds. 1935 . “De Re Militari” . In Knyghthode and Bataile: A XVth Century Verse Paraphrase of Flavius Vegetius Renatus’ Treatise , London : Early English Text Society .
   Google Scholar
• Frontinus (Sextus Julius Frontinus) . 1950 . Stratagems , Edited by: McElwain , Mary B. and Bennett , Charles E. Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library .
   Google Scholar
• de Meun , Jean . 1897 . L'Art de Chevalerie, Traduction du De Re Militari de Végèce , Edited by: Robert , Ulysse . Paris : Librairie de Firmin Didot .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1977 . Li Abregemenz Noble Honme Vegesce Flave René des Establissemenz Apartenanz a Chevalerie, traduction par Jean de Meun de Flavii Vegeti Renati Viri Illustris Epitoma Institutorum Rei Militaris , Edited by: Löfstedt , Leena . Helsinki : Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia .
   Google Scholar
• de Vignay , Jean . 1982 . Li Livres Flave Vegece de la Chose de Chevalerie , Edited by: Löfstedt , Leena . Helsinki : Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia .
   Google Scholar
• de Besancon , Jean Priorat . 1897 . Li Abrejance de l'Ordre de Chevalerie, Mise en Vers de la Traduction de Végèce de Jean de Meun , Edited by: Robert , Ulysse . Paris : Librairie de Firmin Didot .
   Google Scholar
• Lester , Geoffrey , ed. 1988 . The Earliest English Translation of Vegetius’ De Re Militari , Heidelberg : Carl Winter Universitätsverlag .
   Google Scholar
• Löfstedt , Leena . 1982 . “Aucuns Notables Extraite du Livre de Végèce” . Neuphilologische Mitteilungen , 83 : 297 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loutfut, Adam See Bornstein 1971
   Google Scholar
• Machiavelli , Niccolò . 1965 . The Art of War , Edited by: Fameworth , Ellis and Wood , Neal . Indianapolis : Bobbs‐Merrill .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1971 . Arte della guerra. Niccold Machiavelli Opera t. 2. Biblioteca di classici italiani diretta da Carlo Muscetta , Milan : Feltrinelli Editore .
   Google Scholar
• Onasander . 1948 . The General. Aeneas Tacticus, Asclepiodotus, Onasander , Edited by: The minois Greek Club . 341 – 527 . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library .
   Google Scholar
• A Parson of Calais See Dyboski and Arend.
   Google Scholar
• Pichler , Alfred , ed. Der pulcher tractatus de materia belli . Veröffentlichungen des historischen Seminars der Universität Graz . Graz, Vienna, Leipzig : Leuschner und Lubensky .
   Google Scholar
• Polyaenus . 1970 . Strategematon Libri VIII , Edited by: Woelfflin , Edward and Melber , Johannes . Stuttgart : Teubner .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1793, 1974 . Stratagems of War , Edited by: Shepherd , R. London, Chicago : Ares .
   Google Scholar
• Paleologus , Theodore . 1983 . Les Enseignements de Théodore Paléologue , Edited by: Knowles , Christine . London : The Modern Humanities Research Association .
   Google Scholar
• Vegetius (Flavius Vegetius Renatus) . 1967 . Epitoma Rei Militaris , Edited by: Lang , C. Stuttgart : Teubner .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1985 . “ Roots of Strategy ” . In The Military Institutions of the Romans , Edited by: Clarke , John and Phillips , T. R. 65 – 175 . Harrisburg , Pa. : Stackpole Books .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1993 . Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science , Edited by: Milner , N. P. Liverpool : Liverpool University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Secondary Sources
   Google Scholar
• Bachrach , Bernard S. 1985 . “The Practical Use of Vegetius’ De Re Militari During the Early Middle Ages” . The Historian , 47 : 239 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes , T. D . 1979 . “The Date of Vegetius” . Phoenix , 33 : 254 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Baynes , John . 1967 . Morale: A Study of Men and Courage , London : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Bastin , Julia . 1946 . “Le Traité de Théodore Paléologue dans la Traduction de Jean de Vignai” . In Etudes Romanes Dédiées à Mario Roques , 77 – 88 . Paris : Librairie Droz. .
   Google Scholar
• Bliese , John . “Ancient and Medieval Battle Rhetoric” . Paper presented at the Fifteenth Annual Interdisciplinary Conference, Committee for the Advancement of Early Studies . Ball State University .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1989 . “Rhetoric and Morale: A Study of Battle Orations from the Central Middle Ages” . Journal of Medieval History , 15 : 201 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein , Diane . 1975 . “Military Manuals in Fifteenth Century England” . Medieval Studies , 37 : 470 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ , ed . 1981 . Ideals for Women in the Works of Christine de Pizan , Detroit : Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Bossuat , Robert . 1960 . “Jean de Rovroy Traducteur des Stratagèmes de Frontin” . Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance , : 273 – 86 . 469 – 89 . Travaux et Documents 22
   Google Scholar
• Blindant , Claude . 1980 . “Jean de Meun et Jean de Vignay, Traducteurs de l'Epitoma Rei Militaris de Végèce” . In Etudes de Langue et de Littérature Francaises offertes à André Lanly , 51 – 69 . Nancy : Université de Nancy II .
   Google Scholar
• Bumley , David . 1991 . “Comforting the Troops: An Epic Moment in Popular Romance” . In Romance in Medieval England Edited by: Mills , Maldwyn , Fellows , Jennifer and Meale , Carol M. 175 – 186 . Cambridge
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , Brian . 1987 . ‘Teach Yourself How To Be A General” . Journal of Roman Studies , 77 : 13 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camus , Jules . 1896 . “Notice d'une Traduction Francaise de Végèce Faite en 1380” . Romania , 25 : 393 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• de Pizan , Christine . 1984 . The Epistle of the Prison of Human Life, with An Epistle to the Queen of France Lament on the Evils of the Civil War , Edited by: Wisman , Josette A. New York : Garland Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Cicero . 1968 . De inventione , Edited by: Hubbell , H. Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library .
   Google Scholar
• Contamine , Philippe . 1976 . “The War Literature of the Later Middle Ages: The Treatises of Robert de Balsac and Béraud Stuart, Lord of Aubigny” . In War, Literature, and Politics in the Late Middle Ages , Edited by: Allmand , C. T. 102 – 121 . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dain , Alphonse and de Foucault , J. A. 1967 . “Les Stratégistes Byzantins” . In Travaux et Mémoires , Vol. 2 , 317 – 92 . Centre de Recherche d'Histoire et Civilisation Byzantines .
   Google Scholar
• 1973 . Dictionary of National Biography , 22 vols , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dio . 1914–27 . Roman History , Edited by: Cary , Emest . 9 vols , New York : Macmillan. Loeb Classical Library .
   Google Scholar
• Dorjahn , Alfred P. 1960 . “Some Ancient Military Stratagems” . The Classical Bulletin , 36 : 61 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Dorjahn , Alfred P. and Born , Lester K. 1934 . “Vegetius on the Decay of the Roman Army” . Classical Journal , 30 : 148 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• 1990 . Field Manual 22–100 Military Leadership , Washington, D.C. : Headquarters Department of the Army .
   Google Scholar
• 1987 . Field Manual 22–102 Soldier Team Development , Washington, D.C. : Headquarters Department of the Army .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , Felix . 1986 . “Machiavelli: The Renaissance of the Art of War” . In Makers of Modern Strategy , Edited by: Earle , Edward Mead . 3 – 25 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goffart , Walter . 1977 . “The Date and Purpose of Vegetius’ De Re Militait” . Traditio , 3 : 65 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• de Lorris , Guillaume and de Meun , Jean . 1962 . The Romance of the Rose , Edited by: Dunn , Charles W. and Robbins , Harry W. New York : E. P. Dutton .
   Google Scholar
• Heller , Edmund K. 1952 . “Ludwig Hohenwang's Von der Ritterschafft” . University of California Publications in Modern Philology , 36 ( 2 ) : 173 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Jaeger , C. Stephen . 1985 . The Origins of Courtliness Philadelphia
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe , Samuel . 1985 . “Antiquity and Innovation in Notker Labeo's Nova Rhetorica: The Doctrine of Invention” . Rhetorica , 3 : 165 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellett , Anthony . 1982 . Combat Motivation, The Behavior of Soldiers in Battle , Boston : Kluwer Nijhoff Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Knowles , Christine . 1952 . “Les Enseignements de Théodore Paléologue” . Byzantion , 22 : 389 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1954 . “Jean de Vignay, un Traducteur de XIVe Siècle” . Romania , 75 : 353 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1956 . “A 14th Century Imitator of Jean de Meung: Jean de Vignay's Translation of the De Re Militari of Vegetius” . Studies in Philology , 53 : 452 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1964 . “Jean de Vignay” . In Dictionnaire des Lettres Francaises , Edited by: Grente , Georges . Vol. 1 , 431 – 3 . Paris : Librairie Arthème Fayard . Le Moyen Age
   Google Scholar
• Legge , M. Dominica . 1953 . “The Lord Edward's Vegetius” . Scriptorium , 7 : 262 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Löfstedt , Leena . 1972–3 . “Res et Causa. Etude Lexicographique sur la Base de Trois Traductions” . Archiv für das neueren Sprachen und Literaturen , 209 : 310 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , Robert H. 1970 . “Medieval French Translations of the Latin Classics to 1500” . Speculum , 45 : 225 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• MacCracken , Henry Noble . 1913 . “Vegetius in English, Notes on the Early Translations” . In Anniversary Papers by Colleagues and Pupils of George Lyman Kittredge , 389 – 403 . Boston : Ginn and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , S. L. A. 1947 . Men Against Fire , New York : William Morrow .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , Paul . 1896 . “Les Anciens Traducteurs Francais de Végèce et en Particulier Jean de Vignai” . Romania , 25 : 401 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Monfrin , Jacques . 1964 . “Les Traducteurs et Leur Public en France au Moyen Age” . In L'Humanisme Médiéval dans les Littératures Romanes du XIIe au XIVe Siècle , Edited by: Fourrier , Anthime . 248 – 62 . Paris : Librairie C. Klincksieck . Colloque organisé par le Centre de Philologie et de Littératures romanes de l'Université de Strasbourg du 29 Janvier au 2 Février 1962
   Google Scholar
• Moore , Samuel . 1913 . “General Aspects of Literary Patronage in the Middle Ages” . The Library , 4 : 369 – 92 . 3rd ser.
   Google Scholar
• Moran , Lord . 1967 . The Anatomy of Courage , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , James J. 1974 . Rhetoric in the Middle Ages Berkeley
   Google Scholar
• 1970 . Oxford Classical Dictionary , 2nd. ed. , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pauly‐Wissowa . 1893–1978 . “ Neue Bearbeitung ” . In Paulys Real‐encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft , Edited by: Wissowa , George , Kroll , Wilhelm and Mittelhaus , Karl . 34 vols , Stuttgart and Munich : J. B. Metzler and Alfred Druckenmüller . in 44, and Supplement, 15 vols.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins , J. B Ward . 1937 . “The Career of Sex. Julius Frontinus” . Classical Quarterly , 31 : 102 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , F. M . 1978 . Fighting Spirit , London : Leo Cooper .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , D. J. A. The Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood . Papers from the first and second Strawberry Hill conferences . “The Prince Answers Back: Les Enseignemens de Théodore Paliologue” , Edited by: Harper‐Bill , Christopher and Harvey , Ruth . pp. 165 – 77 . Woodbridge , Suffolk : Boydell Press .
   Google Scholar
• Santoni , Pierre . 1979 . “Jean de Rouvroy, Traducteur de Frontin et Théologien de l'Immaculée Conception” . Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartres , 137 : 19 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Scammell , J. M . 1932 . “The Classics and the Study of War” . Army Quarterly , 23 : 312 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Segre , Cesare . 1953 . “Jean de Meun e Bono Giamboni Traduttori di Vegezio” . Atti della Accademia delle Scienze di Torini , 87 : 119 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Seneca . 1928 . The Suasoriae of Seneca the Elder , Edited by: Edward , William A. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sherwood , Foster Hallberg . 1980 . “Studies in Medieval Uses of Vegetius’ Epitoma Rei Militaris” . Los Angeles : University of California . Diss.
   Google Scholar
• Shrader , Charles R. 1979 . “A Handlist of Extant Manuscripts Containing the De re militari of Flavius Vegetius Renatus” . Scriptorium , 33 : 280 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Solente , S. 1964 . “Christine de Pisan” . In Dictionnaire des Lettres Francaises , Edited by: Grente , Georges . Vol. 1 , 183 – 7 . Paris : Librairie Arthème Fayard . Le Moyen Age
   Google Scholar
• Spaulding , Oliver L. 1932–3 . “The Ancient Military Writers” . The Classical Journal , 28 : 657 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Stouffer , S. A and others . 1949 . The American Soldier: Combat and Its Aftermath , Studies in Social Psychology in World War II Vol. 2 , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tacitus . 1956–1969 . The Histories and the Annals , Edited by: Moore , Clifford H. and Jackson , John . 5 vols , Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library .
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe , Lewis . 1952 . “Mastre Richard, A Thirteenth‐Century Translator of the ‘De Re Militari’ of Vegetius” . Scriptorium , 6 : 39 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1953 . “Mastre Richard at the Skirmish of Kenilworth?” . Scriptorium , 7 : 120 – 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Vieillefond , J. R . 1932 . “Adaptations et Paraphrases du Commentaire d'Enée le Tacticien” . Revue de Philologie de Littérature et d'Histoire Anciennes , 6 : 24 – 36 . Ser. 3
   Google Scholar
• Wareham , T. E . 1981 . “Christine de Pisan's Livre des Faits d'Armes et de Chevalerie and its Fate in the Sixteenth Century” . In Seconda Miscellanea di Studi e Ricerche sul Quattrocento Francese , Edited by: Simone , Franco , Beck , Jonathan and Mombello , Gianni . 136 – 42 . Chambéry‐Torino : Centre d'Etudes Franco‐Italien .
   Google Scholar
• Wiethoff , William E. 1978 . “The Martial ‘Virtue’ of Rhetoric in Machiavelli's Art of War” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 64 : 304 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willard , Charity C. 1970 . “Christine de Pizan's Treatise on the Art of Medieval Warfare” . In Essays in Honor of Louis Francis Solano , Edited by: Cormier , Raymond J. and Holmes , Urban T. 179 – 91 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1984 . Christine de Pizan, Her Life and Works , New York : Persea Books .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , T. Hudson . 1904 . “The Authorship of the Greek Military Manual Attributed to ‘Aeneas Tacticus’” . American Journal of Philology , 25 : 390 – 405 .
   Google Scholar
• Wisman , Josette A. 1979 . “L'Epitoma rei militaris de Végèce et sa fortune au Moyen Age” . Le Moyen Age , 85 : 13 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• _____ . 1986 . “Flavius Renatus Vegetius” . In Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum: Medieval and Renaissance Latin Translations and Commentaries, Annotated Lists and Guides , Edited by: Cranz , F. Edward , Brown , Virginia and Kristeller , Paul Oskar . Vol. 6 , 175 – 84 . Washington, D.C. : Catholic University of America Press .
   Google Scholar