Modeling and Characterization of a Particle-into-Liquid Sampler (PILS)

REFERENCES

• Buhr , S. M. , Buhr , M. P. , Fehsenfeld , F. C. , Holloway , J. S. , Karst , U. , Norton , R. B. , Parrish , D. D. and Sievers , R. E. 1995 . Development of a Semicontinuous Method for the Measurement of Nitric-Acid Vapor and Particulate Nitrate and Sulfate . Atmos. Environ , 29 (19) : 2609 – 2624 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane , R. L. and Evans , R. L. 1977 . Inertial Deposition of Particles in a Bent Pipe . J. Aerosol Sci , 8 : 161 – 170 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs , N. A. 1964 . The Mechanics of Aerosols , Pergamon : Oxford .
   Google Scholar
• Gormley , P. G. and Kennedy , M. 1949 . Diffusion from a Stream Flowing Through a Cylindrical Tube . Proc. R. Irish Acad , 52A : 163 – 169 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Hameri , K. , Laaksonen , A. , Vakeva , M. and Suni , T. 2001 . Hygroscopic Growth of Ultrafine Sodium Chloride Particles . J. Geophys. Res , 106 (D18) : 20749 – 20757 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hangal , S. and Willeke , K. 1990 . Overall Efficiency of Tubular Inlets Sampling at 0-90 Degrees from Horizontal Aerosol Flows . Atmos. Environ , 24A : 2379 – 2386 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildemann , L. M. , Russell , A. G. and Cass , G. R. 1984 . Ammonia and Nitric-Acid Concentrations in Equilibrium with Atmospheric Aerosols—Experiment Vs Theory . Atmos. Environ , 18 (9) : 1737 – 1750 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreidenweis , S. M. , Walcek , C. J. , Feingold , G. , Gong , W. , Jacobson , M. Z. , Kim , C. -H. , Liu , X. , Penner , J. E. , Nenes , A. and Seinfeld , J. H. 2003 . Modification of Aerosol Mass and Size Distribution due to Aqueous-phase SO2 Oxidation in Clouds: Comparison of Several Models . J. Geophys. Res. , 108 (D7) : 4213 doi:10.1029/2002JD002697.[CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma , Y. 2004 . Developments and Improvements to the Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler (PILS) and its Application to Asian Outflow Studies, Ph.D. Dissertation , Atlanta, GA : Georgia Institute of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Muyshondt , A. , McFarland , A. R. and Anand , N. K. 1996 . Deposition of Aerosol Particles in Contraction Fittings . Aerosol Sci. Technol , 24 : 205 – 216 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsini , D. A. , Ma , Y. , Sullivan , A. , Sierau , B. , Baumann , K. and Weber , R. J. 2003 . Refinements to the Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler (PILS) for Ground and Airborne Measurements of Water Soluble Aerosol Composition . Atmos. Environ , 37 : 1243 – 1259 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmar , R. S. , Satsangi , G. S. , Lakhani , A. , Srivastava , S. S. and Prakash , S. 2001 . Simultaneous Measurements of Ammonia and Nitric Acid in Ambient Air at Agra (27 degrees 10′ N and 78 degrees 05′ E) (India) . Atmos. Environ , 35 (34) : 5979 – 5988 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilinis , C. and Seinfeld , J. H. 1987 . Continued Development of a General Equilibrium-Model for Inorganic Multicomponent Atmospheric Aerosols . Atmos. Environ , 21 : 2453 – 2466 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui , D. Y. H. , Romay-Novas , F. and Liu , B. Y. H. 1987 . Experimental Study of Particle Deposition in Bends of Circular Cross Section . Aerosol Sci. Technol , 7 : 301 – 315 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn , P. K. , Asher , W. E. and Charlson , R. J. 1992 . Equilibria of the Marine Multiphase Ammonia System . J. Atmos. Chem. , 14 (1–4) : 11 – 30 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwendiman , L. C. , Stegen , G. E. and Glissmeyer , J. A. 1975 . Report BNWL-SA-5138 , Richland, Washington : Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Seinfeld , J. H. and Pandis , S. N. 1998 . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , New York : Wiley-Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Simon , P. K. and Dasgupta , P. K. 1995 . Continuous Automated Measurement of the Soluble Fraction of Atmospheric Particulate Matter . Anal. Chem. , 67 (1) : 71 – 78 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slanina , J. , ten Brink , H. M. , Otjes , R. P. , Even , A. , Jongejan , P. , Khlystov , A. , Waijers-Ijpelaan , A. and Hu , M. 2001 . The Continuous Analysis of Nitrate and Ammonium in Aerosols by the Steam Jet Aerosol Collector (SJAC): Extension and Validation of the Methodology . Atmos. Environ , 35 (13) : 2319 – 2330 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorooshian , A. , Varutbangkul , V. , Brechtel , F. J. , Ervens , B. , Feingold , G. , Bahreini , R. , Murphy , S. M. , Holloway , J. S. , Atlas , E. L. , Buzorius , G. , Jonsson , H. , Flagan , R. C. and Seinfeld , J. H. 2006 . Oxalic Acid in Clear and Cloudy Atmospheres: Analysis of Data from ICARTT 2004 . J. Geophys. Res. , [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolzenburg , M. R. and Hering , S. V. 2000 . Method for the Automated Measurement of Fine Particle Nitrate in the Atmosphere . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 34 (5) : 907 – 914 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , A. P. , Weber , R. J. , Clements , A. L. , Turner , J. R. , Bae , M. S. and Schauer , J. J. 2004 . A Method for On-Line Measurement of Water-Soluble Organic Carbon in Ambient Aerosol Particles: Results from an Urban Site . Geophys. Res. Lett , 31 : L13105 [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , J. W. 1958 . J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc , 8 : 32 [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Trebs , I. , Metzger , S. , Meixner , F. X. , Helas , G. N. , Hoffer , A. , Rudich , Y. , Falkovich , A. H. , Moura , M. A. L. , da Silva , R. S. , Artaxo , P. , Slanina , J. and Andreae , M. O. 2005 . The NH4+-NO3–Cl–SO42–H2O Aerosol System and its Gas Phase Precursors at a Pasture Site in the Amazon Basin: How relevant are Mineral Cations and Soluble Organic Acids? . J. Geophys. Res. , 110 (D7) doi:10.1029/2004JD005478[CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. , McNeill , V. F. , Collins , D. R. and Flagan , R. C. 2002 . Fast Mixing Condensation Nucleus Counter: Application to Rapid Scanning Differential Mobility Analyzer Measurements . Aerosol Sci. Technol , 36 : 678 – 689 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber , R. J. , Orsini , D. , Daun , Y. , Lee , Y. N. , Klotz , P. J. and Brechtel , F. J. 2001 . A Particle-Into-Liquid Collector for Rapid Measurement of Aerosol Bulk Chemical Composition . Aerosol Sci. Technol , 35 : 718 – 727 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willeke , K. and Baron , P. A. 2001 . Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications , New York : Wiley-Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Zellweger , C. , Ammann , M. , Hofer , P. and Baltensperger , U. 1999 . NOy Speciation with a Combined Wet Effluent Diffusion Denuder-aerosol Collector Coupled to Ion Chromatography . Atmos. Environ , 33 (7) : 1131 – 1140 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. , Chameides , W. L. , Weber , R. J. , Cass , G. , Orsini , D. , Edgerton , E. , Jongejan , P. and Slanina , J. 2002 . An Evaluation of the Thermodynamic Equilibrium Assumption for Fine Particulate Composition: Nitrate and Ammonium During the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Experiment . J. Geophys. Res , 108 (D7) : 8414 doi:10.1029/2001JD001592[CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar