Characterization of Submicrometer Aerosol Deposition in Extrathoracic Airways during Nasal Exhalation

REFERENCES

• Balashazy , I. , Hofmann , W. and Heistracher , T. 1999 . Computation of Local Enhancement Factors for the Quantification of Particle Deposition Patterns in Airway Bifurcations . J. Aerosol Sci. , 30 : 185 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , G. M. 2004 . A Review of the Influence of Particle Size, Puff Volume, and Inhalation Pattern on the Deposition of Cigarette Smoke Particles in the Respiratory Tract . Inhal. Toxicol. , 16 : 675 – 689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridger , G. P. 1970 . Physiology of Nasal Valve . Archives of Otolaryngology , 92 ( 6 ) : 543 – & .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bridger , G. P. and Proctor , D. F. 1970 . Maximum Nasal Inspiratory Flow and Nasal Resistance . Annals of Otology Rhinology and Laryngology , 79 ( 3 ) : 481 – & .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouns , M. , Verbanck , S. and Lacor , C. 2007 . Influence of Glottic Aperture on the Tracheal Flow . J. Biomechanics , 40 ( 1 ) : 165 – 172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , T. L. , Schreck , R. M. and Lippmann , M. 1980 . Effect of the Laryngeal Jet on Particle Deposition in the Human Trachea and Upper Bronchial Airways . J. Aerosol Sci. , 11 : 447 – 459 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , K. H. , Cheng , Y. S. , Yeh , H. C. , Guilmette , R. A. , Simpson , S. Q. , Yang , S. Q. and Swift , D. L. 1996a . In Vivo Measurements of Nasal Airway Dimensions and Ultrafine Aerosol Depositing in Human Nasal and Oral Airways . J. Aerosol Sci. , 27 : 785 – 801 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , K. H. , Cheng , Y. S. , Yeh , H. C. and Swift , D. L. 1995 . Deposition of Ultrafine Aerosols in The Head Airways During Natural Breathing and During Simulated Breath-Holding Using Replicate Human Upper Airway Casts . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 23 ( 3 ) : 465 – 474 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , Y. S. 2003 . Aerosol Deposition in the Extrathoracic Region . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 37 : 659 – 671 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , Y. S. , Su , Y. F. , Yeh , H. C. and Swift , D. L. 1993 . Deposition of Thoron Progeny in Human Head Airways . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 18 : 359 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , Y. S. and Wang , C. S. 1981 . Motion of Particles in Bends of Circular Pipes . Atmos. Environment , 15 ( 3 ) : 301 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , Y. S. , Yamada , Y. , Yeh , H. C. and Swift , D. L. 1988 . Diffusional Deposition of Ultrafine Aerosols in a Human Nasal Cast . J. Aerosol Sci. , 19 : 741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , Y. S. , Yeh , H. C. , Guilmette , R. A. , Simpson , S. Q. , Cheng , K. H. and Swift , D. L. 1996b . Nasal Deposition of Ultrafine Particles in Human Volunteers and its Relationship to Airway Geometry . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 25 ( 3 ) : 274 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , Y. S. , Zhou , Y. and Chen , B. T. 1999 . Particle Deposition in a Cast of Human Oral Airways . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 31 : 286 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , B. S. , Xiong , J. Q. , Asgharian , B. and Ayres , L. 1995 . Deposition of Inhaled Charged Ultrafine Particles in a Simple Tracheal Model . J. Aerosol Sci. , 26 ( 7 ) : 1149 – 1160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , B. S. , Xiong , J. Q. , Fang , C. P. and Li , W. 1998 . Deposition of Charged Particles on Lung Airways . Health Physics , 74 : 554 – 560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan , L. S. and Zhu , C. 1998 . Principles of Gas-Solid Flows , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fodil , R. , Brugel-Ribere , L. , Croce , C. , Sbirlea-Apiou , G. , Larger , C. , Papon , J. F. , Delclaux , C. , Coste , A. , Isabey , D. and Louis , B. 2005 . Inspiratory Flow in the Nose: A Model Coupling Flow and Vasoerectile Tissue Distensibility . J. Applied Physiology , 98 ( 1 ) : 288 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fresconi , F. E. and Prasad , A. K. 2007 . Secondary Velocity Fields in the Conducting Airways of the Human Lung . ASME J. Biomech. Eng. , 129 : 722 – 732 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilmette , R. A. , Cheng , Y. S. , Yeh , H. C. and Swift , D. L. 1994 . Deposition of 0.005–12 Micrometer Monodisperse Particles in a Computer-Milled, MRI-Based Nasal Airway Replica . Inhal. Toxicol. , 6 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 395 – 399 .
   Google Scholar
• Guilmette , R. A. , Wicks , J. D. and Wolff , R. K. 1989 . Morphometry of Human Nasal Airways In Vivo Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging . J. Aerosol Medicine , 2 ( 4 ) : 365 – 377 .
   Google Scholar
• Hinds , W. C. 1999 . Aerosol Technol.: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Hubal , E. A. C. , Kimbell , J. S. and Fedkiw , P. S. 1996 . Incorporation of Nasal-Lining Mass-Transfer Resistance into a CFD Model for Prediction of Ozone Dosimetry in the Upper Respiratory Tract . Inhal. Toxicol. , 8 ( 9 ) : 831 – 857 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICRP . 1994 . Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection , New York : Elsevier Science Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Keith , C. H. 1982 . Particle Size Studies on Tobacco Smoke . Beitr. zur Tabakforschung , 11 ( 3 ) : 123 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. T. , Asgharian , B. , Kimbell , J. S. and Wong , B. 2004a . Particle Deposition in Human Nasal Airway Replicas Manufactured by Different Methods. Part I: Inertial Regime Particles . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 38 : 1063 – 1071 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. T. , Asgharian , B. , Kimbell , J. S. and Wong , B. 2004b . Particle Deposition in Human Nasal Airway Replicas Manufactured by Different Methods. Part II: Ultrafine Particles . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 38 : 1072 – 1079 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyhani , K. , Scherer , P. W. and Mozell , M. M. 1995 . Numerical Simulation of Airflow in the Human Nasal Cavity . J. Biomechanical Engineering—Transactions of the ASME , 117 ( 4 ) : 429 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , C. S. and Fisher , D. 1994 . “ Deposition of Ultrafine Particles in the Bifurcation Airway Models ” . Edited by: Flagan , R. C. 888 – 889 . Cincinnati Abstracts 4th International Aerosol Conference
   Google Scholar
• Kittelson , D. B. 1998 . Engines and Nanoparticles: A Review . J. Aerosol Sci. , 29 ( 5–6 ) : 575 – 588 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreyling , W. G. , Semmler-Behnke , M. and Moller , W. 2006 . Ultrafine Particle–Lung Interactions: Does Size Matter? . J. Aerosol Medicine , 19 : 74 – 83 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreyling , W. G. , Semmler , M. and Moller , W. 2004 . Dosimetry and Toxicology of Ultrafine Particles . J. Aerosol Medicine—Deposition Clearance and Effects in the Lung , 17 ( 2 ) : 140 – 152 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee , Z. and Berridge , M. S. 2002 . PET Imaging-Based Evaluation of Aerosol Drugs and Their Delivery Devices: Nasal and Pulmonary Studies . IEEE Tras. Med. Imaging , 21 : 1324 – 1331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , A. and Ahmadi , G. 1992 . Dispersion and Deposition of Spherical Particles from Point Sources in a Turbulent Channel Flow . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 16 : 209 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , N. , Sioutas , C. , Cho , A. , Schmitz , D. , Misra , C. , Sempf , J. , Wang , M. Y. , Oberley , T. , Froines , J. and Nel , A. 2003 . Ultrafine Particulate Pollutants Induce Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage . Environ. Health Perspect. , 111 ( 4 ) : 455 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C.-L. , Tawhai , M. H. , McLennan , G. and Hoffman , E. A. 2007 . Characteristics of the Turbulent Laryngeal Jet and its Effect on Airflow in the Human Intra-Thoracic Airways . Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology , 157 ( 2–3 ) : 295 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , Y. , Matida , E. A. , Gu , J. and Johnson , M. R. 2007 . Numerical Simulation of Aerosol Deposition in a 3-D Human Nasal Cavity Using RANS, RANS/EIM, and LES . Aerosol Sci. , 38 : 683 – 700 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longest , P. W. and Oldham , M. J. 2006 . Mutual Enhancements of CFD Modeling and Experimental Data: A Case Study of One Micrometer Particle Deposition in a Branching Airway Model . Inhal. Toxicol. , 18 ( 10 ) : 761 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longest , P. W. and Oldham , M. J. 2008 . Numerical and Experimental Deposition of Fine Respiratory Aerosols: Development of a Two-Phase Drift Flux Model with Near-Wall Velocity Corrections . J. Aerosol Sci. , 39 : 48 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longest , P. W. and Vinchurkar , S. 2007 . Validating CFD Predictions of Respiratory Aerosol Deposition: Effects of Upstream Transition and Turbulence . J. Biomechanics , 40 : 305 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longest , P. W. and Vinchurkar , S. 2009 . Inertial Deposition of Aerosols in Bifurcating Models During Steady Expiratory Flow . J. Aerosol Sci. , 40 : 370 – 378 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longest , P. W. and Xi , J. 2007a . Computational Investigation of Particle Inertia Effects on Submicron Aerosol Deposition in the Respiratory Tract . J. Aerosol Sci. , 38 ( 1 ) : 111 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longest , P. W. and Xi , J. 2007b . Effectiveness of Direct Lagrangian Tracking Models for Simulating Nanoparticle Deposition in the Upper Airways . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 41 : 380 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell , G. L. , Bennett , J. E. and Bolin , R. D. 2004 . Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases , New York : Churchhill Livingstone .
   Google Scholar
• Manninen , M. , Taivassalo , V. and Kallio , S. 1996 . “ On the Mixture Model for Multiphase Flow ” . In VTT Publications 288, Technical Res. Center of Finland
   Google Scholar
• Martonen , T. B. 1986 . “ Surrogate Experimental Models for Studying Particle Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract: An Overview. Aerosols ” . Edited by: Lee , S. D. Chesea, Michigan : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Martonen , T. B. , Zhang , Z. Q. , Yue , G. and Musante , C. J. 2003 . Fine Particle Deposition within Human Nasal Airways . Inhal. Toxicol. , 15 ( 4 ) : 283 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matida , E. A. , Finlay , W. H. and Grgic , L. B. 2004 . Improved Numerical Simulation of Aerosol Deposition in an Idealized Mouth-Throat . J. Aerosol Sci. , 35 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morsi , S. A. and Alexander , A. J. 1972 . An Investigation of Particle Trajectories in Two-Phase Flow Systems . J. Fluid Mechanics , 55 ( 2 ) : 193 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRC . 2008 . A Framework for Assessing the Health Hazard Posed by Bioaerosols , Washington, D.C. : The National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oberdorster , G. and Utell , M. J. 2002 . Ultrafine Particles in the Urban Air: To the Respiratory Tract and Beyond . Environ. Health Perspect. , 110 ( 8 ) : 440 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldham , M. J. 2006 . Challenges in Validating CFD-Derived Inhaled Aerosol Deposition Predictions . Inhal. Toxicol. , 18 : 781 – 786 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , P. W. , Keyhani , K. and Mozell , M. M. 1994 . Nasal Dosimetry Modeling for Humans . Inhal. Toxicol. , 6 : 85 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeter , J. D. , Kimbell , J. S. and Asgharian , B. 2006 . Analysis of Particle Deposition in the Turbinate and Olfactory Regions Using a Human Nasal Computational Fluid Dynamics Model . J. Aerosol Medicine , 19 ( 3 ) : 301 – 313 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schroeter , J. D. , Musante , C. J. , Hwang , D. M. , Burton , R. , Guilmette , R. and Martonen , T. B. 2001 . Hygroscopic Growth and Deposition of Inhaled Secondary Cigarette Smoke in Human Nasal Pathways . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 34 ( 1 ) : 137 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi , H. , Kleinstreuer , C. and Zhang , Z. 2006 . Laminar Airflow and Nanoparticle or Vapor Deposition in a Human Nasal Cavity Model . J. Biomechanical Engineering , 128 : 697 – 706 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi , H. , Kleinstreuer , C. and Zhang , Z. 2007 . Modeling of Inertial Particle Transport and Deposition in Human Nasal Cavities with Wall Roughness . J. Aerosol Sci. , 38 : 398 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storey-Bishoff , J. , Noga , M. and Finlay , W. H. 2008 . Deposition of Micrometer-Sized Aerosol Particles in Infant Nasal Airway Replicas . J. Aerosol Sci. , 39 ( 12 ) : 1055 – 1065 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramaniam , R. P. , Richardson , R. B. , Morgan , K. T. , Kimbell , J. S. and Guilmette , R. A. 1998 . Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Inspiratory Airflow in the Human Nose and Nasopharynx . Inhal. Toxicol. , 10 ( 2 ) : 91 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J. B. and Lai , A. C. K. 2006 . A New Drift-Flux Model for Particle Transport and Deposition in Human Airways . J. Biomechanical Engineering , 128 : 97 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox , D. C. 1998 . Turbulence Modeling for CFD , 2nd , California : DCW Industries, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Xi , J. and Longest , P. W. . Effect of Improved Near-Wall Modeling on Micro-Particle Deposition in Oral Airway Geometries . Proceedings ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference . Keystone, Co : ASME . SBC2007–176227
   Google Scholar
• Xi , J. and Longest , P. W. 2007b . Transport and Deposition of Micro-Aerosols in Realistic and Simplified Models of the Oral Airway . Annals of Biomedical Engineering , 35 ( 4 ) : 560 – 581 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xi , J. and Longest , P. W. 2008a . Effects of Oral Airway Geometry Characteristics on the Diffusional Deposition of Inhaled Nanoparticles . ASME J. Biomechanical Engineering , 130 : 011008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xi , J. and Longest , P. W. 2008b . Evaluation of a Drift Flux Model for Simulating Submicrometer Aerosol Dynamics in Human Upper Tracheobronchial Airways . Annals of Biomedical Engineering , 36 ( 10 ) : 1714 – 1734 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xi , J. and Longest , P. W. 2008c . Numerical Predictions of Submicrometer Aerosol Deposition in the Nasal Cavity Using a Novel Drift Flux Approach . International J. Heat and Mass Transfer , 51 : 5562 – 5577 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xi , J. , Longest , P. W. and Martonen , T. B. 2008 . Effects of the Laryngeal Jet on Nano- and Microparticle Transport and Deposition in an Approximate Model of the Upper Tracheobronchial Airways . J. Applied Physiology , 104 ( 6 ) : 1761 – 1777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada , Y. , Cheng , Y. S. , Yeh , H. C. and Swift , D. L. 1988 . Inspiratory and Expiratory Deposition of Ultrafine Particles in a Human Nasal Cast . Inhal. Toxicol. , 1 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , C. P. , Callagher , R. P. , Weiss , N. S. , Band , P. R. , Thomas , D. B. and Russel , D. A. 1989 . Differences in Incidence Rates of Cancers of the Respiratory Tract by Anatomic Subside and Histological Type: An Etiologic Implication . J. National Cancer Institute , 81 ( 21 ) : 1828 – 1831 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu , G. , Zhang , Z. and Lessmann , R. 1998 . Fluid Flow and Particle Diffusion in the Human Upper Respiratory System . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 28 : 146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamankhan , P. , Ahmadi , G. , Wang , Z. , Hopke , P. K. , Cheng , Y. S. , Su , W. C. and Leonard , D. 2006 . Airflow and Deposition of Nano-Particles in a Human Nasal Cavity . Aerosol Sci. Technol. , 40 : 463 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , K. , Scherer , P. W. , Hajiloo , S. A. and Dalton , P. 2004 . Effects of Anatomy on Human Nasal Air Flow and Odorant Transport Patterns: Implications for Olfaction . Chem. Senses , 29 ( 5 ) : 365 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar