Laboratory Study of Simulated Atmospheric Transformations of Chromium in Ultrafine Combustion Aerosol Particles

REFERENCES

• Anastasio , C. A. and Martin , S. T. 2001 . Atmospheric Nanoparticles . Reviews in Minerology and Geochem. , 44 : 293 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Balasubramanian , M. and Melendres , C. A. 1999 . An X-Ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy Study of the Oxidation State of Chromium in Electrodeposited Oxide Films . Electrochimica Acta , 44 : 2941 – 2945 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Brasseur , G. P. , Orlando , J. J. and Tyndall , G. S. 1999 . Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cieslak-Golonka , M. 1996 . Toxic and Mutagenic Effects of Chromium(VI). A Review . Polyhedron. , 15 : 3667 – 3689 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , M. D. , Kargacin , B. , Klein , C. B. and Costa , M. 1993 . Mechanisms of Chromium Carcinogenicity and Toxicity . Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 23 : 255 – 281 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreher , K. L. , Jaskot , R. H. , Lehmann , J. R. , Richards , J. H. , McGee , J. K. , Ghio , A. J. and Costa , D. L. 1997 . Soluble Transition Metals Mediate Residual Oil Fly Ash Induced Acute Lung Injury . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 50 : 285 – 305 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferin , J. , Oberdorster , G. , Penney , D. P. , Soderholm , S. C. , Gelein , R. and Piper , H. C. 1990 . Increased Pulmonary Toxicity of Ultrafine Particles. 1. Particle Clearance, Translocation, Morphology . J. Aerosol Science , 21 : 381 – 384 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlayson-Pitts , B. J. and Pitts , J. N. 2000 . Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmospere , San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grohse , P. M. , Gutknect , W. F. , Hodson , L. and Wilson , B. M. 1988 . The Fate of Hexavalent Chromium in the Atmosphere , Research Triangle Institute . CARB contract No. A6-096-32
   Google Scholar
• Guo , B. and Kennedy , I. M. 2004 . The Speciation and Morphology of Chromium Oxide Nanoparticles in a Diffusion Flame . Aerosol Sci. and Technol. , 38 : 424 – 436 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , M. J. , Wei , Y. L. , Yang , Y. W. and Lee , J. F. 2004 . X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Chromium Recovered from Cr(VI)-Containing Water with Rice Husk . J. Phy. Cond. Mat. , 16 : S3473 – S3478 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Huggins , F. E. , Najih , M. and Huffman , G. P. 1999 . Direct Speciation of Chromium in Coal Combustion by-Products by X-Ray Absorption Fine-Structure Spectroscopy . Fuel , 78 : 233 – 242 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , L. S. , Cass , G. R. , Gone , J. , Ames , M. and Olmez , I. 1998 . Physical and Chemical Characterization of Atmospheric Ultrafine Particles in the Los Angeles Area . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 32 : 1153 – 1161 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minni , E. , Gustafsson , T. E. , Koponen , M. and Kalliomaki , P. L. 1984 . A Study of the Chemical-Structure of Particles in the Welding Fumes of Mild and Stainless-Steel . J. Aerosol Sci. , 15 : 57 – 68 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nico , P. S. , Fendorf , S. E. , Lowney , Y. W. , Holm , S. E. and Ruby , M. V. 2004 . Chemical Structure of Arsenic and Chromium in CCA-Treated Wood: Implications of Environmental Weathering . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 5253 – 5260 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nico , P. S. and Zasoski , R. J. 2000 . Importance of Mn(II) Availability of Cr(III) Oxidation on Birnessite . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 38 : 5253 – 5260 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdorster , G. , Finkelstein , J. , Ferin , J. and Cox , C. 1992 . Particle Induced Lung Injury—Studies with Particles of High and Low Intrinsic Toxicity and of Different Particle Sizes . Faseb Journal , 6 : A2048 – A2048 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , R. R. , Fendorf , S. and Fendorf , M. 1997 . Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Amorphous Iron Sulfide . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 31 : 2039 – 2044 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , M. L. , Brown , G. E. , Parks , G. A. and Stein , C. L. 1997 . Differential Redox and Sorption of Cr(III/VI) on Natural Silicate and Oxide Minerals: EXAFS and XANES results . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , 61 : 3399 – 3412 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin , D. D. 1982 . Ionization Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution , Oxford : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Pope , C. A. , Dockery , D. W. and Schwartz , J. 1995 . Review of Epidemiological Evidence of Health-Effects of Particulate Air-Pollution . Inhal. Toxicol. , 7 : 1 – 18 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puxbaum , H. , Gomiscek , B. , Kalina , M. , Bauer , H. , Salam , A. , Stopper , S. , Preining , O. and Hauck , H. 2004 . A Dual Site Study of PM2.5 and PM10 Aerosol Chemistry in the Larger Region of Vienna, Austria . Atmos. Environ. , 38 : 3949 – 3958 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , W. C. 1986 . The Element Potential Method for Chemical Equilibrium Analysis: Implementation in the Interactive Program STANJAB , Stanford University .
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger , R. B. 2000 . Properties of Ambient Pm Responsible for Human Health Effects: Coherence between Epidemiology and Toxicology . Inhal. Toxicol. , 12 : 23 – 25 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seigneur , C. and Constantinou , E. 1995 . Chemical Kinetic Mechanism for Atmospheric Chromium . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 29 : 222 – 231 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoji , T. , Huggins , F. E. , Huffman , G. P. , Linak , W. P. and Miller , C. A. 2002 . XAFS Spectroscopy Analysis of Selected Elements in Fine Particulate Matter Derived from Coal Combustion . Energy & Fuels , 16 : 325 – 329 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Y. F. , Huang , K. L. , Li , C. T. , Mi , H. H. , Luo , J. -H. and Tsai , P. -J. 2003 . Emissions of Fuel Metals Content from a Diesel Vehicle Engine . Atmos. Environ. , 37 : 4637 – 4643 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardman , P. 1989 . Reduction Potentials of One-Electron Couples Involving Free Radicals in Aqueous Solution . J. Phy. Chem. Ref. Data , 18 : 1637 – 1755 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb , S. 2002 . Sixpack version 0.52
   Google Scholar
• Wei , Y. L. , Chiu , S. Y. , Tsai , H. N. , Yang , Y. W. and Lee , J. -F. 2002 . Thermal Stabilization of Chromium (VI) in Kaolin . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 36 : 4633 – 4641 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woods , T. L. and Garrel , R. M. 1987 . Thermodyrnamic Values at Low Temperatures for Natural Inorganic Materials: An Uncritical Summary , New York : Oxford University Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , H. 2000 . Light and Iron(III)-Induced Oxidation of Chromium(III) in the Presence of Organic Acids and Manganese(II) in Simulated Atmospheric Water . Atmos. Environ. , 34 : 1633 – 1640 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , H. and Bartlett , R. J. 1999 . Light-Induced Oxidation of Aqueous Chromium(III) in the Presence of Iron(III) . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 33 : 588 – 594 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar